Exam 1 Flashcards
What do the colors in the safety diamond mean
blue-health
red-flammability
yellow-reactivity
white-specific
What are the 3 types of urine specimen
first morning
random
Times
What are the pros and cons of first morning specimen
good for testing things that need to be in high concentration to be detected like formed elements
high concentrated salt can crystallize, not the most convenientq for patient
What are the pros and cons of random urine specimen
pro: easy, good for routine, good for cytology
con: may not be so accurate, exercise and fluid intake affect results
What are the pros and cons of timed specimen
common errors
needs strict timing
24hrs can reveal a lot, good for albumin to creatinine ratio
What physical changes can occur if you don’t preserve urine correctly
color darkens, clarity decreases, odor increases
What are the microscopic changes that could occur if you don’t preserve urine
blood cells, casts and trichomonads all decrease
bacteria increases
What are the chemical changes that can occur if urine is unpreserved
pH and nitrite increase
glucose, ketones, bilirubin and urobilinogen decrease
How should urine be preserved
refrigerated
brought back to room temp to be tested
Which preservative is good for sediment preservation
thymol
Which preservative is good for cytology testing
formalin
which preservative is used for analysis of steroids and hormones
Acids
Which preservative is used for analysis of prophyrins
sodium carbonate
How to determine that something is actually urine
pH- 4-8
specific gravity 1.002-1.0035
mostly high creatinine concentration 50x the plasma
What are the 2 distinct areas within the kidney, what structure surround it
cortex- outer
medulla-inner (contain papilla)–> contain minor and major calyces
fibrous capsule
Which structure is funnel shaped, has indented region and narrows to join the ureter
renal pelvis
What is the function of each calyx, how many are there
12 minor, 3 major
act as funnel to receive urine from collecting ducts onto renal pelvis
Describe the flow of urine
nephron-> minor-> major-> renal pelvis-> ureters-> bladder-> urethra->out of body
Where is the last place urine is altered
the minor and major calyces
Which structure of the nephron is a capillary tuft surrounded by a thin epithelial layer of cells, what is the layer called?
tuft-glomerulus
layer-bowmans capsule
The bowmans capsule is the originating end of a ___
renal tubule
What kidney structure collects initial ultrafiltrate
bowmans capsule
Which structure of the kidney has thin and thick descending and ascending limbs that have a hairpin turn,
loop of henle
Which nephron structure has a straight distal tubule that enters back into the cortex
distal convulted tubule
which kidney structure has multiple DCT that join to convey urine from several nephrons
collectng duct
Which nephron structure extends from the glomerulus through the cortex in a circuitous route, eventually straightens out and turns downward to become the Loop of Henle
PCT
the artery leads to the
kidney
the veins lead to the
heart
The structure that supplies blood individually to the glomerulus of each nephron
afferent
capillary network comes together as it leaves the glomerulus to form the
EFFERENT
the long U-shaped vessels that descend deep into the renal medulla close to the loops of Henle
vasa recta
What part of the nephron exerts the biggest pressure
glomerulus
Does the bowmans capsule have high or low pressure? does it drive or oppose filtration
and the plasma ?
bowman-lowest, opposes
plasma-higher, opposes
What is the outcome of the 3 pressure differences
positive pressure, forms plasma ultrafiltrate
Difference between oncotic and hydrostatic
oncotic- into blood capillaries
hydrostatic-out of blood capilaries
What are the 3 processes involved in urine formation
plasma filtration-glomerulus
reabsorption- renal tubules
secretion- renal tubules
What substances should urine never contain
glucose, bicarbonate, albumin
urine is made of mostly
water
What is the daily urine volume produced in the body
600-1800 mL
Which solute is fully reabsorbed ?
glucose 100% reabsorption
What three aspects of the glomerulus aid in filtration
fenestrated in EC
podocytes- food cell, have filtration slits
basement membrane- helps with permeability
What is the max size a molecule can be to pass through glomerular filtration
4nm
tubular secretion or reabsorption?
from lumen to capillary blood
from capillary blood to tubular lumen
reabsorption
secretion
What solutes are reabsorbed
water, glucose, proteins, Na, K Cl
How does the kidney maintain pH in the blood
H ions secretion bicarbonate basic- recovered
H ions secretion titratable acids- leave in urine
H ions secretion ammonium salts acidic- leaves in urine
The hypertonicity of the medulla is important because
it is the only tissue that is hyper tonic compared to normal plasma
What is RASS what does it do
sodium reabsorption
releases renin into blood,
angiotensin stimulates aldosterone hormone
aldosteron activates sodiu reabsorption
The release of renin would result from what changes in the body
low sodium
low blood pressure
low blood volume
What does ADH do
makes you pee less, controls water reabsorption, acts on collecting ducts
