Exam 1 Flashcards
What are the 4 essential for sound to be created and heard
- There must be a vibrating body or object
- There must be a force to set the object into vibration
- There must be a medium to transfer the sound
- There must be a hearing mechanism that can receive the sound
Compressions
That portion of a sound wave where the molecules of the medium are compressed together, also called condensation.
2. A decrease in pressure. In a hearing aid a method of limiting the amplification of louder sounds relative to weaker sounds.
Refractions
That portion in sound waves where the molecules become less densely packed per unit space
Elasticity
The ability of a mass to return to its natural shape
The more elastic (stiff) an object is the higher the frequency.
The less elastic (stiff) and object is the lower the frequency
Sine Waves
The waveform of a pure tone showing a simple harmonic motion. The graphic representation of sound waves that include compression and rarefractions.
Amplitude
Maximum distance of a vibrating objet from its point of rest.
Frequency
is one dimension of sounded (the physical of sound)
The number of complete oscillations of a vibrating body per unit of time. In acoustics the unit of measurement is cycles per second or CPS or HZ
Cycle
The complete sequence of events of a single sine wave through 360
CPS aka HZ
Hertz
Cycles per second (CPS) Unit of frequency
Pitch
The subjective impression of the highness or lowness of a sound; the psychological correlate of frequency
Loudness
The subjective impression of power of sound. The unit of measurement is sone (intensity)
Intensity
The amount of sound energy per unit (physical experience of loudness)
Extreme threshold of audibility
The softest sound audible to the best human has a sound pressure of 0.0002 dynes/cm2 or 20 micropascals. The sound pressure is extreme threshold of audibility or the standard reference level
Audiometer
a divice for determining the threshold of hearing. Pure tone at various frequencies are generated and there levels increase and decrease until a threshold is found
Threshold
In audiometer, the level at which a stimulus, such as a pure tone is barley perceptible. Where they can hear 50 % of time.
Harmonic
any whole-number multiple of the fundamental frequency of a complex wave. The fundamental frequency equals the first harmonic
Overtone
any whole-number multiple of the fundamental frequency of a complex wave. It differs from harmonic only in the numbering used (e.g.. the first overtone is equal to the second harmonic)
doubling of frequency
Fundamental Frequency
The lowest frequency of vibration in a complex wave.
Woman: 125-250
Male: 85-150
Fourier analysis
the mathematical breakdown of any complex wave into it component parts, consisting of simple sinusoids of different frequencies
Formant
a peak of energy in the spectrum of a vowel sound
Frequency used in testing hearing
250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, 8000
frequency the ear is most sensitive to
Subjective depends on where graph is at its lowest point (threshold-50% of time)
Octave
The difference between two tones separated by a frequency ratio of 2:1
Mid-octave
start at 750 and double from there
750, 1500, 3000, 6000
What is the difference between the physical property and psychological experience for frequency, pitch, loudness, and intensity
Physical Property: Psychological Experience:
Frequency Pitch
Intensity Loudness
What ranges in the ear cable of hearing
20HZ-20,000 Hz
5 aspects of the decibel that are important
- It involves ratio
- In involves logarithm
- It is therefore non-linear
- expressed in terms of certain reference levels which must be specified
- It is a relative (or comparative) unit of measurement
The standard reference for 0dB on the audiometer dial is?
a group of young normal hearing adults
What frequency range is important for understanding speech
300-3000HZ
What is the difference in frequency and intensity characteristics of vowel vs. constants
Vowels: in general are lower in frequency than constants and higher in intensity.
Constants: in general are higher in frequency than vowels and lower in intensity
What is the difference between pure tones and complex sound?
Pure-tones: stimulus which is made up of ONE frequency.
Complex Sound: such as speech is made up of more than one frequency, a mixture of frequencies.
What professional organizations/associations can audiologist belong to?
ASHA (American Speech, Hearing/Language Assoc. AAA (American Academy of Audiology)
State:
TSHA (Texas speech and hearing Association)
TAA (Texas Academy of Audiology)
What are the procedures and academic preparations for licensing and certification of audiologist.
Dr of Audiology (Au.D) masters to doctoral level
Licensing and Certification:
- State License: Minimum educational requirements
- Certification: Not needed to practice but shows your held at a higher standard. (ASHA/AAA)
- Continuing Education: 10 hours required by state and ASHA or AAA
What is the prevalence of Hearing Loss and impact on children and adults
More than 28 million individuals w/HL in USA
Impact on Adults:
- Psychological dysfunction
- Limited Physical activity
- decline of overall health
Impacts on Children:
- Delayed speech and language development
- ear infections showing delays in receptive and expressive language skills
- psychological dysfunction
- academic performance may suffer
Financial Burden: on individual and society, loss of income, cost of educational services/programs
Audiology Specialties
- Medical field: ENT, Offices, hospitals, military
- Educational: Public Schools
- Pediatric: w/children at a verity of settings
- Dispensing/Rehabilitative: in a verity of settings including private
- Industrial: administer hearing conservation programs in employment settings where employees is exposed to hazardous noise levels
How does frequency and vibration influence and object
- Mass
- Length of object
- Energy or force applied to object
