Exam 1 Flashcards
Name the 3 levels of prevention
Primary, secondary, tertiary
Give an example of primary prevention
Promotes health and prevents disease
Example: Immunization
Give an example of secondary prevention
Detecting problems; helps identify and provide early treatment
Example: Colon cancer screening
Give an example of tertiary prevention
Keeps existing problems (already dx) at bay and keeps them from getting worse
Example: Keeping a person with diabetes from developing complication of diabetes
What is the primary goal of PH?
Primary prevention
3 core functions of PH?
Assessment
→ Systemic data collection on population to monitor the health status and make information about that available to the community
Policy development
→ In effort to support health in the community and include scientific knowledge based policy decisions
Assurance
→ Make sure essential community oriented services are available
Who was the founder of PHN; introduced the term Public Health Nurse?
Lillian Wald
Who brought health care to disadvantaged families that lived way out and had NO access? Frontier Nursing Service?
Mary Breckenridge
Who provided foundation for community health nursing, used biostatistics/research, introduced EBP, proposed that nursing intervention could prevent illness and improve the health of the population, blah blah blah?
Nightengale
Community-oriented nursing or community-based nursing?
Nursing has a primary focus on healthcare of either community or population of individual families or groups; broader in scope and community-based practice.
Community-oriented nursing
Community-oriented nursing or community-based nursing?
The provision of acute care and care for chronic health problems for individuals and families in the community .
Community-based nursing
Community-oriented nursing or community-based nursing?
Goal is to prevent disease and disability and promote protect and maintain health.
Community-oriented nursing
Community-oriented nursing or community-based nursing?
Occurs outside an institution → Care is provided to individuals and families in the community.
Community-based nursing
Name two community-oriented nursing practices:
Public Health Nursing and Community Health Nursing
What kind of nursing is this:
Focus is on the community as a whole and the effect the community’s health status has on individuals, families, & groups. Care is provided within the context of preventing disease & disability and promoting & protecting the health of the community.
Public Health Nursing
What kind of nursing is this:
Focus is on promoting preserving and maintaining the health of populations through the delivery of healthcare services to individuals families and groups and the effect of their health status on the health of the community as a whole.
Community Health Nursing
What are 3 levels of population-based practice?
- Individual/family-focused practice
- Community-focused practice
- Systems-focused practice
Individual/family-focused practice, community-focused practice, or systems-focused practice?
Changes organizations, policies, laws, & power structures
Systems-focused practice
Example: Policy-driven –> more effective and longer-lasting. Laws the require restaurants to have employees perform hand hygiene before preparing food .
Individual/family-focused practice, community-focused practice, or systems-focused practice?
Changes knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, practices, and behaviors of individuals, alone or part of a family, class, or group.
Individual/family-focused practice
Example: Working with child/family to teach hand hygiene
Individual/family-focused practice, community-focused practice, or systems-focused practice?
Changes community norms, attitudes, awareness, practices, & behaviors
Community-focused practice
Example: Health fair, sign hanging in the bathroom to change cultural norms to inc hand hygiene
People living w/o resources can decrease life expectancy by __ years.
20
What are 6 obligations of public health?
Prevention, protection, assurance:
- Prevent epidemics and the spread of disease.
- Protect against environmental hazards.
- Prevent injuries.
- Promote and encourage healthy behaviors.
- Respond to disasters and assist communities in recovery.
- Assure the quality and accessibility of health services.
What are some overall goals of healthy people 2020?
- Attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death.
- Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups.
- Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all.
- Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages
What are a subset of goals that represent the high-priority issues and steps to take to address those?
Leading health indicators (LHI)
Name 4 ethical principles in CHN.
- Respect for autonomy
- Nonmaleficence (do no harm)
- Beneficence
- Distributive justice
What ethical principle allows the patient to be involved in care and makes sure actions match the patient goals; we provide them education to make these decisions?
Respect for autonomy
Which ethical principle maximizes possible benefits and minimizes possible harms? Ex: Assess risk and benefits
Beneficence
Which ethical principle describes fair distribution of benefits and burdens? Ex: Prenatal care is available to ALL women – even those without insurance or undocumented people.
Distributive justice
What act protects the public by regulating the practice of nursing? It says the scope of practice defines who the nurse cares for and how the nurse practices.
NC Nurse practice act
What is the core science of public health; the study of the distribution and determinants of health in specific populations and the application of the study to control health problems.
Epidemiology
What is the persistent presence of a disease or infectious agent of low to moderate number of cases in a given area?
Endemic
What is the word for when rate (of disease or infectious agent) exceeds the normal or expected frequency for a specific area in a specific period of time?
Epidemic
What are the three criteria for an outbreak to be considered a pandemic?
Epidemic spread of an event over several countries or continents that is:
- Highly virulent
- Lack of human immunity
- Easy transmission from human to human
What the heck do epidemiologists study and what kinds of questions do they ask?
- Is there a health problem?
- Where is the problem?
- How big is the problem? (# of individual and rates)
- Is the problem getting worse or better (reference data)?
- What can or should be done about the problem?
(these questions sound like what I ask about my life)
What is the nurses role in epidemiology?
- Look at health and disease - causes, how to prevent, how to treat
- Surveillance tracking monitoring disease transmission
As epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health in specific populations and the application of the study to control health problems – what do we mean by the word distribution?
The who, when, and where of the disease
As epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health in specific populations and the application of the study to control health problems – what do we mean by the word determinants?
The how and the why - analytic epidemiology
What is the goal of epidemiology (2)?
- Optimal health for the whole community
- To describe the distribution (who, when, where) and search for factors/determinants that explain risk of occurrence (why & how) of a disease or event.
What is the epidemiologic triangle?
- Agent
- Host
- Environment
Re: The epidemiologic triangle. What is the agent?
Primary cause or contributor of disease or injury
Re: The epidemiologic triangle. What is the host?
Person or population susceptible to the effect of the agent (generally a person)
Re: The epidemiologic triangle. What is the environment?
Extrinsic factors that contribute to influence the interaction
Re: The epidemiologic triangle. What are some possible/common agents (6)?
1. Infectious/biological: → Bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses 2. Physical: → Trauma, heat, cold, radiation 3. Chemical: → Liquids, solids, gasses, dust, fumes, pesticides, heavy metals, medications 4. Nutrient: → Essential dietary components 5. Psychological: → Stress leading to health problems 6. Genetic: → Transmission from parent to child
Re: The epidemiologic triangle. Host factors influence the ______________ or ___________ to the agent.
risk, susceptibility
Re: The epidemiologic triangle. What are some examples of host factors (3)?
- Physical characteristics → Sex, race, genetics
- Psychological factors → Outlook, stress, lifestyle factors (diet, exercise)
- Resistance → Immunity
Re: The epidemiologic triangle. What are some things that factor into host resistance (4)?
- Healthy lifestyle
- Natural immunity
- Artificial immunity
- Herd immunity
What are morbidity rates?
Disease rates
Re: Morbidity rates. The number suffering from a specific condition at any one time is called?
Prevalence
Re: Morbidity rates. The number new cases of a particular condition within a given period of time is called?
Incidence rate
What are mortality rates?
Death rates
→ Fatal conditions/events
→ Does not provide # of existing diseases or risk of contracting a condition/event
What is the probability an event will occur in a specific period of time?
Risk
What is the measure of frequency in a defined population in a specified period of time?
Rate
What does the web of causality model examine?
Relationship between cause and effect
→ Multiple causes and factors
→ Maps the relationships
→ Attempts to identify all of the possible influence on health and illness
What is the ecological model?
Multi-demential model of determinants of health and disease that spans from individual to broader influences
What are 2 epidemiologic investigative methods?
- Observational Studies
2. Experimental or Interventional Studies
Which type of epidemiologic investigative method includes interventions to test preventive or treatment measure?
Experimental or Interventional Studies
Which type of epidemiologic investigative method has NO intervention(s)?
Observational Studies
→ Observes events that are or have been
→ Does not intervene to change anything. Studies happen in the field, some unknown variables, results can be uncertain
What is descriptive epidemiology?
Describes occurrence (patterns) of problems to answer the who, where, when
Person, place, and time
What quantifies frequency & distribution patterns of disease, death, & health outcomes - helps determine how to combat the disease and put interventions in place?
Descriptive epidemiology
What are some things that would be examined in descriptive epidemiology concerning PERSON?
Race, sex, age, education, occupation, income
What are some things that would be examined in descriptive epidemiology concerning PLACE?
Location, environmental exposures, population density or patterns of lifestyle & behaviors
What are some things that would be examined in descriptive epidemiology concerning TIME?
An ↑ or ↓ over time
- Secular (long-term),
- Point epidemic (time/space related)
- Cyclical
- Event-related
What kind of epidemiology investigates associations between human disease or health problems and the cause? This Seeks to answer the why and how.
Analytic epidemiology
An epidemiologist needs the ____________ information to answer the why & how.
Descriptive
