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Sfm Exam > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Type of ATP production in rbc and why

A

Anaerobic glycolysis due to no mitochondria

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2
Q

Gross and Net ATP from glycolysis

A

2 ATP consumed and 4 produced = 2 net

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3
Q

Product of anaerobic respiration per glucose

A

2 ATP and 2 lactate

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4
Q

Where does anaerobic respiration occur

A

Cells that lack mitochondria and overworked muscles where oxygen intake can’t keep up

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5
Q

T/F all cells carry out glycolysis

A

T

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6
Q

What molecules can be used in glycolysis

A

Glucose fructose and galactose BUT glucose is the MAIN and most important

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7
Q

De novo synthesis

A

Gluconeogenesis in the liver. De novo means create from scratch basically

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8
Q

Glucose fructose galactose are what type of sugars

A

Monosaccharides

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9
Q

Structure of sucrose

A

Glucose + fructose

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10
Q

Structure of lactose

A

glucose + galactose

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11
Q

T/F GLUT transporters are not in cell membrane of all cells

A

F

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12
Q

Glut receptor with high expression in brain and rbcs

A

Glut1

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13
Q

Main glucose transporter in the liver

A

Glut2

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14
Q

Glut3 is the main glucose transporter in what cells?

A

Neurons

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15
Q

Glucose receptor present in adipose, skeletal muscle, heart

A

Glut4

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16
Q

Which glucose receptor is insulin dependent

A

Glut 4

17
Q

Rank the glucose receptors (1-4) greatest to least, in affinity for glucose. Why does this order make sense?

A

1 = 3 (km 1mM) > 4 (km 5mM) > 2 (km 10mM). Brain, neurons and skeletal muscle/heart are vital to staying immediately alive

18
Q

Physiological effect on glut4 when insulin receptors bound

A

Glut4 Sequestered in cytoplasm is fused into membrane and increasing glucose uptake

19
Q

Location of glycolysis

A

Cytoplasm

20
Q

All Products of glycolysis

A

2 net atp
2 Nadh
2 pyruvate

21
Q

Why is glu phospgorylsted to G6P once uptakes into a cell

A

To trap it inside

22
Q

Enzymes responsible for using ATP to phosphorylation glu to g6p in the first and regulating step of glycolysis.

A

Hexokinase

Glucokinase

23
Q

Location of Glucokinase vs hexokinase

A

GK located in liver, pancreatic b islet cells.

Hexokinase located in all cells,

24
Q

Step of glycolysis and enzyme responsible: Isomerization of G6P to F6P

A

2 and phosphoglucose kinase

25
Q

How is the first step in glycolysis regulating?

A

Glu —> G6P is reliant on hexo/glucose -kinase. Different affinity’s for glucose and the entire process is reliant on a pool of G6P. expression level of enzymes also important.

26
Q

Third step of glycolysis

A

F6P phosphorylation to 1,6 - bisphosphate via ATP and phosphofructose kinase. Rate limiting.

27
Q

The first three steps of glycolysis are considered an ……. Why?

A

Investment phase. Uses 2 ATP one at steps 1 and 3 to achieve greater ATP output in the end.

28
Q

Explain two steps in phase 2/splitting of glycolysis

A

Cleavage - 1,6 - FBP cleaved into Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate (G3P or GAP). Process catalyzed by Aldolase A.

Isomerization - both products interconvert via triosphosphate isomerase.

CANT enter next step as GAP

29
Q

Triosphosphate isomerase

A

Interconverts dhap and gap Glycolysis, step 5, Isomerization)

30
Q

Aldolase A

A

Catalyzes step 4 glycolysis cleaving of 1,6 - FBP to dhap and gap

31
Q

Hexokinase inhibitor

A

G6P. Negative feedback

32
Q

Converts G6P to 1,6 - FBP

A

PFK-1

33
Q

T/F Glucokinase inhibited by surplus G6P

A

F. Has a regulatory protein that sequesters/releases it based on insulin M

34
Q

Highest glu affinity: Glucokinase vs hexo kinase

A

Hexo kinase works at near max even during fasting blood glu levels [5mM]

Glucokinase has higher km/lower affinity. On,y induced when insulin levels are high. Sort of like a back up under a glucose flux -eating

35
Q

When is glucokinase most active

A

After a meal

36
Q

Enzyme responsible for phosphorylation of G3P to 1,3 - bisphoshpoglycerate and NAD+ –> NADH

A

Glyceraldehyde 3P dehydrogenase (GAPDH)

37
Q

What steps of glycolysis yield ATP

A

Step 7: 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate –> 3- phosphoglycerate via Glyceraldehyde 3p dehydrogenase (GAPDH)

Step 10: Phosphoenol pyruvate –> pyruvate via pyruvate kinase

38
Q

Which steps of Glucose consume ATP

A

Step 1: Glucose –> G3P via Hexo/gluco- kinase (Capping glucose to prevent escape)

Step 3: F6P –> 1, 6 - FBP via phosphofructokinase (Capping the other side so both halves wont escape during cleavage)

39
Q

Which step of glycolysis produces NADH

A

Step 6: G3P phosphorylated into 1,3 biphosphoglycerate (1,3 BPG) and subsequent reduction of NAD+

Sfm Exam (1 decks)

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