Exam 1 Flashcards
Mirroring
Experience feeling affirmed, recognized when we reveal ourselves.
Idealizing
Experiencing being part of something admired and powerful
Alterego
The feeling of being like others in a significant way
Merger
The feeling of being one with someone or thing that affirms us
Adversarial
Opposition to an opposing entity in a way that affirms our autonomy
Efficacy
Being able to affect others to bring forth an experience that we need
Transference
All reactions patient has to clinician, can either help or harm
Counter Transference
All reactions clinician has on patient, can either help or harm
Seligman’s three ways towards happiness
- Savoring sensory experience
- Engaging in what you do
- Meaning in life
Csicszentmihalyi
Concept of “Flow,” sense of complete engagement in a creative or playful activity.
Sonya Lyubomirsky and Robert Emmons
Studied gratitude boosters
Common human responses to suggestions
Acceptance
Modification
Rejection
Frequent Encountered behavioral presentations
Dependency, manipulation, anger, withdrawl, fear, dpression, help rejection.
View non-compliance as a ____ requiring exploration into cause
symptom
Patients more likely to cooperate when they
Perceive high severity of illness
Feel highly susceptible to the disease
Are capable of performing a behavior to reduce risk
Are confident treatment will reduce risk
Transtheoretical Model Constructs
Process of change Decisional balance Stages of Change Self-efficacy Temptation
Two processes of change
Cog & Emo
Behavioral
Stages of change
Precontemplation Contemplation Preparation Action Maintenance Relapse
Open and Closed ended questions
Yes/No vs detailed answer
encourages telling a story vs just facts
“Tell me about” vs “did you”
Evocative questions
Calls forth something in patient
Helps gather self-motivational statements
Reflective listening is useful for
keeping the patient going and thinking, and to help gain understand and perspective, also helps diffuse resistence
Kinds of reflective listening
Repeating Rephrasing Empathic repeating Reframing Double-sided
What’s the base for change
Affirmation
Intention, commitment
Optimism
Summarizing
Motivational Interviewing Approach includes:
Focusing on patient concern,
Egalitarian partnership
Ambivalence is seen as a good thing, means they’re thinking
Spirit of motivational interviewing
It’s about collaboration
Patient is accepted completely
Patient is shown compassion
Things are brought to the surface instead of lectured
Core Interviewing Skills
Open ended Questions
Affirming by other and self
Reframing, positivising
Summarizing
Why is ambivalence important?
If done correctly, ambivalence will lead to positive change. If treated with judgement and harshness, patient will be entrenched in it.
T/F Patient objections require a response
F
Patient objections or minimization do not demand a response
Psychoanalysis’s goal is
to understand the subjective world of the person
T/F Freud’s theory included environmental influences
T
It is not just an individually oriented theory
Aspects of the Mind
Conscious Mind
Pre-conscious Mind
Unconscious Mind
Conscious Mind
Governed by secondary process:
Rational
Logical
Cognitive
Pre-conscious Mind
Capable of becoming conscious when attention is focused in its direction
Unconsious Mind
Governed by primary process: Irrational Instictual Closely linked to emotional Dreams
Psychic Determinism
All psychological events are driven by antecedent event
Much of what drives human mind is unconscious and irrational
Mental Structures are
constructs that have functions that are not easily changed
Mental structures emphasize
anxiety and conflict, and their relationship within the mind
Id functions according to the
pleasure principle
Id functions by the ___ process
primary
Ego exists in what level?
Pre-conscious
Ego’s main goals is to
satisfy Id’s goals in a socially appropriate manner
Superego is often referred as the
conscience
Superego is composed of
morals, values, behavioral injunctions, and prohibitions
Superego can sometimes be
harsh and punative
Psychological symptoms often come from
Unmet desires of the Id
Compromising the Ego
Harsh injunctions made by the Super Ego
Every symptom has two things, what are they?
A problem component, and an adaptation
<p>
| What's the main idea of Freud's psychosexual stages of development?</p>
<p>
During development, a part of the body becomes a source of attention and pleasure, and each new stage presents a potential conflict between child and parent</p>
Progression is
normal movement from one stage to the next
Regression is
movement back to a previous stage of maturation
Fixation is
getting stuck on a stage
Describe oral stage
From birth to 1 year, the mouth becomes the focus of attention. Breast feeding is the primary source of pleasure
Fixation at oral stage
Lack ability to delay gratification Clinging to relationships Sense that others aren't caring enough Lacking ability to soothe self Lacking sense of safety Being demanding or fearful
Describe anal stage
From 1 year to 3 years, the anus becomes the focus of attention. Pooping involves control and the sense of autonomy is a source of pleasure.
Fixation at anal stage
control/lacking control
assertion/submission
obedience/defiance
giving/withholding
Describe Phallic-Oedipal Stage
From 3 to 5 years, the penis/clitoris becomes a source of attention. Pleasure is gained from masturbatory exploration.
What are Oedipal and Electra conflicts?
Child begins to realize parents’ relationship is exclusive.
Dilemma: Child loves and hates parent, and is afraid of being punished, or lose parent’s affection.
Fixation on Phallic-Oedipal Stage
Triangulation
Relationships with “unavailable” partners
Relationships as a conquest
Describe Latency
During school age, the sexual desire of a child is delayed by activities such as school or play.
Describe Normal Symbiosis Stage
During months 1-5 after birth, baby recognizes mother as a source of pleasure, and is one with her. Also discovers things that are not self exist.
Three sub stages of separation-individuation
Hatching
Practicing
Rapproachment
Hatching sub stage
Months 5-10, recognizing mother’s face, and the estrangement of others. Fear of loss of mother
Practicing sub stage
Months 10-16, walking develops, and exploration begins. Sense of invulnerability countered and challenged by the notion of shame and humiliation (separation anxiety)
Rapproachment sub stage
Months 16-24, back and forth between separation and attachment to mother, ambivalence. Fearing loss of object during separation, fearing loss of self during merge.
Describe object constancy
Months 24-36, good and bad become clearer and is integrated into senses of self and object. If sense of self is more positive rather than negative, child is secure.
Describe the trust/mistrust stage
Between birth and a year, child is concerned about basic needs. If a person meets those needs, she will trust them. During this time, child will explore and wonder if the world is safe to encounter.
Describe autonomy/shame,doubt
As a child develops during ages 1-3, he will be able to walk, and have basic use of his hands. During this time, the feeling of invulnerability rises, and often he can be challenged and confronted in his abilities, leading to shame.
Describe initiative/guilt
During the ages of 3-5 a child will have a concept that he is a part of a group or community. Zis autonomy will now have a self component, and a societal component. Ze will begin to identify based on zis surroundings, as well as learn sex roles, particularly in preschool.
Describe industry/inferiority
During the ages of 5-11, competency becomes significant. “Am I good enough” among peers? This is an age where child begins to develop a sense of self -esteem, and requires parents’ affirmations.
Describe identity/role confusion
At age 11-21, the main question is “who am I?” This is an age where a person begins to find a sense of self, and is a difficult time of growing.
Describe isolation/intimacy
During young adulthood, a person will seek meaningful friendships and potentially a mate.
Describe generativity/stagnation
During middle adulthood, a person has greater opportunity to raise the next generation or to invest in meaningful work.
Describe integrity/despair
From old age to death, a person has a choice to recollect youth or to fear death.
Sensory Motor
Birth to 2, infant learns to correlate mind with movement.
Preoperational
Ages 2-6, child learns that he can use his mind to represent the world, like playing with dolls or firetrucks. Egocentrism begins at this age. Confused about causation.
Concrete Operational
Ages 6-12, child is able to manipulate reality with mind, addition, subtraction. Experienced learning. A thing can have more than one attribute.
Formal Operational
Ages 12-19, abstract thought develops, will solve problems systematically, thoroughly.
Preconventional
two substages, heteronomous morality, and instrumental reality.
Heteronomous morality
Preschool
“right” defined by external sources
main reason to do right is to avoid punishment
Instrumental morality
Starts age 7
“right” determined by acting in one’s own interest, allowing others to do the same, fairness
“I have needs, and others have other needs.”
Conventional
two substages, Good child morality, law and order mentality
Good child morality
Starts age 10
Right determined by the good of a group rather than self.
Law and order mentality
Starts age 20
Right determined by following law and helping society.
Do right to promote rules to group as a whole.
Postconventional
two substages, social-contract reasoning, universal principles
Social-contract reasoning
starts early adulthood
right is defined by a universal, constant value system.
do right because it promotes social welfare
Universal principles
More ideal than reality
Right is defined by the individual, not society. The principles are constant, but what is considered right is personal.
Do right because universal moral principles are valid
How did Gilligan critique Kolhberg?
Gilligan differentiated the morality system of boys vs girls. Girls are more nurturing, compassionate, and less judgmental. Subsequent research failed to uphold Gilligan’s strong gender-based claim.
We are often ____ seeking, rather than _____ seeking.
object, pleasure
Human context is one of ______.
relatedness
To be is _______ to someone else.
to mean something
Attaching involves
connecting to another person in an emotionally significant manner
Detaching involves
disconnection from another, It is a strategy of defense and a a normal rhythmic process.
Why is attachment and detachment important to consider?
It’s basic to survival/development
It plays a role in mental development
Styles/patterns of both develop over time
Patient concerns often relate to attachment or loss
Attachment is a relatively ____ ____ _____ with another person that forms a response to _____, ______, and _______.
enduring emotional bond, exposure, interaction, familiarity
Attachment bonds 5 characteristics?
Person-specific, Proximity seeking Persistent Emotionally significant Separation rebellion
Which two do attachment characteristics are not expressed in children abused by parents?
Proximity seeking
separation rebellion
Examples of attachment seeking behavior?
Crying, clinging, checking
How are attachment seeking behavior activated?
Internal and external distress
How do we express attachment? (hierarchy determinants)
We spend time with others We offer quality care We invest in each other's emotions We respond to each other's emotions We are repeatedly present with each other
What are some functions of attachment?
Protection (a safe haven, a secure foundation)
Regulation of arousal and distress
Creating a sense of self
Provides base or mentalizing
Discuss the Safe Haven concept of attachment, how does it serve the individual?
It is a place where:
Hurts are healed, Safety is savored One's best interests are considered We are not afraid to be seen We are loved We can escape the world's difficulties
A Secure Base is good for three things:
Exploration, refueling and support
Regarding regulation, how does a child benefit from a caregiver’s comfort?
Helps maintain a child’s emotions
Fosters child’s self-regulatory capacities
How does a child gain a sense of self?
Key is mirroring
Parents and caregivers respond to child
The response gives child a context and helps him know himself
He sees himself in the face of his caregivers
We develop our minds from the ____ _____, and not from the _____ _____.
Outside in, inside out
Primary predictors of depression in adults? (3)
Heredity
Severe situational stress
Early attachment trauma (loss, abuse, neglect)
Attachment malfunction can be caused by two things:
Child temperament can lead to decreased attachment seeking behavior
Parent distance, neglect can lead to disorganization
What problem arises when a child experiences an abusive caregiver?
The need for attachment increases while the safe haven and secure base dwindles.
The more the threat, the greater the need for attachment
Four stages of grief?
Numbness/protest
Yearning/searching
Disorganization
Reorganization
What does healthy grieving look like
A person is able to talk about what he lost, and maintain a connection to the figment of it even if it is no longer present.
What indicated chronic grief?
Opposite of health grief, person gets anxious or angry when having to talk about the loss, they withdrawl from others to avoid talking about loss, and is unable to continue life
Attachment styles is a combination of what two aspects?
Varying anxiety and avoidance
Between ___ months and ____ years, many disorganized infants _____ their attachment behaviors toward the parent.
18, 6, reorganize
How can a disorganized child recover?
Humiliating or punitive behavior
or
Solicitation
A secure child looks like this:
active attachment system
emotionally connected
An anxious/ambivalent child has these attributes
lacks trust in authoritative figures, stays close and vigilant appears demanding fears being alone indiscriminany friendliness
An avoidant child has these attributes
suppressed anger at parent cool detached shut down focused on inanimate objects
A disorganized child has these attributes
overwhelming emotional states
dissociates from parents and own needs
shifting, unintegrated mental states
How do secure people view relationships?
True love is possible
How do anxious/ambivalent people view relationships?
They fall in love often
How do avoidant people view relationships
They are rare and temporary
What is object permanence
belief that an object is there even though it is out of sight
What are SIDS?
Sudden infant death syndrome
Which group is SIDS most common?
Native Americans
What can lead to SIDS?
Smoking/drinking/drug use during pregnancy
Sleeping on belly
Teenage pregnancy
Low birth weight or premature birth
Distinguish between primary and secondary enuresis
Primary, can’t sustain dryness
Secondary, wetting after achieving sustained dryness
What is Encopresis?
Bowel incontinence after control is achieved
What are childhood “red flags”?
child sets fire
child expresses violence
child tortures animals
