Exam 1 Flashcards
Advantages of the Golgi stain
It’s ability to fill out the morphology of cells, neurons, and axons
What scientist helped laid our understanding of neurons as we know them?
Camille Golgi, Santiago Ramon y Cajal
How many nerve cells does the Golgi stain labels?
One of every million nerve cells
How can we see the morphology of a cell using the Golgi stain
We can see it’s morphology do that the cell is filled with a silver chromate that appears black in a ligth microscope
What problem did the Golgi stain solved
It allowed scientist for the first time to see I si vidual neurons and their diverse shape.
Who was Santiago Ramon Y Cajal
A neurobiologist and artist
What are the two ideas Cajal work contributed to neuroscience
The neuron doctrine. Which states that neurons are the basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system
When was the neuro doctrine proved
1950
Cajal a second insight
Law of dynamical polarization. Nerve impulses are exactly polarized in the neuron
What does polarized mean?
Different ends of the cell had different functions.
What makes a neuron different from a cell
Have dendrites, axons, and soma
What are dendrites.
The dendrites emerge from the cell body, are the receiving side of the cell. Like antennae they receive and collect information.
What are synapses
The electrical signal dendrites collect are the electrical activity of neurons transmitted through synapses
What si the Soma
The cell body ir the Soma contains the nucleus where the chromosome are located. The ER , the Golgi apparatus are stored in there
What is the central dogma
DNA transcribed into RNA
MRNA exported to the cytoplasm
MRNA translated into protein
What are the key organelles
Ribosomes are free or bound to endoplasma como reticulum
The fought endoplasma reticulum makes proteins destined for the membrane organelle( mitochondria, synaptic vesicles)
Poly ribosomes which makes proteins for the rough ER
What is the Nissl Stain
La les cells bodies, stains DNA and RNA, used Tini sentido dense cell layers
What are axons
Long, skinny projection that exists in the soma and make connections with other neurons. The axon is specialized for trasmitting electrical signals with very fast speed( 100 meters/second)
What is the axon cytoskeleton elements
Unique to neurons where electrical impulses from the neuron travel to be received by other neurons
How many synaptic contacts can the axon make
0-1000
At what angle do axons branch
Right angles
What are glia cells
Non neuron cells of the brain and nervous system
Of what cells is the rest of the brain covered
Of glia cells
What’s re the three gilia cells
Astrocytes( star like), mycroglia, oligodendrites mylenation
What Are astrocytes
They help create blood brain barrier that restricts what enters the brain from the blood stream
What is mycrolgia
Acts like the innate immune system of the brain, scavenging debris, dead cells, pathogens, and cleaning up damage areas.
Whata re the two nervous systems
Peripheral nervous system and central nervous system
What is the central nervous system
Anything cased in bone
What is the peripheral nervous system
Is made up of cells whose cell bodies lie outside.
To what Orta is the spinal cord connected
The spinal cord is part of the central nervous system that connects the brain to the rest of our body
What is the main function of the spinal cord
To execute motor commands( via motor neurons that connect to skeletal muscle) and take in sensory information from the body
Where do motor neurons exist
Central roots, and neurons that bring sensory i formation into the spinal cord via the central roots
What is the autonomic nervous system
Helps our body organs function and activates various body glands . Normally bodily functions are in large part coordinated and controlled by the autonomic nervous system. For example the fligth or fight mode
What is the cerebro spinal fluid
Allows the brain to float and buffer it from trauma. A place to flush metabolites and thus helps keep the. Brain clean
What do blood vessels carry
Essential fuel and oxygen to the brain
By what is the brain protected
The blood brain barrier
What is grey matter
Consists of cell bodies and dendrites . Enables individuals to co trip movement, memory, and emotions
What is white matter
It contains axons . Cell bodies dendrites and axon terminals
What is the cerebellum
Involved in fine motor control( regulating movement, correcting errors and fine- running movements
What is the brain stem
Controls our vital and autonomic functions: sleep/ wake, heart rate, respiration, blood pressure etc
What are the three Orta of the brain stem
Midbrain, pons, and médula
What does dorsal mean
Back
What is ventral
Stomach or bottom part of brain
What is medial
Middle
Lateral
Side
What is the thalamus
Relays sensory information from our sense organs to the cerebral cortex
What is the hypothalamus
Controls the autonomic nervous system to co from bodily state , and is the regulator of the Brain and body
What is the cerebrum Cortex
Plata a key role in attention, thought, memory, and la gauge
What are the cortical lobes
Temporal, frontal, parietal, and occipital lobe
What is the frontal lobe
Important in goal oriented behavior and personality
What is the parietal lobe
Dedicated to human touch, pain, temperature,
What is the occipital lobe
Processed information form the visual system
What is an MRI
Measures water cometent and shows structure of the brain
What is the diameter of a cell
50 micrometers
What is FMRI
Measures water , and measures the. Lois oxygen changes
Why do neurons use electrical signals
Because electrical signals are fast (100 meters per second ) and because they can be propagated down all the branches and processes of a neuron at the same time.
how do electron move
Form high concentration to low concentration
What electrical signals does the nervous system use
Sodium, potassium and chloride
What is the voltage of neurons
-70 mv
Instead of wires thorough what ions travel through
Through Jon Channels that allow them to cross the membrane
What is the resting potential
When the membrane potential is at -70mv and is stable
What is depolarization
The process where the I side of a neuron becomes more positive than the rest
What is synaptic potential
The resulting local membrane potential change is called
What is action potential
If the number of ions that live in is sufficient to change the membrane potential above -45mv will elicit a special kind of electrical signal
What does an action potential cause
The release of neurotransmitters from axon terminals
What are synaptic potentials
Analog meaning that they can vary continuously from the resting potential to a much more depolarized value
What are the three key ions
Na, k, and cl
What is extra cellular fluid
Blood that has been filtered by the blood brain barrier and thus excludes certain proteins and immune and blood cells
Through what ions pass through
Ion channels
How do we call potassium Channels at rest
Leak channels
What is diffusion
When particles flow from an area of high concentration to low concentration through random terminal movement
What is equilibrium potential
Where the electrical force is equal and opposite to the diffusion mal force imposed by the concentration gradient
What equation do we use to calculate equilibrium potential
Nerdy equation
Why does k wants to move out of the cell
To be more negative
Why does sodium want to move I side the cell
To be more positive
What is the driving force
How strongly ions are pushed or pulled by the electrical force of the membrane potential
