Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 240 Microbiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What did Anton Van Leeuwenhoek do?

A

Used microscope to see microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What did Louis Pasteur do?

A

Disproved spontaneous generation
Pasteurized milk
Rabies vaccine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What did Robert Koch do?

A

Discovers bacteria responsible for anthrax

Koch’s postulate to prove microorganism causes a specific disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What did Carl Woese do?

A

Proposed three domain classification of living organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Shape of coccus

A

Round

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Shape of bacillus

A

Rod

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Shape of vibrio

A

Curved rod

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Shape of spirillum

A

Sprial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the shape of the cell determined by?

A

Organization of the cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What shape is pleomorphic

A

No regular shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are hyphae?

A

Irregularly branching filaments that are composed of chains of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are mycelia?

A

Three dimensional networks of hyphae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are trichomes?

A

Smooth unbranched chains of cells that may have a polysaccharide sheath coating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Average size of bacteria

A

0.5-5 micrometers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the large bacteria?

A

Spherical Theomargarita namibiensis of 700 micrometers

Cigar shaped Epulopiscium fishelsoni of 600 micrometers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Composition and function of the nucleoid

A

DNA, RNA, proteins

Genetic information storage and gene expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Composition and function of the chromosome packaging proteins

A

Protein

Protection and compaction of genomic DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Composition and function of the enzymes involved in synthesis of DNA, RNA

A

Protein

Replication of the genome, transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Composition and function of the regulatory factors

A

Protein, RNA

Control of replication, transcription, and translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Composition and function of the ribosomes

A

RNA, and protein

Translation (protein synthesis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Composition and function of the plasmids

A

DNA

Variable, encode non-chromosomal genes for a variety of functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Composition and function of the enzymes involved in breaking down substrates

A

Protein

Energy production, providing anabolic precursors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Composition and function of the inclusion bodies

A

Various polymers

Storage of carbon, phosphate, nitrogen, sulfur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Composition and function of the gas vesicles

A

Protein

Buoyancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Composition and function of the magnetosomes

A

Protein, lipid, iron

Orienting cell during movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Composition and function of the cytoskeletal structures

A

Protein

Guiding cell wall synthesis, cell division, and possibly partitioning of chromosomes during replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is topoisomerase?

A

Enzyme that helps chromosome coil upon itself to compact it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are sulfur globules?

A

Composed of elemental sulfur. Thiomargarita have these as a by-product of oxidation of sulfide and can be further oxidized when sulfide is limited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are carboxysomes?

A

In Cyanobacteria they contain enzymes for the conversion of inorganic carbon into organic matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does FtsZ do?

A

Protein that forms the Z-ring which is needed for cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is FtsZ related to?

A

Tubulin (protein that serves s a main building block of eukaryal micro tubules in the cytoskeleton)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Identify the 3 proteins in the cytoskeleton of bacteria and describe their role

A

FtsZ- aids in cell division
MreB- forms filaments in a helical pattern on the inside of the plasma membrane for structure and shape
ParM- forms filaments that direct plasmid movement to either side of the cell during division to ensure plasmid segregation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

In depth explanation of FtsZ function

A
  • FtsZ monomers form filaments that bundle together to form the Z-ring on the inside of the plasma membrane
  • the ring interacts with the plasma membrane to direct synthesis of the bacterial cell wall
  • the ring contracts through controlled release of the units by GTP hydrolysis
  • as this is happening the the cell envelop is faced forced inwards at the division site by reoriented cell wall synthesis
  • when cell division is finished the Z-ring has disappeared
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is MreB?

A

A protein in bacterial cell cytoskeleton that is related to actin (a eukaryal cytoskeleton protein)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

In depth explanation of MreB function

A
  • MreB forms long helical bands inside of the plasma membrane
  • universal in non-spherical bacteria, never present in cocci
  • guides cell wall formation to form an elongated shape
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is ParM?

A

A protein in bacterial cell cytoskeleton to separate the plasmids at cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

In depth explanation of ParM function

A
  • forms actin-like filaments along the axis of bacteria
  • moves plasmids to opposite sides of cell (copies of the same plasmid are found both cells after division)
  • building blocks form on the plasmid and then extend out to slowly move apart the two plasmids to the opposite sides
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the cell envelop composed of?

A

Plasma membrane, cell wall, outer membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the plasma membrane made of?

A

Phospholipid bilayer with a polar and non-polar portion. Polar heads interact with the water on the outside and inside of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are hopanoids?

A

Sterol-like molecules that stabilize the plasma membrane. Only about 10% of bacteria produce them but they are abundant in soils and sediments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

More about the plasma membrane

A
  • fluid structure
  • lipids move around freely
  • fluidity depends on temperature
  • half of the mass is proteins embedded in the plasma membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Key functions of the plasma membrane proteins

A
  • control of access of materials to the cytoplasm through differential permeability
  • capture and storage of energy through photo systems, oxidative electron transport, and maintenance of chemical and electrical gradients
  • environmental sensing and signal transduction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are aquaporins?

A

Protein channels that facilitate the transportation of water through the plasma membrane. Not always present as water can also pass through the plasma membrane without a protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is a hypotonic solution and what is the outcome?

A

It is when the cell cytoplasm has a higher solute concentration than the external environment. Cause water to move into the cell (uniform the concentration) however if too much water is moved in the cell can explode but the cell wall helps the cell keep its structure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is a hypertonic solution and what is the outcome?

A

It is when the cell cytoplasm has a lower solute concentration than the external environment. This will cause the cell to lose water and deflate and could lead to the cell collapsing but the cell wall helps the cell keep its structure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are the 3 types of transport in and out of the cell and a brief description of each

A
  1. Facilitated diffusion- one kind of molecule moves across the membrane from higher to lower concentration through a protein
  2. Symport (co-transport) - moves molecules against concentration gradient by coupling the movement with another molecule that is moving in its respective concentration gradient. Symport facilitates movement of both molecules in the same direction
  3. Antiport (co-transport)- same type of transportation as symport but this facilitates the movement of both molecules in opposite directions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are ABC Transporters?

A

ATP- binding cassette and consist of 4 components; membrane channel that is formed by two hydrophobic subunits, two hydrophilic subunits located on the cytoplasmic surface and contain the ATP binding domain, and an associated subunit is a high-affinity solute-binding protein that binds to substrates outside and delivers them to the membrane bound components

48
Q

Energy capture in plasma membrane

A
  • electron transport chains create proton motive force (PMF)
  • can be used for respiration/photosynthesis
  • can be used to derive energy for motion (flagella)
49
Q

Sensory systems in plasma membrane

A

-embedded proteins can detect environmental changes, alter gene expression in response

50
Q

Process of protein secretion through the plasma membrane

A
  • protein that is going to be moved out of the cell is identified with a signal peptide (a short sequence of hydrophobic amino acids at the amino-terminal end of the protein)
  • SecB protein binds to nascent polypeptide a it leave the ribosome to prevent folding and delivers it to SecA
  • SecA associates with SecYEG (a membrane channel complex)
  • using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP SecA facilitates movement through SecYEG
  • once it has crossed a signal peptidase removes the signal peptide and the protein folds into its functional conformation
51
Q

What is bacterial cell wall made of?

A

Peptidoglycan

52
Q

What is the purpose of the cell wall?

A

Structural purpose against osmotic pressure, mechanical forces, and shearing forces. Not a permeability barrier

53
Q

What is the structure of peptidoglycan?

A

Glycan backbone with alternating molecules of NAM and NAG which are connected by beta 1,4 glycosidic bonds. NAM acid carries a peptide chain used to crosslink peptidoglycan stands

54
Q

Composition, location, and function of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

A

Lipid, polysaccharide
Outer layer of Gram-negative outer membrane; lipid portion embedded in membrane; polysaccharide exposed on surface
Stabilizes membrane; elicits an inflammatory response in the human body

55
Q

Composition, location, and function of lipoteichoic acid (LTA)

A

Lipid, polysaccharide
Found in peptidoglycan layer of Gram-positive bacteria
Unknown; elicits an inflammatory response in the human body

56
Q

Composition, location, and function of peptidoglycan

A

Polysaccharide backbone crosslinked with peptides
In Gram-positive bacteria, usually exposed to environment. In Gram-negative bacteria, covered by the outer membrane
Maintains shape and provides structural integrity to cell

57
Q

Composition, location, and function of porins

A

Proteins
Embedded in Gram-negative outer membrane
Form pores that allow diffusion of nutrients and water through outer membrane

58
Q

Composition, location, and function of TonB-dependent receptors

A

Proteins
Embedded in Gram-negative outer membrane
Catalyze high-affinity active transport of molecules across outer membrane

59
Q

Composition, location, and function of flagella

A

Protein subunits
Extend outward from surface, except in spirochetes, where periplasmic flagella wrap around cell
Provide motility

60
Q

Composition, location, and function of pili

A

Protein subunits
Extend outward from cell
Allow attachment; tip often binds to specific molecules. In some bacteria, pili are retractable and allow twitching motility

61
Q

Composition, location, and function of capsule

A

Usually lose network of polysaccharides
Covers surface of cell
Protects from phagocytes; contributes to biofilm formation

62
Q

Composition, location, and function of surface array (s-layer)

A

Protein
Covers surface of cell
May protect from bacteriophages

63
Q

What is polar flagella?

A

Flagella only at the ends of the bacteria

64
Q

What is monotrichous?

A

Single polar flagellum

65
Q

What is lophotrichous?

A

More than one flagella at one or both ends of the bacteria

66
Q

What is peritrichous?

A

Multiple flagella spread out on the surface of the bacteria

67
Q

Average length of flagella

A

5-10 micrometers

68
Q

Structure of bacterial flagella

A
  • anchored to the cell envelop with the basal body
  • basal body is a disc like structure and interfaces with the motor that drives rotation of the filament
  • central rod of the basal body turns into the curved hook
  • curved hook is what spins and the filament is attached to it
  • flagella filament is attached to hook and this is what propels the bacterium
  • flagellar motor is attached at the plasma membrane where it converts energy from the PMF for the rotation of the filament
  • units of the flagella pass through a pore in the basal body and assemble at the tip
69
Q

Bacterial motion with flagella

A

Run- all flagella point in the same direction and causes the bacteria to move forward
Tumble- flagella point in many directions and causes bacteria to tumble and orient in a different direction

70
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

Process of using chemical signals from the environment to direct motility. Used by bacteria with flagella so that run and tumble motions are not completely random.

71
Q

What is gliding motility?

A

Non-flagellated bacteria, such as myxobacteria and Cyanobacteria, slide smoothly over surfaces. This movement is not well understood.

72
Q

What is twitching motility?

A

Jerky movement that is caused by fibres on the surface called pili. The pili attach to a surface and retract to move the bacteria.

73
Q

What is the main purpose of pili?

A

Allows bacteria to attach to surfaces and other cells.

74
Q

What are sex pilus/conjugal pilus?

A

Connects bacterial cells in order to transfer plasmid DNA

75
Q

What are fimbria?

A

Cell surface fibres (pili but they lack the function of conjugal pili)

76
Q

What is a stalk?

A

A tubular extension of the entire cell envelop. Increases the surface-to-volume ratio of bacteria which is ideal in habitats with low nutrient concentrations.

77
Q

What are capsules?

A

A thick layer of polysaccharides that surround the cell. Used by pathogens to shield themselves from host defence cells.

78
Q

What is a biofilm?

A

A layer of microorganisms and polysaccharides

79
Q

What is a surface array/S-layer?

A

Crystalline-like layer of protein that provides protection but requires lots of reassures to build

80
Q

Taxonomy levels

A 
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
81
Q

Characteristics that bacteria are classified by

A 
DNA sequence data
Size/shape
Gram type 
Colony morphology
Presence of structures such as capsules or endospores 
Physiological/metabolic traits
82
Q

Archaeal pathogens?

A

No known human pathogens

83
Q

Habitat of Halobacterium salinarium?

A

3.0-5.0 M NaCl

Dead Sea, salted foods

84
Q

Pyrococcus furiosus habitat?

A

100°C

Hydrothermal vents

85
Q

Picrophilus oshimae habitat?

A

0.7pH

Sulfur-rich volcanic regions

86
Q

Methanogenium frigidum habitat?

A

15°C

Ace lake, Antarctica

87
Q

Size of archea?

A

0.5-5 micrometers

88
Q

Cytoplasm of archea?

A

Inclusion bodies
Single circular chromosome
Tetramer histone proteins

89
Q

Cytoskeleton of archaea?

A

Has characteristics of both bacteria and eukaryotic cytoskeleton

90
Q

Plasma membrane of archaea?

A

Glycerol-1-phosphate
Phytanyl side chains (repeating isoprene units)
Ether linkages
Phytanyl sometimes connects and forms a biphytanyl which makes it very stable

91
Q

Cell wall of archaea

A

Made pseudomurein
NAG and NAT
Only L amino acids

92
Q

Cell surface of archaea

A

S-layer

Cannulae (hollow glycoprotein tubes which links cells together to form a network)

93
Q

Describe the archaellum

A

Grows from the base rather than the tip
Anchoring structure under the plasma membrane
Solid flagellum

94
Q

List the 4 major phyla of archaea

A

Eurarchaeota (halophiles) (methanogens)
Crenarchaeota (thermophiles)
Thaumarchaeota (key member of TACK)
Nanoarchaeota (key member of DPANN)

95
Q

What are crenarchaeota known for?

A

Thermophiles and hyperthermophiles

96
Q

Temperature of thermophiles and hyperthermophiles

A

60°C-80°C

80°C+

97
Q

What are acidophiles

A

Thrive in low pH

98
Q

What are barophiles

A

Thrive in high pressure

99
Q

Adaptations for survival of archaea

A

Tatraether lipids/lipid monolayers
Modified proteins (more alpha helical regions, more salt bridges/ side chain interactions, more arginine/tyrosine, less cysteine/serine)
Strong chaperone protein complexes
Thermostable DNA-binding proteins
Reverse DNA gyrase enzyme to increase DNA supercooling

100
Q

How do halobacterium survive denaturing of DNA and proteins?

A

Higher GC bonds in DNA

Highly acidic proteins that remain more stable in high salt environments

101
Q

Methanogen habitats

A

Anaerobic
Swamps
Animal digestive tracts

102
Q

What are mesophiles and psychrophiles?

A

Thaumarchaeota
Biogeochemical cycling of C and N in ocean
M- 15-40°C
P- less than 15°C

103
Q

Example of nanoarchaeota and its buddy

A

Nanoarchaeum equitans and Ignicoccus (crenarchaeota)

104
Q

Plasma membrane structure of bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

A

Phospholipid bilayer
Bilayer or monolayer (sulfo-, glyco-, isoprenoid-)
Phospholipid bilayer

105
Q

Plasma membrane lipid structure of bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

A

Ester linkages, straight fatty acid chains
Ether linkages, branched isopreoid chains
Ester linkages, straight fatty acid chains

106
Q

Plasma membrane sterols of bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

A

No (some have sterol like compounds)
No
Yes

107
Q

Plasma membrane proteins of bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

A

High abundance
High abundance
Low abundance

108
Q

Cell wall of eukaryotes

A

Fungi have chitin
Algae have cellulose
Protozoa do not have cell wall

109
Q

Cellulose vs chitin

A

Made of repeating glucose molecules with oxygen bond between sugars
Made of repeating NAG molecules with oxygen bond between

110
Q

Cytoskeleton of eukarya

A

3 major pieces

  • microtubules (tubulin) (intracellular transport, separation of chromosomes in mitosis and meiosis, cell movement)
  • microfilaments (actin) (maintains cell shape, relate division furrow, cell movement)
  • intermediate filaments (various proteins) (nuclear structure, cell-cell interactions)
111
Q

Requirements of early life

A

Metabolism
Growth
Reproduction
Biological instructions

112
Q

Antonio van Leeuwenhoek was the first person to observe fruiting structures of molds using an early microscope

A

False, it was Hooke

113
Q

What are stromatolites?

A

Ancient microbial fossil records

114
Q

What is polyhydroxybutyrate granules?

A

Example of an inclusion body in a bacterial cell

115
Q

What enzyme is responsible for condensing DNA

A

Topoisomerase

BIOL 240 Microbiology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions