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Memory > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Refers to the cognitive system involved in storing and retrieving information

A

Memory

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2
Q

3 Elements of Memory

A

Cognitive System
Restoring Information
Retrieving Information

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3
Q

Any system related to mental processes or thinking

A

Cognitive System

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4
Q

Refers to the ability to retain information in memory

A

Restoring Memory

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5
Q

Restoring memory typically occurs after…

A

Rehearsing information: by repeating it or writing it down

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6
Q

Refers to the ability to access information in memory

A

Retrieving Information

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7
Q

Retrieving Information typically occurs…

A

After you have received cues to help you access information

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8
Q

Stimuli that helps you remember something

A

Cues

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9
Q

Refers to the inability to retrieve and store information

A

Forgetting

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10
Q

2 types of failure can lead to forgetting

A

Storage Failures

Retrieval Failures

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11
Q

Occur when information and memory is not properly stored, and TF fades and is forgotten

A

Storage Failures

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12
Q

What is a common storage failure that occurs?

A

Insufficient or rehearsal of the information you are trying to remember

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13
Q

Occur when information that is already stored in memory can not be accessed and TF is not remembered

A

Retrieval Failure

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14
Q

What is a common cause of retrieval failure?

A

Inadequate cues

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15
Q

Metaphors

A

describe an unfamiliar concept using a familiar concept for a story

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16
Q

A metaphor proposed by Aristotle

A

The Wax Tablet

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17
Q

The Wax Tablet

A

Describes how memory writes and leaves impressions

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18
Q

Another reason why Aristotle used the Wax Tablet as a metaphor on memory is…

A

bc wax tablets were used to seal envelopes

Wax over time degrades and impressions can rub off just like impressions in memory can fade

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19
Q

Describes memory as a device that stores and retrieves information

A

Computer metaphor

20
Q

The computer metaphor divides memory into 2 parts:

A

Hardware

Software

21
Q

Refers to the structures of the brain that are related to remembering and forgetting

A

Hardware

22
Q

Hardware would include what?

A

The Hippocampus

23
Q

What is the Hippocampus strongly related to?

A

It is strongly related to the ability to form new memories

24
Q

What do people have trouble doing when there is damage to the hippocampus?

A

Learning new things

25
Q

What are examples of some individuals that have damage to their hippocampus?

A

Altimers and Korsakoffs

26
Q

Software

A

refers to the strategies used for processing memory

27
Q

There are 3 strategies that are used, They are:

A

Rehearsal
Organization
Elaborations

28
Q

Rehearsal

A

Refers to the repetition of information as you are repeating something

29
Q

Organization

A

The ability to combine items on a list into meaningful units

30
Q

Elaborations

A

Refers to the ability to associate to new information with old information

31
Q

Distributive Practice Approach

A

Occurs when you study information over several short intervals with rest periods between them

32
Q

Mast Approach

A

Cramming

33
Q

Plato compared memory to a

A

Aviary

34
Q

Augustine compared memory to

A

a cave

35
Q

Vives compared memory…by?

A

to a body

By claiming that both need exercise or they both become lazy, sluggish and inert

36
Q

Francis Bacon compared the recollection of memory to

A

Hunting deer:

If one cuts down the available space in which the deer roam, the hunting becomes easier

37
Q

Descartes

A

De Homine
Used an analogy in the water-powered automata in the French royal gardens to describe simple reflexes and incorporated them into his conception of how the mind and body interact

38
Q

John Locket thought of memory as an

A

empty cabinet

39
Q

The digital computer metaphor, with the interaction with hardware and software led to what is directly referred to as the

A

Dual store or modal model

40
Q

Hintzman

A

cow’s digestive system:

41
Q

Cow’s Digestive System (assumption)

A

Information flows through memory just as food flows through cows digestive system

42
Q

Like a cows digestive system have multi. chambers, as does memory

A

Modal Model:
STM
Sensory Memory
LTM

43
Q

Is this an important metaphor in terms of research? Why or Why not?

A

This is the least important according to the lack of research

44
Q

Why will this metaphor be remembered the most?

A

Regency Effect

45
Q

Regency Effect is

A

Good recall of items that are positions last on the list

46
Q

Primacy Effect is

A

Good recall of items that are positions first on the list

47
Q

2 Memory Methods

A

External Validity and Internal Validity

Memory (4 decks)

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