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Fall - Pediatrics > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What age is infancy? What type of growth occurs?

A

0-1

Rapid growth

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2
Q

What age is toddler? What type of growth occurs?

A

13 months - 35 months

growth slows down

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3
Q

What age is preschool?

A

35 months - 5/6 years

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4
Q

What age is school age? How many pounds are gained each year? How many inches?

A

6 - 12 years

5 lbs/year

2 inches/year

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5
Q

What age is adolescence? What type of growth occurs?

A

Older than 13 years

Pubertal growth spurt

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6
Q

What happens to weight and height in adolescence? Boys? Girls?

A

Final 20-25% of linear growth occurs

Boys: 4-12 inches
Girls: 2-8 inches
Weight: 15-60 pounds

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7
Q

When do children lose all of their baby teeth?

A

School age: 6 - 12 years

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8
Q

What is a major task for toddler age? What else occurs during toddler age?

A

potty training

Language rapidly increases

Children learn by mimicking adults and pretend play

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9
Q

What is a major task for preschool?

A

school readiness

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10
Q

What is object permanence?

A

Object still exists even if you can’t see it or touch it

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11
Q

What is stranger/separation anxiety? When does it develop?

A

Infants ability to distinguish between caregivers and others so infant becomes distressed when separation of caregivers occur

6-8 months, 1-2 years

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12
Q

Why does separation/stranger anxiety go away?

A

Separation of self from caregiver without distress is based on development of object permanence even if the parent is out of sight

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13
Q

What is regression? Why does regression occur?

A

appearance of behavior that is from earlier stage of development

Often used to cope with stress or anxiety

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14
Q

When does regression typically occur?

A

Children who welcome a new sibling

Toddlers

Preschoolers

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15
Q

What is autonomy

A

The ability to function independently without the control of others

Act with own free will

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16
Q

What is negativism?

A

the attitude of opposing or resisting direction of others

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17
Q

What is egocentrism?

A

Complete absorption of self

Inability to understand that others have a different point of view

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18
Q

What is magical thinking?

A

A Childs belief that he/she wishes or expects can affect what really happens

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19
Q

What is animinsm?

A

inanimate objects gave human feeling sad emotions

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20
Q

What is concrete operations? When does this occur?

A

a logical way of thinking/operating such as build things, problem solve, and symbolism

Occurs in school age

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21
Q

What is formal operations?When does this occur?

A

systematically solve a problem in a logical and methodical way - abstract thinking and scientific thinking

Occurs in teens and young adults

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22
Q

What is conservation?

A

ability to understand that properties of an objects do not change because of the order, form or appearance has changed

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23
Q

What is imaginary audience?

A

individual believes that people around them are watching them

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24
Q

What is family centered care?

A

innovative approach to planning, delivery and evaluation of healthcare that is grounded in mutually beneficial partnership among patients, families, and healthcare professionals

Parents are experts on childcare

Parent and child are co-client

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25
Q

What is a personal fable?

A

an adolescents belief that they are special and invulnerable

they are the only person that understands what they are going through

EX: “ nothing happens to anyone else like it does to me”

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26
Q

What is hydrocephaly? What is a possible reason for this?

A

abnormally large head

Fontanelles may be full of fluid

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27
Q

What is microcephaly

A

abnormally small head

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28
Q

What is plagiocephaly? What can it be due to? How do you fix it?

A

when a baby develops a soft spot or flat spot on the head

Can be due to sleeping in same position most of the time

Can be fixed with a helmet and can lead to facial asymmetry if not fixed

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29
Q

What is development?

A

a fluid sequence of conditions that leads to a new skill, new motives for activities and patterns of behavior

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30
Q

What are two ways development occurs?

A

Cephalocaudal - head to toe

Proximodistal - core strength and trunk body movements before fine motor skills

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31
Q

What are milestones?

A

activities expected by a certain age

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32
Q

What is the authoritarian parenting style

A

Negative relationship

Control
Differing perspective not allowed
Communication generally only one way

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33
Q

What is the authoritative parenting style?

A

Positive relationship

Build mutual trust and respect
Both perspectives honored
Communication both ways

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34
Q

What is the permissive parenting style?

A

Negative relationship

Indulges child
Entitlement
Little control exercised

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35
Q

What is the uninvolved/neglectful parenting style?

A

Negative relationship

Non-existent
No communication
No parenting

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36
Q

What is level of activity?

A

intensity and frequency of motion during play, eating, bathing, dressing, or sleeping

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37
Q

What is adaptability?

A

ease or difficulty in adjusting to a new stimulus

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38
Q

What is the response to stimuli?

A

The amount of stimulation necessary to invoke a response

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39
Q

What are the characteristics of an easy child temperament?

A

Approachable
Positive mood
adaptable but predictable
Console easily

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40
Q

What are the characteristics of a slow to warm up child temperament?

A

Shy
Less adaptable
Irregular routines

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41
Q

What are the characteristics of an difficult child temperament?

A

Negative
Avoid interactions
Highly active
Reacts poorly to change

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42
Q

What is a good discipline method for an infant?

A

redirection

6 months - they understand the word “no”

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43
Q

What is a good discipline method for a preschool?

A

reasoning

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44
Q

What is a age is time out an appropriate form of discipline?

A

Toddler, preschooler

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45
Q

When is modeling good behavior an appropriate way to discipline?

A

Toddler and above

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46
Q

What is a good discipline method for early adolescent?

A

consequences

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47
Q

When is a behavior modification a good discipline method?

A

School age/adolescent

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48
Q

What does a successful family need?

A

Provide basic needs for child - food and shelter
Provide emotional needs
Provide safety and structure for growth and development

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49
Q

What are risk factors for a dysfunctional family?

A 
Martial conflict 
Violence even if not occurring to child 
Substance abuse 
Adolescent parents 
Chronically ill child/special needs
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50
Q

What are some traits of high risk families and how do they display at the bedside?

A

Poor communication skills – arguing

Lack of flexibility/adaptability – withdrawn child with poor coping skills and fear

Poor conflict resolution – child w/ poor coping skills

Operate in crisis mode – chaotic routine

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51
Q

What the effects of a child with a chronic illness?

A

Impacts child growth and development

Care can change rapidly to meet the growth and development

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52
Q

What are 6 child risk factors for child abuse/neglect

A
  1. Under 3 years old
  2. Separation at birth
  3. Unplanned/unwanted pregnancy
  4. SGA, congenital abnormalities, or chronic medical condition
  5. Difficult temperament (ADHD)
  6. Foster and adopted children
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53
Q

What are 7 parental risk factors for child abuse/neglect?

A
  1. Hx or previous abuse/neglect as a child
  2. Poor socialization/emotional and social isolation
  3. Poor parenting skills
  4. Limited ability to deal w/ stress/negative emotions (poor conflict resolution)
  5. Alcohol or substance abuse
  6. Rigid family roles - dominant parent
  7. Sudden life crisis (loss of job)
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54
Q

What are some red flags of abuse in a patients history?

A
  1. Injury unexplained by hx
  2. Injury or explanation inconsistent with age
  3. Absent, changing or evolving hx
  4. Caregiver delay in seeking medical care
  5. Unusual affect of caregiver in response to child’s injury
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55
Q

What are 9 warning signs of abuse?

A

Change in behavior of the child such as

  1. Distrust
  2. Fearful
  3. Acting out
  4. Resists going home/with caregiver
  5. Loss of interest in activities
  6. Depression
  7. Detachment
  8. Poor sleeping/eating
  9. School failure when previously excelled
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56
Q

What is the nurse’s role in suspect abuse (6)?

A
  1. Report (mandatory)
  2. Recognize abuse
  3. Assess for injuries (photos)
  4. Refer
  5. Educate
  6. Prevent
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57
Q

What are some triggers for abuse?

A

Prolonged crying of an infant

Potty training

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58
Q

What are some types of abuse?

A
  1. Physical
  2. Emotional
  3. Sexual
  4. Neglect
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59
Q

What are some medication absorption considerations for pediatrics?

A
  1. Gastric pH is HIGH in neonates
  2. Gastric emptying is intermittent and unpredictable in infants
  3. Gastric emptying is slower in older children
  4. Intestinal motility is decreased in neonates
  5. Intestinal motility is increased in older infants/children
  6. Bile acid/biliary fx is diminished in neonates
  7. Pancreatic enzymes are variable in infants < 3 m.
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60
Q

What are some medication metabolism considerations for pediatrics?

A
  1. Metabolism is less mature in premature/newborns
  2. The younger the child, the more doses needed to achieve 24 hour stability (smaller doses at greater frequency)
  3. Adult level renal fx takes 1-2 years to develop
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61
Q

What are some medication distribution considerations for pediatrics?

A
  1. Neonates have a higher proportion of total body water
  2. Protein count in lower in preterm/newborns
  3. BBB matures around 2 years old
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62
Q

What is the concern regarding BBB taking 2 years to mature regarding drug therapy?

A
  1. Side effect considerations
  2. Drug to treat sepsis will penetrate the brain
  3. Drugs can accumulate in the brain tissue
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63
Q

What is the leading cause of death in children 1-19 years old?

A

unintentional injuries

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64
Q

How is growth evaluate in the pediatric population? What is the normal range?

A

interpreted via percentiles

5%-85% is normal

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65
Q

What is the height increase during the first year? 2-5 years?

A

1/2 inch (2-3 cm)/month for the first year

2-3 inches/year

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66
Q

How does weight change during the first year?

A

Average 30gram/day (1oz/day)

Doubles birth weight in 6 months
Triples birth weight in 12 months

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67
Q

How long do you measure head circumference? Why on until then?

A

The first 2 years of life - should measure in portion to rest of body

Fontanelles and the suture lines should be fused together by 12-18 months but most importantly by 2 years old

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68
Q

What is the purpose of milestone monitoring? How is it done?

A

The purpose is to screen

Done by parents or non-clinical caregiver 
Subjective 
<30 minutes 
Ages and stages questionaire
Milestone tracking
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69
Q

What is the purpose of milestone screening and assessments?

A

Purpose is to diagnose

Specific intervals (9,18,24 months)
Denver II (DDST)
Increased objectivity
> 1 hour/comprehensive

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70
Q

What are nature factors that influence growth and development?

A

Non-modifiable

Genetics

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71
Q

What are nurture factors that influence growth and development?

A

Modifiable

Social determinants of health (poverty)
Interpersonal interactions

72
Q

What is failure to thrive?

A

What G/D milestones fall below expected standards

Weight <5th percentile
“Falls off” the growth curve
Accompanied by at least 1 developmental delay

73
Q

Why is it important that nurses know the normal growth and development patterns?

A
  1. Nurses can identify if there is abnormal G/D patterns and need further screening
  2. Nurse can create a plan of care to meet the developmental stage the child is currently in
74
Q

What is the most critical time in development?

A

Infant/toddler/preschool (early childhood)
From age 1 -5 is the most critical
90% of the brain is developed during this time

75
Q

Erikson: Trust vs. mistrust

A

Infant - 18 months

If needs are dependably met, infants can develop trust

76
Q

Erikson: Autonomy vs. Shame/doubt

A

18 months - 3 years

Toddlers learn to exercise will and do thing for themselves but doubt their abilities

77
Q

Erikson: Initiative vs. guilt

A

3 - 5 years

Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans or they feel guilty about their efforts to be independent

78
Q

Erikson: Industry vs. Inferiority

A

5 - 13 years

Children lean the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks or they feel inferior

79
Q

Erikson: Identity vs. Role confusion

A

13 - 21 years

Teenagers work to find a sense of self by testing roles and building an identity or they become confused about who they are

80
Q

Erikson: intimacy vs. isolation

A

21 years and up

Young adults struggle to form close relationships and intimate love or they feel socially isolated

81
Q

Piagets: Sensorimotor

A

Birth - 2 years

Explores the world through sense and actions

Looking, hearing, touching, mouthing, and grasping

Tasks: Object permanence and stranger anxiety

82
Q

Piagets: Preoperational

A

2 - 7 years old

Represents and refers to objects and events with words or images. Use intuition rather than logical reasoning. Believes inanimate objects have human feeling

Tasks: Pretend play, egocentrism, animism, magical thinking, language development

83
Q

Piagets: Concrete operations

A

7 - 11 years old

Conserve, reverse their thinking, and classify objects. Think logically and understand analogies but only about concrete events

Tasks: Conservation, mathematical transformations

84
Q

Piagets: Formal operations

A

12 years old and up

Uses abstract reasoning about hypothetical events/situations, considers logical possibilities and systematically examines/test hypotheses

Tasks: abstract logic, potential for mature moral reasoning

85
Q

What are the 5 functions of play?

A
  1. Physical development
  2. Cognitive development
  3. Emotional development
  4. Social development
  5. Moral development
86
Q

What is solitary play? What age plays this way?

A

Infants

Independent play
Child plays alone with toys
Self-entertaining
Rattles, balls, blocks, mobiles

87
Q

What is parallel play? What age plays this way?

A

Toddlers

Kids play near each other but are not interacting with each other
Different toys
Not sharing (egocentric)
Stay in your lane play

88
Q

What is associative play? What age plays this way?

A

Preschool

Group play without group goals
Sharing
Playing with same toys but no formal organization

89
Q

What is cooperative play? What age plays this way?

A

School age

Joint goal to activity
Games with concrete rules

90
Q

What is onlooker play?

A

Child observes others playing

Child may ask questions of the other players but does not attempt to join the play

91
Q

What is familiarization and symbolic play?

A

Technique used to relieve fears of children

Primary type of play used in healthcare settings

92
Q

What is a child’s response to hospitalization affected by?

A
  1. Perception of events
  2. Age
  3. Development level
  4. Cognitive ability
  5. Preparation
  6. Previous experiences
  7. Coping skills
  8. Parent and family responses
93
Q

What are major fears of a hospitalized child?

A
  1. Separation anxiety
  2. Fear of pain or mutilation
  3. Fear of the unknown
  4. Loss of control
94
Q

What are the stages of separation anxiety?

A

Protest
Despair
Detachment

95
Q

What age is head control gained? Gross or fine motor skill?

A

1-3 months

Gross motor skill

96
Q

What age is core strength/rolling/no head lag developed? Gross or fine motor skill?

A

4-6 months

Gross motor skill

97
Q

What age can a child sit up without support? Gross or fine motor skill?

A

6-9 months

Gross motor skill

98
Q

What age does a child start crawling/cruising? Gross or fine motor skill?

A

9-12 months

Gross motor skill

99
Q

What age does a child start walking? Gross or fine motor skill?

A

12-15 months

Gross motor skill

100
Q

What age does a child put their hand to mouth? Gross or fine motor skill?

A

2-4 months

Fine motor skill

101
Q

What age can a child hand grasp? Gross or fine motor skill?

A

Palmer: 6 months
Pincer: 9 months

Fine motor skill

102
Q

What age can a child transfer objects between hands? Gross or fine motor skill?

A

6-8 months

Fine motor skill

103
Q

What age can a child track object with vision and hearing and attend voices to faces? Gross or fine motor skill?

A

2-4 months

Fine motor skill

104
Q

What are major safety concerns regarding babies?

A

SIDS
Car seat
Smoke exposure
Chocking

105
Q

When does a child start teething?

A

6-12 months

106
Q

Where does a baby get their nutrition from?

A

Breast milk/formula for first 6 months
Introduce solids at 4-6 months
Vitamin D
Iron supplements

107
Q

At what ages do infants get vaccines?

A 
1 month 
2 months
4 months 
6 months 
9 months 
12 months
108
Q

How many hours is an infant sleeping during the first 1-2 months?

A

18-22 hours

109
Q

When can a child physiologically sleep through the night?

A

6-9 month

110
Q

What are the ABCs for safe sleep?

A

A: always sleep your baby
B: on their back
C: in a clear cot or sleep space

111
Q

What toddler milestones are at 15 months?

A

Walks without help
Uses cups
Stacks 2 blocks

112
Q

What toddler milestones are at 18 months?

A

Throws ball
Clumsy run
Uses spoon/scribbles

113
Q

What toddler milestones are at 24 months?

A

Alternates feet on stairs
2 words sentences
300+ vocabulary
Knows vocabulary

114
Q

What occurs psychosocially in toddlers?

A 
Independence increases 
Egocentrism - "mine!"
Negativism - "NO"
Temper tantrums escalate (frustration)
Discipline should be consistent and encourage good behavior
115
Q

What does language look like as a toddler?

A

2 years: 2 word long phrase

3 years: 3 word long phrases

116
Q

What milestones occur in the preschool (4-6) age?

A 
Gross motor skills refined like balancing and hopping on one foot or ride bike with training wheels
Dresses/undresses themselves
Uses scissors 
Draws figures 
Counting and letters
117
Q

What is the speech and vision of a preschooler?

A

Speech is 75% understandable
Stutters when excited
3 word sentences

20/20 vision

118
Q

What occurs psychosocially in preschoolers?

A 
Independence and initiative 
Begin to share and develop empathy 
Asks "WHY?"
Tantrums start to decrease
Language develops 
Discipline
119
Q

What are some considerations for toddlers and preschoolers?

A
  1. Body image develops
  2. Dental care/annual health exams
  3. School readiness
120
Q

What are some major safety concerns for toddlers and preschoolers?

A

Gross motor skills increase but there is lack of coordination which can lead to

Falls 
Car seat safety 
Injury 
Drowning 
Poison
Burns 
Choking
121
Q

What does sleep look like for toddlers and preschoolers?

A

Sleeps through the night (12 hours) and naps during the day are eventually eliminated

122
Q

What is the nutrition and elimination for toddlers and preschoolers?

A

Decreased need for calories
Picky eaters

Establish potty training

123
Q

What are milestones for school age children?

A

Gross motor skill more refined

Biking 
Skipping
Athletic skill/coordination increases
Collecting things 
Hobbies/interests develop
124
Q

What concrete operations develop in school age children?

A 
Logical but understands kid jokes 
Understands math
Tells time 
Problem solving 
Empathy and morals 
Classificaiton 
Rules
125
Q

What are characteristics of school age children?

A
  1. Not ready to abandon parental control (want to please parents)
  2. Increasing importance of peers
  3. Sec roles emerging with co-ed play and relationships develop
  4. Formation of groups and clubs
126
Q

What occurs psychosocially in school age?

A

Eager to participate and please
Want to be good at something
Parental/peer approval is strong motivator
Inferiority can develop
Lack of sense of accomplishment
All children feel some degree of inferiority regarding skills they cannot master

127
Q

What formal operations develop in adolescence?

A 
Abstract thinking 
Decision making increases
Understand implication of choices 
Plan for future 
Moral and ethical development is more complex
128
Q

What is age is early adolescence? Middle? Late?

A

Early: 11 - 14 years
Middle: 15 - 17 years
Late: 18 - 20 years

129
Q

What is the task of adolescence?

A

Standing out while still fitting in

130
Q

Which age group is most likely to be non-adherent with medication or medical plan? Why?

A

adolescence

Due to adolescent egocentrism and self-absorption

131
Q

During a physical assessment, what do you measure to compare for norms for age and gender?

A

Height
BP
Weight
BMI

132
Q

When does mental health screenings start to occur?

A

Begins at 12 year visit

Screens for suicidal/homicidal ideation

133
Q

When is dyslipidemia looked for in school age/adolescent?

A

1 time between 9 and 11

1 time between 17 and 21

134
Q

When is hearing checked in school age/adolescent?

A

once between 11 and 14

once between 15 and 17

135
Q

What is vision check in school age/adolescent?

A

12 year visit

136
Q

What questions should be asked to school age/adolescent?

A

Tobacco/vaping/alcohol/elicit/and/or prescription drug use

Piercings/Tattoos/Self harm

137
Q

What is a females first sign of puberty? When is does menarche occur?

A

First sign: Great bud (Thelarache)

Menarche: 2 years after thelarache around 9-13 years

138
Q

What is precocious puberty

A

When a female has menarche before 9 years old

139
Q

When do females reach their adult height? Males?

A

Females: adult height after 2 years of menarche

Males: Growth continues through 18-20 years old

140
Q

What is a males first sign of puberty? When does their voice deepen?

A

First sign: testicular enlargement

Voice depends at 10.5-16 years old

141
Q

Do females or males become sexually mature first?

A

Females

142
Q

What is the HEADDS assessment?

A

A teen health assessment

H: home
E: education
A: activity
DD: drugs/depression/diet
S: sexuality/suicide/self-esteem/sleep
143
Q

What is the second leading cause of death for child between the ages of 10-14 and 15-24?

A

Childhood depression

144
Q

What are warning signs depression in children?

A
  1. Refusal to go to school
  2. Be excessively clingy
  3. Feel sick
  4. Worry bad things will happen to the people they love
145
Q

What are warning signs for depression in teenagers?

A
  1. Misunderstood
  2. Moody
  3. Become solitary
  4. Act very negative
  5. Social withdrawal and loss of interest in previously enjoyed activities
  6. Excessively harsh view of themself
  7. Feel sadness/despair
  8. Anger and irritability
  9. Changes to sleep and eating patterns
146
Q

What is the BMI for childhood obesity?

A

BMI above 95%

147
Q

What are risk factors for SIDS?

A
  1. Preemies
  2. Hx of apnea or CPR
  3. Low birth weight
  4. Low Apgar scores
  5. Second hand smoke exposure
  6. Cosleeping
  7. Males
  8. Recent illness
148
Q

What is assent?

A

Necessary if the child is 7 years or older

Child has been fully informed about the procedure and concurs with those giving informed consent

149
Q

What is informed consent?

A

legal and ethical requirement that the child and the parent/guardian completely understand the proposed procedure or treatments including the benefits and risks

150
Q

What are some communication techniques when communicating with an infant?

A 
Calm, soft voice
Be responsive to cries 
Turn taking (adult imitate baby noises)
Explain to infant what you are doing 
SLOW approach
151
Q

What are some communication techniques when communicating with a toddler?

A

Learn toddlers words for common items and use them
Describe activities and procedures
Use picture books
Use play
Prep should be immediately before the event

152
Q

What are some communication techniques when communicating with a preschooler?

A

Seek opportunities to offer choices
Use play to explain procedures and activities
Speak in simple sentences
Prep is limited to 1-3 hours before

153
Q

What are some communication techniques when communicating with a school age child?

A

Use visual explanations
Encourage critical thinking
Establish limits and set consequences
Prep 1-5 days in advance

154
Q

What are some communication techniques when communicating with an adolescent?

A

Engage in their interests
Use visual explanations
Prep 1 weeks before

Respect privacy needs

155
Q

How should you approach an assessment in pediatrics?

A

Kid is in charge!

Start with the least invasive/painful task first
Use familiarization play (such as letting children hold/touch stethoscope first)

156
Q

What is the doorway assessment?

A
  1. Weight (nourishment)
  2. Neuro (cognitive awareness)
  3. Respiratory (any distress?)
  4. Standing without assistance (development)
  5. Color and extremities
157
Q

What is the crying assessment?

A
  1. Resp status
  2. Cardiac
  3. Neuro/development (high pitched could mean increase ICP)
  4. Emotional status
  5. Communication
158
Q

What does the anterior fontanelle close?

A

Closes LAST because it is the biggest and allows for the most head growth

159
Q

When does the posterior fontanelle close?

A

Closes a 2 months - very small

160
Q

What are some pediatric assessment finding that would be expected?

A
  1. Higher baseline metabolic demands
  2. Poor autoregulation
  3. Primitive reflexes
  4. Soft spots (fontanelles)
  5. Disproportionate head to body ratio
  6. Disproportionate facial features
  7. More significant fluid volume shifts (increase risk for F&E imbalances)
161
Q

What would poor auto regulation look like in pediatrics?

A
  1. Mottling form poor temp regulation (white and red spots on limbs)
  2. RR/HR (differing VS in peds)
  3. High water content
  4. Increased insensible water losses
162
Q

What 3 areas are assessed in the PEWS score?

A
  1. Cardiovascular
  2. REspiratory
  3. Behavioral
163
Q

Why is it important for nurses to know the PEW score?

A

Children decompensated very quiclly
Improves response time/early intervention
Improves team communication
Improves outcomes

164
Q

What PEW score requires immediate action?

A

a score above 2

165
Q

What are pain assessment scales?

A
  1. FLACC (7 and younger)
  2. CRIES (3 and younger)
  3. Wong baker face scale
  4. Numeric pain scale
166
Q

What are some non-charm pain management?

A
  1. Distraction
  2. Relaxation
  3. Guided Imagery
  4. Positive self-talk
  5. Containment
  6. Nonnutritive sucking
  7. Sucrose
  8. Pet therapy
  9. Music therapy
  10. Play
  11. Application of heat or cold
167
Q

What are some pharm management options for severe pain and non-severe pain?

A

Non-severe pain: treat with a non-opioid (NSAID, Tylenol)

Moderate to severe: opioid (morphine)

168
Q

Will children and adolescents become addicted to opioids if introduced to them at such a young age?

A

No it is myth

169
Q

What are language developmental milestones at 3m? 6m? 9m? 12m? 18m? 2 years? 3 years? 4 years?

A

3m: 3 letters (coo)
6m: 6 letters (babble)
9m: 9 letters (imitation)
12m: 1-2 words
18m: 18 words
2 years: 2 phrases
3 years: 3 phrases
4 years: >4 phrases

170
Q

How do you approach preforming a physical exam on children across all age groups?

A
  1. Explain all procedures
  2. Develop a coping plan
  3. Supportive positioning
  4. Communicating sensitive or life-changing information
  5. Clarifying questions
  6. Distraction options
171
Q

What are appropriate communication strategies with all children?

A
  1. Be honest
  2. Get down on child’s level
  3. Only make promises you can keep
  4. Offer choices only when choices are available
  5. State suggestions to child in a positive manner
  6. Avoid words with judgment attached
  7. Praise specific actions./behaviors
  8. Allow children to experience situations w/o predetermination
172
Q

What are the rapid periods of growth?

A

Infancy and puberty

173
Q

What are the slower periods of growth?

A

Middle and late childhood

174
Q

What is self-concept?

A

mental image of self including body image, subjective self, ideal self, and social self

175
Q

What factors influence children’s body image and self-esteem?

A
  1. Sense of competency
  2. Facial, ethnic, and spiritual identity
  3. Family/friends
  4. Relationships/friendships
  5. Education/employment
  6. Emotions
176
Q

What can you do to reduce the risk of school age and adolescents getting hurt during play?

A
  1. Wear protection gear (helmets, knee pads, elbow pads, eat)
  2. Ensuring great education about driving a motor vehicle
  3. Checking toys to make sure the are safe
177
Q

How can you support family centered care?

A

Parents are the experts on child’s care (with
exceptions)
Parents and child are a co-client
Involve kids in exam/plan of care as much as
possible
Kids want to be kids!
Kids are not just small adults

Fall - Pediatrics (15 decks)

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