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Physiology 215 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Physiology

A

How body functions together

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2
Q

Homeostasis

A

Stable points/levels of life

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3
Q

Core concept

A

Frame of thinking/ principles that apply to overall physiology

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4
Q

Cell to cell communication

A

How cells coordinate and relay info to each other

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5
Q

Mass balance

A

How much of a material you have in your body; input and output

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6
Q

Interdependence

A

Physiological systems’ reliance on each other

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7
Q

Set point

A

Target level of physioosical variable

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8
Q

Variable

A

Something under physiological control that can change via internal/external factors. (e.g. Body temp, blood sugar, pH)

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9
Q

Receptor

A

Measures values of variables

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10
Q

Effector

A

Responds to into from integration center

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11
Q

Integration center

A

Receives info from receptor and determines action

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12
Q

Regulated variable

A

Has sensors that keeps variable within explicit range

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13
Q

Controlled variable

A

variable that can be changed but no sensor ( e.g. HR, hormone concentration, respiration rate )

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14
Q

Equilibrium

A

Stable system; physiological variables constant

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15
Q

Steady-state

A

Specific variable is constant; might require other variables to increase or decrease

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16
Q

Negative feedback loop

A

Body responds to changes in the system outside the set point in order to return to set point and homeostasis

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17
Q

Positive feedback loop

A

Body responds to stimulus/signals by reinforcing them ( e.g. Blood clotting, childbirth)

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18
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

Reaction in which h2o is produced while making a bond (e.g. Glycolytic bond formation)

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19
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Reaction that uses h2o to break a bond

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20
Q

Integral membrane proteins

A

Proteins embedded in lipid bilayer; amphipathic

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21
Q

Transmembrane proteins

A

type of integral Proteins that cross the entire lipid bilayer; protein channels

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22
Q

Peripheral membrane proteins

A

Proteins loosely bound to membrane via integral proteins

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23
Q

Chromatin

A

Loosely coiled DNA and proteins that is contained in nucleus

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24
Q

Osmolarity

A

Solute particle concentration of a solution

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25
Q

tonicity

A

Comparison of solute concentration inside and outside the cell

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26
Q

Isotonic

A

No net flow between cell and solution

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27
Q

Hypotonic

A

Net fluid movement into the cell; cell swells

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28
Q

Hypertonic

A

Net fluid movement out of the cell; cell shrinks

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29
Q

Endocytosis

A

Transport of materials into the cell; requires ATP

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30
Q

Exocytosis

A

Transport of materials out of the cell; does not require ATP

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31
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Transport of large molecules into cell; type of endocytosis; e.g. Pathogen removal

32
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Transport of fluid particles into cell; type of endocytosis; “cellular drinking”

33
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Ion diffuses across membrane due to concentration gradient; spontaneous

34
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Requires gradient and protein to cross membrane; spontaneous

35
Q

Primary active transport

A

Requires energy to move ions against gradient via protein

36
Q

Secondary active transport

A

Pump creates gradient via energy, gradient used to pump different molecules against their gradient either into or out of cell; e.g. Symporters and antiporters

37
Q

Nernst equation

A

Voltage required to oppose the force of concentration gradient on single ion

38
Q

4 contributors to resting membrane potential

A

1) Na influx 2) K efflux 3) na/k pump = 3 k out and 2 Na in 4)negative proteins

39
Q

Lysosome

A

Spherical organelle which contains degradative enzymes

40
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Protein production

41
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Lipid, phospholipid, steroid, and carbohydrate synthesis

42
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Processing and delivery center

43
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Oxidation and FA+AA breakdown

44
Q

Ribosomes

A

Protein synthesis

45
Q

Transcription

A

DNA to mRNA

46
Q

Translation

A

mRNA to protein

47
Q

mRNA

A

Comes from nucleus with order complimentary to section of DNA

48
Q

rRNA

A

Makes up ribosomes

49
Q

tRNA

A

Attached to AA monomer and assist in protein synthesis with mRNA and ribosomes

50
Q

Glycolysis

A

Glucose to net 2x pyruvate, 2x ATP, 2x NADH; anaerobic; 10 steps; if oxygen present produces pyrurate, if NO oxygen present produces lactate = no CAC

51
Q

Linking step

A

2x pyrurate to 2x AcetylCoA, 2x carbon dioxide, 2x NADH; occurs in mito matrix

52
Q

CAC/Krebs

A

2x AcetylCoA through 8 step process to ‘ produce 6x NADH, 2x FADH2, 4x carbon dioxide, 6x water, 2x ATP; technically anaerobic but if no oxygen then no pyruvate = no AcetylCoA; occurs in mitochondrial matrix

53
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

Aerobic process which utilizes established proton gradient along inner membrane space of mitochondria and electrons to produce ATP and water via oxidative phosphorylation

54
Q

Interphase

A

Majority of cell cycle; preparation and growth; G1, S, G2

55
Q

G1

A

part of interphase in which cell grows and functions, duplicates organelles

56
Q

S

A

part of interphase in which DNA replicates, chromosome pairs join at centromere, centrosome duplicates

57
Q

G2

A

part of interphase in which cell increases in size, more protein and organelles, preparation for mitosis

58
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell duplication; prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase,cytokinesis

59
Q

Prophase

A

Nucleus dissipates, chromosomes condense, spindle forms

60
Q

Prometaphase

A

Spindle begins to attach and move chromosomes; nuclear envelope breaks; chromosomes condensed fully

61
Q

Metaphase

A

Daughter chromosomes line up at metaphase plate; enzyme breaks down chromatids

62
Q

Anaphase

A

Daughter chromosomes polled to opposite poles of cell

63
Q

Telophase

A

Chromosomes uncoil; spindle breaks down; nuclear envelopes form

64
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cell division; 2 daughter cells; begins during anaphase or telophase; finishes after telophase; contractile ring pinches together

65
Q

Primary functions of nervous system

A

Receive info about environment; process info; respond to info

66
Q

Efferent

A

Exit brain

67
Q

afferent

A

At brain (towards)

68
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Part of CNS that is involuntary

69
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Part of CNS that is voluntary

70
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Part of autonomic of CNS that is fight or flight; norepinephrine

71
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Part of autonomic of CNS that is rest and digest; acetylcholine

72
Q

Visceral sensory

A

Input from organs

73
Q

Somatic sensory

A

Temperature, pain, movement, body position, touch

74
Q

Temporal summation

A

Single neuron sends the same signal repeatedly over time

75
Q

Spatial summation

A

Multiple neurons send a signal at the same time within proximity

Physiology 215 (1 decks)

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