Exam 1 Flashcards
- broad labels, no order to it.
Ex: gender, race, hair color
- categorical (%)
nominal
- values represent order/rank but not a significant distance between.
- # ’s are attached to the categoryex: pain scale, age category [neonates, infants, adolescents]
- categorical (%)
ordinal
- actual number
ex: temperature, age in years, speed - continuous
interval/ratio
theses three terms measure central location
- mean (average)
- median (50th percentile)
- mode (appears most often)
average squared difference of each value from mean
variance
square root of variance
a measure of the variability of the data values around the mean. Used to describe variability in the data.
standard deviation
a measure of the precision in an estimated mean
cannot be used to describe the variability in the data
standard error of the mean (SEM)
testing differences in the means/proportions
95% CI contains a 0
testing differences in the means/proportions
95% CI contains a 0
testing differences in the means/proportions
95% CI contains a 0
testing differences in the means/proportions
95% CI contains a 0
testing differences in the means/proportions
95% CI contains a 0
testing differences in the means/proportions
95% CI contains a 0
NOT significant
testing ratios
95% CI contains a 1
NOT significant
p value < 0.05
SIGNIFICANT
reject null hypothesis
1 on EBM hierarchy
Systemic reviews and meta analysis
2 on EBM hierarchy
Experimental designs and RCT
3 on EBM hierarchy
Quasi-experimental designs, pre/post-test, historic/retrospective
4 on EBM hierarchy
Observational-Analytical cohort and case-controlled study
5 on EBM hierarchy
Observational Descriptive designs Cross-sectional studies, case series, and case studies
6 on EBM hierarchy
Background information and personal opinion
HCTZ decreases mortality in patients with HTN
POEM
Atorvastatin reduces heart attack, stroke, and mortality
POEM
Alendronate decreases hip fracture and vertebral fracture
POEM
HCTZ controls HTN
DOE
Atorvastatin treats hypercholesterolemia
DOE
Alendronate treats osteoporosis
DOE
HCTZ decreases BP
surrogate marker
Atorvastatin substantially reduces LDL-C
surrogate marker
Alendronate improves BMD
surrogate marker
Ocaliva reduces alkaline phosphate, a marker for worsening PBC
surrogate marker
Balversa treats urothlial carcinoma
DOE
Exondys 51 improved dystrophin production
surrogate marker
increased mortality
POEM
increase in non-verbal fractures
POEM
