Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Research Methods > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

concepts

A

abstractions of human characteristics (like pain, fatigue, obesity)
In a qualitative study = phenomena

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

construct

A

abstraction inferred from situations or behaviors - deliverable invented or constructed
I.e. self care
Construct = more complex abstraction than a concept

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

variables

A

concepts in quantitative studies

I.e. weight, fatigue, stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

independent variable

A

presumed cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

dependent variable

A

presumed effect = O in PICO
Variation in the dependent variable is likely too depend on variation in the independent variable
Is the variable researchers want to understand, explain or predict

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

data

A

pieces of info obtained in a study
Quantitative data: data in numeric form
Qualitative data: narrative descriptions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

relationship

A

bond or connection b/w phenomena
I.e b/w smoking and lung cancer
Ex: cause and effect relationship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

grounded theory

A
  • research with roots in sociology that seeks to describe and understand the key social psychological processes that occur in social settings
  • seek to understand actions by focusing on the main concern or problem that the individual’s behavior is designed to address

Focus on developing social experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Phenomenology

A

concerned with lived experiences of humans
Approach to thinking about what life experiences of people are like and what they mean
psychology/philosophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

ethnography

A

provides a framework for studying partners, lifeways and experiences of a defined cultural group
anthropology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

characteristics of good research questions - 3

A
  1. identifies the variables
  2. specifies populations to be studied
  3. implies possibility of empirical testing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

conceptual definition

A

presents the abstract or theoretical meaning of concepts under study
I.e. pain - discomfort, uncomfortable feeling

*can be an end product in qual studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

operational defintion

A

specifies what the researcher must do to measure the concept and collect needed info
I.e. for measuring anxiety, tools, scales

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

phases of quantitative study (5)

A
  1. conceptual phase (formulating the problem)
  2. design and planning phase (sampling)
  3. empirical phase (collecting data)
  4. analytic phase (analyzing and interpreting)
  5. dissemination phase (communicating the findings)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

hypothesis

A

prediction about relationship b/w variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

null hypothesis

A

statistical hypotheses: state that there is no relationship between IV and DV
I.e. patients age is unrelated to their risk of falling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

characteristics of good hypotheses (3)

A
  1. states variable and population
  2. identifies the predicted relationship: converts question into a declarative statement, predicts relationship b/w variables
  3. is testable
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Directional hypothesis

A

one that specifies not only the existence but the expected direction of the relationship b/w variables

I.e. older patients are more likely to fall than younger patients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

nondirectional hypothesis

A

does not state the direction of the relationship

I.e. there is a relationship b/w age of patient and risk of falling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

statistical significance

A

supports inferences that a hypothesis probably correct or not

means findings are probably reliable and replicable with a new sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

level of significance (p < 0.05)

A

index of how probable it is that the findings are reliable

.05 level = only 5 times out of 100 would the result be spurious = 95 times out of 100, similar results would be obtained in a new sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

PICOT

A 
population
intervention (IV)
comparison or control
outcome (DV)
timeframe
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

clinical research

A

involves human subject participants with the aim of generating generalizable knowledge to improve human health and well-being

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

nursing research

A

to answer questions and undertake systematic inquiry to generate evidence on problems of interest to nurses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

ethics

A

systematic method of inquiry that helps us to answer how we ought to live and why,
Should we perform clinical research on human participants? Why or why not?
If yes, how should it be done

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

research design

A

the overall plan for answering a quantitative study’s research question.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

moderator variable

A

affects the strength or direction of a relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

complex hypothesis

A

predicts the relationship between two or more independent variables and/or two or more dependent variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

3 principles of Belmont Report

A
  1. respect for persons/human dignity
  2. beneficence
  3. justice
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what does respect for persons/human dignity entail (2)

A

right to self determination (no coercion, can voluntarily decide to participate),
right to full disclosure (absence of deception, concealment and right to refuse)

informed consent*

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what does beneficence entail

A

persons are treated in an ethical manner by 1. Freedom from harm and exploitation and 2. Maximizing possible benefits and minimizing possible harms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what does justice entail

A

right to fair treatment
right to privacy and anonymity

fair procedures and outcomes in the selections of subjects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

45CFR46 subparts (HHS)

A

Subpart A: common rule - revised Jan 2019
B - pregnant women, fetuses and neonates
C- prisoners
D - children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

CFR Title 21 (FDA)

A

FDA
Usually physician research
Clinical investigations involving FDA regulated projects or supporting applications to FDA (50 & 56)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

who makes up an IRB

A

Composed of at least 5 members
At least 1 scientific member
At least 1 non scientific member
At least 1 member unaffiliated within the org
Expertise in local org policy, state regulatory parameters and federal CFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

full board IRBs

A

More than minimal risk to subjects
Not covered under other review categories
Ex: interventions involving physical or emotional discomfort or sensitive data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

expedited IRBs

A

Not greater than minimal risk
Fits one of the 9 expedited review categories
Ex: collection of biospecimens by noninvasive means, research w/ existing documents/record collected for non research purposes in which subject are identifiable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

exempt IRBs

A

Less than minimal risk
Fits one of 6 exempt categories
Ex: research with de-identified records, anonymous surveys, Research only involving education tests, surveys, interview or observation of public behavior, research on public officials or existing data, public benefit service, taste and food evals, storage and maintenance for secondary research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

minimal risk

A

probability and magnitude of physical or psychological harm that is normally encountered in the daily lives, or in the routine medical, dental or psychological exam of healthy persons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

how do you know if the research subject to 45CFR46

A

if it is receiving federal funding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

informed consent and what it should include (4)

A

participants have adequate information about the research, comprehend that info, and can consent to or decline participation voluntarily

Should include study title, why study is being done, what are the study procedures, what will they be asked to do

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Broad consent 46.104db

A

An alternative to traditional informed consent or waiver of informed consent
Applicable to secondary research with identifiable private info or identifiable biospecimens
*does not include return of results as part of the study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

HIPAA

A

at least 18 categories of identifiable health info (name, DOB, geographic locators, MRNs, images, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

how to protect against HIPAA violations

A

encryption of data, authentication of passwords for those who have access to research study data, software security and electronic and physical security of data storage devices and networks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

NIH certificate of confidentiality

A

any research that involves collection of personally identifiable, sensitive info is potentially eligible for a certificate
If it damages participants financial standing, employability or reputation
Certificate allows researchers to refuse to disclose identifying info on study participants in any civil, criminal, admin or legislative proceeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

data safety monitoring board

A

An independent committee that reviews interim safety and efficacy data and provides advice on continuing, modifying or terminating the study
Purpose: oversee and monitor clinical trials to ensure participant safety and validity and integrity of the data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

falsification

A

making up results and reporting them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

fabrication

A

manipulating research materials, data, or processes or manipulating data so that the record does not accurately represent research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

plagiarism

A

appropriating another person’s ideas, results or words w/o giving that person appropriate credit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what do you have to have for it to be considered misconduct

A

has to be deliberate/intentional or repeated noncompliance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

problem statement

A

presents rationale for the study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

statement of purpose

A

summarizes goal of the study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

anonymity

A

safeguard mechanism by which even the researcher cannot link the participant with the information provided

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

process consent

A

researcher continually renegotiates consent -usually in qualitative studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

covert data collection

A

collection of data without participants knowledge and consent - can happen if a researcher wanted to observe people’s behavior in real world settings and worried that doing so openly would affect behavior of interest
can be acceptable if risk are negligible and participants right to privacy hasn’t been violated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

deception

A

involves deliberately withholding information about the study or providing participants with false information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

implied consent

A

when written consent is not obtained because the participants completes a questionnaire or something similar that reflects consent to participate
Researchers often provide an info sheet that contains elements of the informed consent but doesn’t require a signature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

what must be shared with the patient under HIPAA if their info is disclosed (3)

A
  1. who will receive info,
  2. what type of info will be disclosed and
  3. what further disclosures the researcher anticipates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

why do qualitative research (3)

A
  1. Could be that there is no literature out there
  2. Looking at something new, unexplored or a rare condition that people have that you can’t get good data on
  3. Good if you are not in that population and you don’t understand it
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

emergent design

A

takes shape as qualitative studies / researchers make ongoing decisions reflecting what they have learned

Based on participants realities and viewpoints
Unfolding as you go
Might shift type participants as you go, change type of questions you are asking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

descriptive phenomenology

A

Descriptions of human experience

What do we know as people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

bracketing and what type of study is this associated with

A

process of identifying and holding in abeyance preconceived beliefs and opinions about phenomenon under study → helps to remove influences that can block access to meaning
*descriptive phenomenology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Interpretive phenomenology = hermeneutics

A

Understanding the human experience

Putting meaning to it based on what you understand/interpret

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

cultural behavior

A

what members do

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

cultural artifacts

A

what people make and use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

cultural speech

A

what people say

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

emic perspective

A

way members of a culture envision their world - insiders’ view
Local language, concepts or means of expression used by members of the group understudy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

etic perspective

A

outsiders’ interpretation of the experiences of that culture - language used by those doing the research to refer to the same phenomena

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

fieldwork: what is it and which type of qual study is it associated with?

A

how ethnographer comes to understand a culture - Use interviews, observations, records, physical evidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

key informant

A

expert source of information, help them understand and interpret the activities they observe - in the culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

grounded theory theorists

A

Glaser & Strauss

72
Q

theory

A

explanation of relationship of phenomenon

73
Q

core variable (grounded theory)

A

how people resolve main concern

One type of core variable = basic social process

74
Q

constant comparison (grounded theory)

A

categories elicited from the data are constantly compared with data obtained earlier so that the commonalities and variations can be determined

Once researcher starts to get data and interview people → analyze early on and compare to what participants are saying and start to understand data pattern - compare data pattern and interviews
Where design might change (emergent design)

75
Q

descriptive qualitative studies

A

qualitative studies that do not have a formal name

Ex: nurses’s perspective on uses of chaplains in hospital

76
Q

critical theory

A
  • Concerned with a critique of society and w/ envisioning new possibilities
  • Action oriented
  • Calls for inquiries that foster self knowledge and socio political action
77
Q

Participatory action research

A

-Based on a recognition that the production of knowledge can be political and can be used to exert power
-Action researchers typically work w/ groups or communities that are vulnerable
-Researchers and participants collaborate in defining the problem, selecting the research methods and analyze the data, decide on use to which findings are put
aim = knowledge, action and consciousness-raising

78
Q

do qualitative studies have more or less participants than quantitative studies

A

less, usually < 50

79
Q

typical number of participants in a phenomenology study

A

~15

80
Q

typical number of participants in grounded theory study

A

~15-30

81
Q

criteria for qualitative study

A

person experienced the phenomenon, culture or process under study

82
Q

strategy for qualitative studies

A

relevant to tradition, rich info, transferable, believable, ethical and feasible

83
Q

reflexivity

A

refers to researchers’ awareness of themselves as part of the data they are collecting
Awareness of one’s beliefs and biases
Ability of researcher to locate himself in the process of research

84
Q

ethnography: types of data

A

primarily observation, interviews, and artifacts, documents, photographs, genealogies, maps, social network diagrams

85
Q

ethnography: units of data collection

A

cultural systems

86
Q

ethnography: data collection points

A

mainly longitudinal

87
Q

ethnography: length of time for data collection

A

typically long, many months or years

88
Q

ethnography: data recording

A

field notes, logs, interview notes/recording

89
Q

phenomenology: types of data

A

in-depth interviews, sometimes diaries

90
Q

phenomenology: unit of data collection

A

individuals

91
Q

phenomenology: data collection points

A

usually cross sectional

92
Q

phenomenology: length of time for data collection

A

moderate

93
Q

phenomenology: data recording

A

interview notes/ recordings

94
Q

grounded theory: types of data

A

individual interviews
sometimes group interviews
observation, participant journals
documents

95
Q

grounded theory: unit of data collection

A

individuals

96
Q

grounded theory: length of time for data collection

A

moderate

97
Q

grounded theory: data recording

A

interview notes/recordings
memoing
observational notes

98
Q

unstructured interviews - what are they and which type of study are they most associated with

A

conversational, usually when they do not have a clear idea of what is is they don’t know
Do not have prepared questions
Ethnographic are unstructured

99
Q

semi structured interviews

A
  • Know what they want to ask but cannot predict what answers will be
  • Researchers prepare a written topic guide to be covered w/ each participant
  • Encourage participants to talk freely about all topics on the guide and tell stories on their own
100
Q

focus groups

A

Group of people is assembled for discussion
Interviewer guides discussion according to a written set of questions or topics to be covered
People are usually homogeneous

cons: can lead to group think

101
Q

photo elicitation

A

involves an interview stimulated and guided by photographs

102
Q

critical incidents

A

type of unstructured self report

gather info about specific incidents experienced

103
Q

participant observation: what is it and what type of study is it associated with?

A

ethnographic

make observations of the culture while participating in activities and use key informants to help them understand and interpret the activities they observe

104
Q

data collection and positioning - what might they observe?

A 
Physical setting
Participants
Activities
Frequency and duration
Precipitating factors
Organization
Tangible factors
105
Q

3 main types of data

A

Audio recordings/transcribe
video recordings/transcribe
Field notes

106
Q

field notes

A

broader, more analytic and more interpretive than a log (field diary) - represent observer’s efforts to record info and to synthesize and understand the data
-narrative account of what is happening in the field

can be descriptive or reflective

107
Q

convenience sampling

A

volunteer sample
Usually how a study will begin
Easy but not preferred

108
Q

snowball sampling

A

Asking early informants to refer other study participants
Can help researchers establish trusting relationship with new participants
Can ask for referrals of specific people
Can make the sample restricted to small network of people

109
Q

purposive sampling

A

Where qualitative studies eventually evolve to

Selecting specific cases that will most benefit the study

110
Q

maximum variation sampling

A

most widely used method of purposive sampling → purposefully selecting persons w/ variation on dimensions of interest, w/ diverse backgrounds
Usually an emergent approach - info from initial participants helps to guide subsequent selection of a diverse group of participants

111
Q

theoretical sampling

A

The process of data collection for generating theory whereby the analyst jointly collect, codes and analyzes his data and decides what data to collect next, where to find them in order to develop his theory as it emerges

112
Q

data saturation

A

sampling to the point at which no new info is obtained and redundancy is achieved

113
Q

critical case sampling

A

involves selecting cases that are especially important or illustrative

114
Q

typical case sampling

A

selecting cases that illustrate or highlight what is typical, average or normal

115
Q

stratified purposive sampling

A

select participants in distinct groups along a single dimension

116
Q

extreme deviant case sampling

A

provides opportunities for learning from most unusual and extreme informants

117
Q

intensity sampling

A

involve info rich cases that manifest the phenomenon of interest intensely but not as extreme or potentially distorting manifestations

118
Q

reputational sampling

A

select cases based on a a recommendation of an expert or key informant

119
Q

opportunistic sampling

A

adding new case to a sample based on changes in research circumstances as data re-collected or in response to new leads

120
Q

data coding

A

used to identify an interesting, salient, evocative or essential feature of the data in relation to the phenomenon under investigation

121
Q

what type of coding happens first

A

Reductionistic - masses of data into smaller, manageable sections

122
Q

constructionism

A

segments are put together into meaningful conceptual patterns
part of data analysis

123
Q

code

A

essential feature of the data in relationship to the phenomenon under investigation - phrase, sentence or paragraph

124
Q

theme

A

abstract entity, bring meaning and identify to a current experience, captures and unifies

125
Q

what does phenomenological data analysis entail

A

Holistic contextualizing strategies that involves interpreting narrative data within the context of the whole text

126
Q

Colaizzi method (pheno descriptive)

A

return to study participants to validate

127
Q

Giorgi method ((pheno descriptive)

A

relies solely on researchers - inappropriate to return to participants to validate findings or to use external judges to review analysis

128
Q

Van Kaam method (pheno descriptive)

A

requires that intersubjective agreement be reached w/ other expert judges

129
Q

Van Manen’s method

A

researchers try to group the essential meaning of experience being studied

themes can be uncovered by participant’s descriptions of the experience

130
Q

grounded theory analysis : constant comparison

A

core feature in all grounded theory analyses
Involves a comparison of elements present in one data source (i.e. in one interview) with those in another to determine if they are similar

131
Q

grounded theory: open coding

A

used in first stage of the constant comparative analysis - captures what is going on in the data
Data are broken down into incidents and similarities and differences are examined

132
Q

grounded theory: level I coding

A

in vivo codes - directly from participants words and have vivid imagery

133
Q

grounded theory: level II coding

A

broader, categories

134
Q

grounded theory: level III coding

A

theoretical constructs - most abstract

135
Q

when does open coding end

A

when core category is established

136
Q

core category

A

pattern of behavior that is relevant for participants

137
Q

basic social process

A

a central social process that is discovered through analysis of grounded theory data
one kind of core variable and evolves over time in two or more phases

138
Q

are all BSPs core variables?

A

yes but not vice versa

139
Q

theoretical coding: when does it begin and what is it?

A

begins while selective coding is still in progress - helps grounded theories to weave the broken pieces of data back together
Connect categories and constructs that relate to the core category

140
Q

ethnography analysis: domain analysis

A

domain = units of cultural knowledge, broad categories that encompass smaller ones

Identify relational patterns among the terms in the domain that are used by members of the culture

141
Q

ethnography: taxonomic analysis

A

Ethnographer decides how many domains the analysis will encompass

Taxonomy = system of classifying and organizing terms - developed to illustrate the internal organization of a domain and the relationship among the subcategories of the domain

142
Q

ethnography: componential analysis

A

Ethnographer analyzes data for similarities and differences among cultural terms in the domain

143
Q

ethnography: theme analysis

A

cultural themes are uncovered, discovery of cultural meaning

144
Q

content analysis

A

family of analytic approaches. Analysis of the content of narrative data to identify prominent themes and patterns among the themes and is used in descriptive qual studies

breaking down into meaning units

145
Q

meaning units

A

words, sentences or paragraphs containing aspects related to each other through their content and context - smallest segment of a text that contains a recognizable piece of info

146
Q

secondary coding

A

codes that develop into categories

147
Q

credibility

A

Refers to the confidence in the truth of the data and the interpretations of them

Involves carrying out the study in a way that enhances the believability of the findings and taking steps to demonstrate credibility in the research process

148
Q

dependability

A

Refers to the stability or reliability of data over time and conditions

149
Q

confirmability

A

Objectivity - potential for congruence b/w 2 or more independent people about the data’s accuracy, relevance or meaning

150
Q

transferability

A

Refers to the potential for extrapolation - extent to which findings can be transferred to or have applicability in other settings or groups

151
Q

authenticity

A
  • extent to which researchers fairly and faithfully show a range of realities
  • Emerges when it conveys the feeling tone of participants lives as they are lived
152
Q

ways to enhance quality: prolonged engagement

A

investment of sufficient time collecting data to have an in depth understanding of the people under study, to test for misinformation and to ensure saturation of key categories
Essential for building trust w/ informants

153
Q

ways to enhance quality/credibility: Persistent observation

A

concerns the salience of the data being gathered and recorded
Refers to researcher’s focus on the characteristics or aspects of a situation or a conversation that are relevant to the phenomena being studied

154
Q

triangulation

A

refers to the use of multiple referents to draw conclusions about what constitutes the trust

155
Q

time triangulation

A

involves collecting data on the same phenomenon multiple times
Can involve gathering data at different times of the day or at different times in the year

156
Q

space triangulation

A

involves collecting data on the same phenomenon in multiple sites to test for cross site consistency

157
Q

person triangulation

A

involves collecting data from different types or levels of people w/ aim of validating data through multiple perspectives on the phenomenon

158
Q

method triangulation

A

using multiple methods of data collection about the same phenomenon

159
Q

peer debriefing

A

involves sessions w/ peers to review and explore various aspects of the inquiry

160
Q

member check

A

researchers provide feedback to participants about the study - including emerging interpretations and elicit participants reactions
Helps establish credibility
Participants realities should match researchers understanding
Can be an ongoing process during data collection
can ask participants (individually or focus group) to confirm accuracy of verbatim transcripts or review analyses of data

161
Q

disconfirming cases

A

examples that do not fit and challenge researcher’s interactions

162
Q

how to enhance dependability (reliability)

A

replicate findings

team coding

163
Q

how to enhance confirmability

A
  • inquiry audit: involves scrutiny of the data and supporting documents by an external reviewer
  • audit trail
164
Q

how to enhance transferability

A

Thick description: thorough and vivid description of the research context, the people who participated in the study and the experiences/processes observed

165
Q

when does ethnographic data analysis begin

A

when researcher steps into the field

166
Q

incubation

A

process of living the data, process in which researchers must try to understand the data’s meaning, find essential patterns and draw conclusions

167
Q

is qualitative data analysis usually inductive or deductive

A

inductive - Involves discovering pervasive ideas and searching for general concepts throughout an inductive process

168
Q

When is content analysis used

type of study

A

Descriptive qualitative studies

169
Q

Primary function of core category

A

Primary function: integrate the theory and make it dense and saturated

170
Q

4 types of ethnographic data analysis

A

domain
taxonomic
componential
theme

171
Q

data triangulation

A

involves use of multiple data sources for purpose of validating conclusions and can take several forms (time, space, persons)

172
Q

In which type of qualitative research is the literature review most likely to be carried out after data collection?

A

grounded theory

173
Q

selective coding

A

researchers code only those data that relate to the core variable
begins when core category is discovered

174
Q

2 domains of clinical research

A

biomedical and behavioral

175
Q

3 key nursing regulations

A

ANA code of ethics
Nurse’s role in ethics and human rights in practice settings (ANA)
ICN code of ethics for nursing (global, int’l)

176
Q

can you prove a hypothesis

A

Hypotheses are never proved or disproved, only supported or rejected

Research Methods (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions