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Neurobiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Advantages of the Golgi stain

A

It’s ability to fill out the morphology of cells, neurons, and axons

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2
Q

What scientist helped laid our understanding of neurons as we know them?

A

Camille Golgi, Santiago Ramon y Cajal

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3
Q

How many nerve cells does the Golgi stain labels?

A

One of every million nerve cells

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4
Q

How can we see the morphology of a cell using the Golgi stain

A

We can see it’s morphology do that the cell is filled with a silver chromate that appears black in a ligth microscope

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5
Q

What problem did the Golgi stain solved

A

It allowed scientist for the first time to see I si vidual neurons and their diverse shape.

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6
Q

Who was Santiago Ramon Y Cajal

A

A neurobiologist and artist

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7
Q

What are the two ideas Cajal work contributed to neuroscience

A

The neuron doctrine. Which states that neurons are the basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system

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8
Q

When was the neuro doctrine proved

A

1950

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9
Q

Cajal a second insight

A

Law of dynamical polarization. Nerve impulses are exactly polarized in the neuron

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10
Q

What does polarized mean?

A

Different ends of the cell had different functions.

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11
Q

What makes a neuron different from a cell

A

Have dendrites, axons, and soma

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12
Q

What are dendrites.

A

The dendrites emerge from the cell body, are the receiving side of the cell. Like antennae they receive and collect information.

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13
Q

What are synapses

A

The electrical signal dendrites collect are the electrical activity of neurons transmitted through synapses

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14
Q

What si the Soma

A

The cell body ir the Soma contains the nucleus where the chromosome are located. The ER , the Golgi apparatus are stored in there

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15
Q

What is the central dogma

A

DNA transcribed into RNA
MRNA exported to the cytoplasm
MRNA translated into protein

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16
Q

What are the key organelles

A

Ribosomes are free or bound to endoplasma como reticulum
The fought endoplasma reticulum makes proteins destined for the membrane organelle( mitochondria, synaptic vesicles)

Poly ribosomes which makes proteins for the rough ER

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17
Q

What is the Nissl Stain

A

La les cells bodies, stains DNA and RNA, used Tini sentido dense cell layers

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18
Q

What are axons

A

Long, skinny projection that exists in the soma and make connections with other neurons. The axon is specialized for trasmitting electrical signals with very fast speed( 100 meters/second)

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19
Q

What is the axon cytoskeleton elements

A

Unique to neurons where electrical impulses from the neuron travel to be received by other neurons

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20
Q

How many synaptic contacts can the axon make

A

0-1000

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21
Q

At what angle do axons branch

A

Right angles

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22
Q

What are glia cells

A

Non neuron cells of the brain and nervous system

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23
Q

Of what cells is the rest of the brain covered

A

Of glia cells

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24
Q

What’s re the three gilia cells

A

Astrocytes( star like), mycroglia, oligodendrites mylenation

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25
Q

What Are astrocytes

A

They help create blood brain barrier that restricts what enters the brain from the blood stream

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26
Q

What is mycrolgia

A

Acts like the innate immune system of the brain, scavenging debris, dead cells, pathogens, and cleaning up damage areas.

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27
Q

Whata re the two nervous systems

A

Peripheral nervous system and central nervous system

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28
Q

What is the central nervous system

A

Anything cased in bone

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29
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system

A

Is made up of cells whose cell bodies lie outside.

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30
Q

To what Orta is the spinal cord connected

A

The spinal cord is part of the central nervous system that connects the brain to the rest of our body

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31
Q

What is the main function of the spinal cord

A

To execute motor commands( via motor neurons that connect to skeletal muscle) and take in sensory information from the body

32
Q

Where do motor neurons exist

A

Central roots, and neurons that bring sensory i formation into the spinal cord via the central roots

33
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system

A

Helps our body organs function and activates various body glands . Normally bodily functions are in large part coordinated and controlled by the autonomic nervous system. For example the fligth or fight mode

34
Q

What is the cerebro spinal fluid

A

Allows the brain to float and buffer it from trauma. A place to flush metabolites and thus helps keep the. Brain clean

35
Q

What do blood vessels carry

A

Essential fuel and oxygen to the brain

36
Q

By what is the brain protected

A

The blood brain barrier

37
Q

What is grey matter

A

Consists of cell bodies and dendrites . Enables individuals to co trip movement, memory, and emotions

38
Q

What is white matter

A

It contains axons . Cell bodies dendrites and axon terminals

39
Q

What is the cerebellum

A

Involved in fine motor control( regulating movement, correcting errors and fine- running movements

40
Q

What is the brain stem

A

Controls our vital and autonomic functions: sleep/ wake, heart rate, respiration, blood pressure etc

41
Q

What are the three Orta of the brain stem

A

Midbrain, pons, and médula

42
Q

What does dorsal mean

A

Back

43
Q

What is ventral

A

Stomach or bottom part of brain

44
Q

What is medial

A

Middle

45
Q

Lateral

A

Side

46
Q

What is the thalamus

A

Relays sensory information from our sense organs to the cerebral cortex

47
Q

What is the hypothalamus

A

Controls the autonomic nervous system to co from bodily state , and is the regulator of the Brain and body

48
Q

What is the cerebrum Cortex

A

Plata a key role in attention, thought, memory, and la gauge

49
Q

What are the cortical lobes

A

Temporal, frontal, parietal, and occipital lobe

50
Q

What is the frontal lobe

A

Important in goal oriented behavior and personality

51
Q

What is the parietal lobe

A

Dedicated to human touch, pain, temperature,

52
Q

What is the occipital lobe

A

Processed information form the visual system

53
Q

What is an MRI

A

Measures water cometent and shows structure of the brain

54
Q

What is the diameter of a cell

A

50 micrometers

55
Q

What is FMRI

A

Measures water , and measures the. Lois oxygen changes

56
Q

Why do neurons use electrical signals

A

Because electrical signals are fast (100 meters per second ) and because they can be propagated down all the branches and processes of a neuron at the same time.

57
Q

how do electron move

A

Form high concentration to low concentration

58
Q

What electrical signals does the nervous system use

A

Sodium, potassium and chloride

59
Q

What is the voltage of neurons

A

-70 mv

60
Q

Instead of wires thorough what ions travel through

A

Through Jon Channels that allow them to cross the membrane

61
Q

What is the resting potential

A

When the membrane potential is at -70mv and is stable

62
Q

What is depolarization

A

The process where the I side of a neuron becomes more positive than the rest

63
Q

What is synaptic potential

A

The resulting local membrane potential change is called

64
Q

What is action potential

A

If the number of ions that live in is sufficient to change the membrane potential above -45mv will elicit a special kind of electrical signal

65
Q

What does an action potential cause

A

The release of neurotransmitters from axon terminals

66
Q

What are synaptic potentials

A

Analog meaning that they can vary continuously from the resting potential to a much more depolarized value

67
Q

What are the three key ions

A

Na, k, and cl

68
Q

What is extra cellular fluid

A

Blood that has been filtered by the blood brain barrier and thus excludes certain proteins and immune and blood cells

69
Q

Through what ions pass through

A

Ion channels

70
Q

How do we call potassium Channels at rest

A

Leak channels

71
Q

What is diffusion

A

When particles flow from an area of high concentration to low concentration through random terminal movement

72
Q

What is equilibrium potential

A

Where the electrical force is equal and opposite to the diffusion mal force imposed by the concentration gradient

73
Q

What equation do we use to calculate equilibrium potential

A

Nerdy equation

74
Q

Why does k wants to move out of the cell

A

To be more negative

75
Q

Why does sodium want to move I side the cell

A

To be more positive

76
Q

What is the driving force

A

How strongly ions are pushed or pulled by the electrical force of the membrane potential

Neurobiology (2 decks)

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