Exam 1 Flashcards by Elisa Soto

Anthropology is the __ study of humankind

systematic

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Strategies humans use to adapt to their environment (such as technologies, subsistence patterns, housing types, clothing, religion, marriage and family, values, and gender roles) is called __.

__ is transmitted across __.

Culture

Culture; generations

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The study of human societies, their traditions, rituals, beliefs, and the differences between societies in these traits is called __ __.

Cultural Anthropology

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__ is the study of material culture of past peoples.

Archaeology

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__ is the study of language, its origins, and use.

Linguistics

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Biological (Physical) Anthropology is the study of human biology and behavior in the framework of __.

Biological anthropologists study humans and our __ __ __, the primates.

evolution.

closest living relatives.

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Culture is a means of __ - it shapes __ of the environment, other people, and social relations.

Our bodies are an __ of culture and biology.

Culture is part of a feedback loop that acts as a type of __ __; neither nature nor nurture, but a system of __.

For all these reasons, it is critical that biological anthropologists examine humanity from a __ perspective.

adaptation; perceptions

interface

selective pressure; relations

biocultural

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Viewing other cultures from the inherently biased perspective of one’s own culture.

Ethnocentrism

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__ is the view that all cultures have merits within their own historical and environmental contexts and should first be understood within those contexts.

Relativism;

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A __ is a broad statement of scientific relationships or underlying principles that has been substantially __ through the testing of __.

theory; verified; hypotheses

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__ is a body of knowledge gained through observation and experimentation

Science

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List the 3 steps of the scientific method.

State the problem
Develop a hypothesis
Test the hypothesis (data collection and analysis)

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The __ __ is the process of explaining natural phenomena by empirical observation, hypothesizing, testing and analysis.

scientific method

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A __ is a group of organisms of a species that interbreed and live in the same place at a same time.

population

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__ - variability between individuals WITHIN a population.

__ - variability BETWEEN populations

Polymorphic

Polytypic

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__ - measurement of the human body form

Anthropometry

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__ are efforts to improve the human species by controlled __.

Eugenics; breeding

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__ : each of the major [__ constructed] divisions of humankind having distinct physical characteristics.

__ : belonging to a social group that has a common national or __ tradition

__ : one’s family or ethnic __; indicates __-__ geographical origins

Race; socially

Ethnicity; cultural

Ancestry; descent; deep-time

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__ __ was the eugenics asshole; misapplied Darwin’s theory of evolution to __ issues. He linked biological traits with __ abilities.

Francis Galton; social; mental

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__ __ postulated human plasticity; he asserted that __ was impacted by environment; therefore, features associated with __ are not fixed or permanent. The man was ahead of his time.

Franz Boas; phenotype; race

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__ __ was one of four 18th century scientists who believed there were at least __ racial classifications, but had trouble classifying Native Americans and Pacific Islanders; described four races using __ (black, white, yellow, red) and terms that are used to describe __ (European, Asiatic)

Carolus Linneaus; three; colors; ancestry

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__ __ was one of four 18th century scientists who believed there were at least __ racial classifications, but had trouble classifying Native Americans and Pacific Islanders; identified some scientific “__” labels (Caucasoid, mongoloid).

Joann Blumenbach; three; sounding

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__ __ was a French neurosurgeon that developed craniology techniques; translated __ dimensions into a series of mathematical indices and then deduced the __ and social attitudes of the long-dead individuals. He also included __ in his estimations.

Pierre Broca; skull; personality

race

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__ __ studied cranial volume (similar to Broca) using extensive collection of Native American skulls and concluded their volume to be much __.

This was the asshole that was using __ samples.

Samuel Morton; smaller.

biased

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Gene - sequence of DNA bases responsible for carrying out a __ __.

biological function.

__ is the universal code that governs the expression, inheritance, and evolution of biological traits in all forms of life.

DNA

__ are discrete structures composed of DNA and __, and they are found only in the nucleus of cells

Chromosomes; proteins

This is a given form of a gene for each locus.

An allele

__ is the production of identical, diploid somatic cells (e.g., skin). How many stages are there? __ is the production of gametes via __ division (homologous pairs are separated and randomly assorted into new [monoploid] cells with 23 chromosomes. How many stages?

Mitosis. 1 stage. Meiosis; reductive. 2 stages.

__: protein synthesis that occurs in the __ using mRNA and tRNA. __: unwinding of DNA at specific sites (genes) to use as a __ for [immature] mRNA production.

Translation; ribosomes Transcription; template

Mendel’s first law is the __ of __. It states that traits are transmitted as discrete __ that do not __ with or contaminate each other (separation and reunion of __ pairs at meiosis and fertilization, respectively).

Principle of Segregation. | units; blend; homologous

__ traits are expression of an allele in homozygous or heterozygous state. __ traits are expression of an allele in homozygous state only.

Dominant Recessive

The Principle of __ __ is Mendel’s second law. It states that two traits will sort and recombine __ of each other.

Independent Assortment independently

__: different alleles at a specific locus __: identical alleles at a specific locus

Heterozygous Homozygous

The genetic complement of alleles present at a specific locus on two homologous chromosomes is said to be an organism's __.

Geneotype

The observable / detectable physical characteristic of an organism is its __.

Phenotype

The position of homologous pairs during first division is __ __. This contributes to __.

randomly aligned. variation

__ __ / __: exchange genetic information between homologs prior to first division.

Crossing over / Recombination

A __ is a base substitution. __ must be in gametes (occurring during meiosis) and must be __-__ to be heritable.

Mutation Mutations; non-lethal

__ __: random change in allele frequency over time. __ __: exchange of genes between two populations resulting in greater __ (and thereby prevents __).

Gene drift Gene flow; homogeneity; speciation.

__ __ postulated that population growth is infinite; resources are finite. Individuals in population vary, and variation impacts survival and, therefore, __.

Charles Darwin reproduction

Natural selection acts on what 3 things to impact evolution?

mutations, genetic drift, and gene flow

Regarding natural selection, traits that enhance competitiveness also increase __ which, in turn, increases probability of __.

fitness; reproducing

All genes present in a breeding population or species is said to be the population's / species' __ __.

gene pool

The Hardy-Weinberg Principle proposes that __ frequencies will remain the same throughout any number of generations given a stable, __ breeding population that are __ from other populations. Violations are caused by __, __ __, and __ __.

allele; randomly; isolated mutation, genetic drift, and gene flow

A __ is a group of alleles on a chromosome that are closely __ and tend to be inherited as a __.

haplotype; linked; unit

__ __ is a type of genetic __ (sampling error) that has a "__" effect on allele distribution frequency on future generations. Can result from __ of land by non-native populations, natural disasters, polygamy, or __ (the practice of marrying within a social group).

Founders' Effect; drift; "bottleneck". colonization; endogamy

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is genetic material that is __ in origin (can be used for __ studies).

maternal; genealogy

African Eve (aka __ Eve): theory that H. sapiens emerged approx. 200 kya from Africa. Studies using __ support this time period.

Mitochondrial mtDNA

__ is a term used to describe members of the evolutionary lineage that includes H. sapiens. There were __ genus clusters, and all were __: pre-__; __, and early __.

Hominins three; bipedal; Australophiths; Australophiths; Homo

Three pre-__ include (STOTAR): Sahelanthropus __ ~7-6 mya. Potentially our __ hominin ancestor (no __ elements). Orrorin __ – 6.6-5.7 mya. Second potential __ hominin ancestor (possibly ape ancestor). May not have been an __ bipedal (__ adaptation in arms). Ardipithecus __ – 5.8 – 4.4 mya out of E. Africa. Bipedal arboreal __: long arms and fingers, curved fingers and __ big toe (like hands) which proves they were not a __ species.

Australopith tchadensis; earliest; postcranial tungensis; earliest; obligate; arboreal ramidus; mosaic; divergent; nomadic

Australopithicus afarensis was __! She existed approx. 4.2 – 1.2 mya, had long __ and curved fingers (__-like). Her species was highly sexually __.

LUCY arms; ape-like dimorphic

Paranthropus __ was an __ that was highly sexually __. They existed contemporaneously with H. __; therefore, it is possible one or both species is NOT __ to H. sapiens.

boisei; Australopith; dimorphic. habilis; ancestral

Homo __ lived between approx. 2.4 – 1.4 mya. They had an increased __ size, and were at least partially __. They were believed to be the first to use __, but we now know that Australopithecines used __.

habilis; brain; arboreal tools; tools

Homo __/__ lived between 1.8 mya – 30 kya. Their limb proportions were closer to H. __; therefore, they were __ and spread to Europe and Asia. They __ and used advanced tools.

erectus/ergaster sapiens; nomadic; cooked

Homo __ lived between 200 – 28 kya. They had a larger __ than H. sapiens and had no __. Amazingly, they were capable of __, art, cultural burial, and body adornment / jewelry. They were genetically __ and interbred with H. sapiens.

neanderthalensis brain; chin speech; compatible

Homo __ is the most recent finding - discovered in 2013. Possible proof that our lineage is more __-__ than tree-like

naledi; bush-like

Homo __ lived between 1 mya – 17 kya on the island of Flores. Their short stature was possibly due to __ dwarfism.

floresiensis insular

__ lived between 100 – 30 kya. They only received __ classification due to finding just finger bones and teeth. Their __ is present in modern-day Melanesians.

Denisovans genomic genome

The Regional __ Model (aka __ Hypothesis) states that global evolution originated from migration of H. __. Gene __ prevented further speciation, and genetic __ created microvariation (ancestry). The evidence: __ found in Asia and Europe.

Continuity; Multiregional; erectus. flow; drift genetics

The __ Model (aka Out of __ Model) states that H. sapiens evolved from H. __ in Africa ~200 kya, then left Africa and out competed __ Homo species (who were also evolved from H. __) throughout the world. There was no __. Evidence from __, only.

Replacement; Africa; erectus; archaic; erectus interbreeding; fossils

The __ Replacement Model (aka __ Model) states that H. sapiens evolved from H. __ in Africa ~200 kya, then leaves Africa and interbreeds with __ Homo species (also evolved from H. __) throughout the world eventually genetically __ them. Evidence: __ and __ in Asia and Europe.

Partial; Assimilation; erectus; archaic; erectus; swamping fossils and genetics

A __ is a category or group, such as phylum, order, family, genus, species.

Taxon

A __ is composed of grouped species representing an adaptive __ or adaptive __ based solely on the __ of evolutionary history (not the process).

grade; zone; plateau; outcome

A __ refers to the __ of evolutionary history (not the outcome). It is basically a __ group (phylogeny – model that demonstrates all organisms and their shared evolutionary history).

Clade; process; monophyletic