Exam 1 Flashcards
… is the highest level of processing when it comes to communication; it’s where we come up and think of the intention to communicate a message
Cognitive-Linguistic process
Problems at the level of … result in acquired language disorders (e.g., the aphasia, cognitive communicative disorders, acquired disorders, etc.)
Cognitive-Linguistic Processing
… is the middle level (middle man) where the neuromuscular plans and programs are selected and sequenced and is based upon what the cognitive-linguistic processes resulted in.
Motor speech programming
Problems in the … include apraxia of speech.
Motor speech programming (middle level)
What are the 3 neurologic processes of speech production?
- Cognitive-Linguistic Processes
- Motor Speech Programming
- Neuromuscular Execution
(these are in order)
… is where the plans and programs are realized in the body and executed.
Neuromuscular Execution
… involves the processes of respiration, phonation, and articulation. Those plans of … result in changes in respiration, phonation, and articulation in the body. If you have problems at this lowest level, it’s likely dysarthria.
Neuromuscular Execution
Problems at the cognitive-linguistic processing level result in…
acquired language disorders (e.g., aphasias)
Problems in the motor speech programming (middle level) may result in…
Apraxia of speech
Problems at the neuromuscular execution level may result in…
dysarthria
… is an acquired, selective impairment of language modalities and functions resulting from a focal brain lesion in the language-dominant hemisphere that affects the person’s (and family’s) communicative and social function and quality of life.
Aphasia
… consist of impairment of one of the domains of cognition (orientation, attention, memory, and/or executive function) that significantly impacts an individual’s ability to communicate and function in society and their quality of life
Cognitive-Communicative Disorders
… are speech disorders resulting form neurologic impairments that affect the planning, programming, control, and execution of speech (e.g., dysarthria & apraxia)
Motor speech disorders
Aphasias (are)/(are not) disorders of cognition or intellect.
are NOT
Name the 4 fluent aphasias:
- Anomic
- Transcortical Sensory
- Conduction
- Wernicke’s
Name the 4 non-fluent aphasias:
- Broca’s
- Transcortical motor
- Mixed Transcortical
- Global
The following are characteristic of which type of aphasia?
Anomic
The following are characteristic of which type of aphasia?
Anomic
The following are characteristic of which type of aphasia?
Broca’s
The following are characteristic of which type of aphasia?
Broca’s
The following are characteristic of which type of aphasia?
Conduction
The following are characteristic of which type of aphasia?
Conduction
The following are characteristic of which type of aphasia?
Global
The following are characteristic of which type of aphasia?
Global
The following are characteristic of which type of aphasia?
Mixed Transcortical
The following are characteristic of which type of aphasia?
Mixed Transcortical
The following are characteristic of which type of aphasia?
Transcortical Motor
The following are characteristic of which type of aphasia?
Transcortical Motor
The following are characteristic of which type of aphasia?
Transcortical Sensory
The following are characteristic of which type of aphasia?
Transcortical Sensory
The following are characteristic of which type of aphasia?
Wernicke’s
The following are characteristic of which type of aphasia?
Wernicke’s
In … aphasia, expression is most impaired
Nonfluent
In … aphasia, language reception is impaired to differing extents
fluent
In … aphasia, language reception is impaired to differing extents
fluent
… aphasia is different from any of the other aphasias because it is progressive, and there’s not one singular event that causes it.
Primary progressive aphasia
… aphasia is characterized by slow language loss that is associated w/ frontotemporal dementia and other progressive neurological disorders (like other dementias and neurological syndromes)
Primary progressive aphasia
… is a complete lack of oxygen to the brain
Anoxia
… is a partial lack of oxygen to the brain
Hypoxia
… is an acute part of the brain losing oxygen due to a blockage resulting in cell death
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) - Ischemic
… is an acute part of the brain losing oxygen due to a ruptured blood vessel, resulting in cell death
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) - Hemorrhagic
What are the 3 types of ischemic stroke?
- Thrombotic
- Embolic
- Transient Ischemic Attack
What are the 3 types of hemorrhagic stroke?
- Intraparenchymal
- Subarachnoid
- Subdural
A … is caused by a thrombus (blood clot) that develops in the arteries supplying blood to the brain
Thrombotic CVA
A … is caused by an embolus which can be a blood clot, plaque, or fatty debris
Embolic CVA
A … is bleeding from the blood vessels in the brain itself
Intraparenchymal CVA
A … happens when bleeding occurs in the subarachnoid space
Subarachnoid CVA
A … happens when bleeding occurs in the tiny area of the subdural space that occurs between the dura and the arachnoid
Subdural CVA
A … is an internal, physical insult to the head or brain that damages the brain tissue
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
What are the two types of TBI?
- Penetrating
- Non-penetrating
A … TBI breaks through the skull
Penetrating
A … TBI is trauma or injury w/o an open wound to the head
non-penetrating
… is a progressive condition caused by repeated concussion or repeated TBI
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)
- cannot be diagnosed while living
Anoxia and hypoxia, often a result from asphyxiation or heart attack, has … effects on the brain, not just speech or language
global
… (neoplasms) occur when there’s uninhibited cell replication in the brain
Brain tumors
… is a cognitive impairment greater than expected for normal aging w/ no obvious cause; less severe; often diagnosed in middle age (50-60); warning sign that dementia is imminent
Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)
… is a progressive cognitive disorder that eventually interferes w/ an individual’s functioning; so much so that in later stages of the disease, they will need external help to be cared for; can affect cortical (e.g., frontal, temporal, parietal lobes) or subcortical (e.g., cerebellum, basal ganglia, brainstem) structures of the brain; affects your memory, general thinking/thought processes, and social abilities
Demetia
What are the 2 types of dementia?
- Cortical
- Subcortical
… dementia affects primarily the frontal, temporal (specifically the hippocampus), and parietal lobe
Cortical
… dementia primarily impacts structures such as the basal ganglia and cerebellum (vascular, lewy body, CBD, PSP, HD)
Subcortical
… is usually caused by a stroke or other TBI to the right side of the brain; may present w/ linguistic processing deficits, oftentimes about emotional aspects of words and pragmatics
Right hemisphere disorder
… is the inability/impaired ability to read
Alexia
… is the inability/impaired ability to write
Agraphia
… can occur w/ a right hemisphere stroke; a person’s visual ability and their vision is NOT impaired BUT they no longer have a spatial awareness/attention to their environment, specifically on the left side of their body
Left neglect
… is similar to left neglect HOWEVER it’s much more mild and on the right side. It’s more mild due to the redundancy of the two hemispheres, so it usually doesn’t impact daily life.
Right inattention
… goes hand-in-hand w/ Wernicke’s; it’s a pathological lack of insight into your own deficits; usually happens if that individual’s comprehension is somehow compromised
Anosognosia
… refers to facial blindness or the inability to recognize faces; every person you see is a stranger to you; can be a result of any of the neurological disorders
Prosopagnosia
… is a deficit in either comprehending and/or expressing variations in speech prosody; can include tone of voice (e.g., question/statement, emotional affect information, etc.)
Aprosodia
… refers to rapid and exaggerated changes in mood and emotional affect that do not necessarily match the person’s internal state that can occur after a stroke.
Emotional lability
… refers to telegraphic speech in which there’s no grammar (e.g., function words, article, prepositions, pronouns may be completely removed)
Agrammatism
… refers to telegraphic speech in which some function words are preserved but grammar is still affected
Paragrammatism
The cerebrum is divided into right and left hemispheres and is connected by the…
corpus collosum
The following are characteristic of the…:
- controls things like personality, judgment, reasoning, impulse control, working memory, motivation, attention - executive functions
- latest part of your brain to develop
- one of the newest parts of the brain evolutionarily
Frontal lobe
On the frontal lobe, the precentral gyrus contains the…
primary motor area
On the frontal lobe, … is in the left hemisphere ONLY
Broca’s Area
On the frontal lobe, … is in the left hemisphere ONLY
Broca’s Area
Broca’s Area is in the … hemisphere
Left
The following are characteristic of…:
- Expressive language center
- Where we store all the different word representations we say
- communicates a lot w/ the primary motor area
Broca’s Area
The … contains the primary auditory area and Wernicke’s area
Temporal lobe
The following are characteristic of…:
- lobe responsible for auditory processing
- contains the hippocampus - a structure where memories are formed
Temporal Lobe
The … is a structure that is deeper in the temporal lobe and is where memories are formed. It’s one of the only places where new neurons and memories can be created. It’s also highly interconnected w/ your sense of smell.
Hippocampus
The … is where we interpret sounds in our environment, and our most easily accessed sounds would be here
Primary auditory area
The left hemisphere contains … which is our receptive language center where all the words you know along with phrases you know are stored
Wernicke’s Area
Wernicke’s area is in the left/right hemsiphere?
LEFT
The … processes sensory information (except smell) and information about where you are in space
- contains the postcentral gyrus (primary sensory area)
Parietal lobe
The postcentral gyrus contains the…
primary sensory area
The primary sensory area is organized like a…
homunculus
The precentral gyrus contains the…
primary motor area
The following are characteristic of the…:
- One on each hemisphere
- main job is to have contralateral motor control of the body
- organized as a homunculus
primary motor area
The … is located in the back of the brain and contains the visual processing center.
Occipital lobe
The occipital lobe contains the…
primary visual area
… refers to the peak or raised surfaces/ridges of the brain
gyrus
… refer to the valleys and grooves of the brain and represent a divide between lobes or hemispheres
Sulcus/fissures
The … runs vertically and divides the pre and post central gyri
central sulcus (fissure of Rolando)
The … separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes
Lateral fissure (fissure of sylvius)
The … separates the parietal and occipital lobes
Parieto-occipital sulcus
The … is the area where the 3 lobes (temporal/parietal/occipital) meets. It is highly involved in the acts of reading and/or writing.
tempo-parieto-occipital junction (TPO)
… are responsible for cerebral connectivity
subcortical fiber tracts
… a type of subcortical fiber tract, contain long axons that connect cortical areas w/in the same hemisphere
Association fibers
… is an association fiber that directly connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas together.
- damage here is associated w/ impaired ability to repeat verbally, short term memory, and learning of new words/sounds
Acuate Faciculus
The following are…
- superior longitudinal fasciculus
- acuate fasciculus
Association fibers
What 2 structures offer protection/insulation to the brain?
- Skull
- Meninges
… is connective tissue that’s part of the skeletal system which provides the greatest amount of protection to the brain
Skull
The … lie underneath the skull, offering 3 separate layers of tissues that help absorb small levels of shock
meninges
Name the 3 meninges
- Dura mater
- Arachnoid Membrane
- Pia mater
The … contains the subdural space
dura mater
The … is a fluid-filled layer that contains CSF, providing shock absorption
arachnoid membrane
The arachnoid membrane contains the … which contains many blood vessels where aneurysms are most common
subarachnoid space
The … is attached to the surface of the brain
Pia mater
The … is the system by which oxygen is transported to the brain
vascular system
The … are supplied by the internal carotid arteries. It moves superiorly and enters into the brain, providing blood supply to the eyes, the front areas of the brain
anterior (carotid) circulatory system
The … is supplied by arteries that come from the neck (vertebral arteries)
posterior circulatory system
The following are characteristic of the…:
- can be found in other animals
- provides redundancy to the brain
- dampens pressure waves from your blood pressure and heartbeat which helps functioning during moments of high arousal
Circle of Willis
The … supplies blood to the frontal and parietal lobes
Anterior cerebral artery (ACA)
With occlusion of the left … you might suspect Broca’s aphasia or a cognitive communicative disorder
ACA (anterior cerebral artery)
Most ischemic blood strokes occur in the…
Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA)
The … supplies blood flow directly to the posterior areas of the frontal lobe, the temporal lobe, and other deeper brain structures w/in those lobes and even subcortically
Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA)
With occlusion to the left …, expect any kind of aphasia
Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA)
The … is supplied by the vertebral or basilar system and supplies the occipital lobes, midbrain, pons, medulla, and thalamus.
Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA)
Damage to the … can be more fatal. It doesn’t necessarily result in a language disorder (aphasia)
Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA)
A … is loss of blood flow to an area of the brain which results in cell injury or cell death
stroke (CVA)
The following are risk factors for…:
- preventable w/ proper lifestyle
- hypertension - #1 risk factor
- Atherosclerosis
- Tobacco use
- Obesity
- Sedentary lifestyle
- Diabetes
- Genetics
- >65
Strokes (CVA)
… refers to plaque buildup in arteries due to high cholesterol
Atherosclerosis
Risk factors for … include:
- Trauma
- Atrial Fibrillation (A-Fib)
- Endocarditis
Embolic Blockage (type of Ischemic Stroke)
A … is caused by an embolus that develops somewhere else in the body that travels through the circulatory system and ends up in the brain
Embolic blockage
What are 3 treatments of ischemic stroke?
- Tissue Plasminogen Activator
- Thombectomy/Embolectomy
- Carotid Endarterectomy
… is a clot bursting drug that thins the blood and that must be administered w/in 4 ½ hours of the initial onset of symptoms
Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA)
… refers to the physical removal of the clot from the blood stream either w/ a balloon or suction
Thombectomy/Embolectomy
A … is performed as a preventative stroke measure. If you catch clots soon enough, you may qualify for this treatment. It’s typically done in the carotid arteries w/ stenting, balloon, or suction where they clean out the arteries
Carotid Endartectomy
… refers to a type of mini stroke that are warning signs of a larger stroke
Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
… occurs when a blood vessel that supplies the brain ruptures and bleeds
hemorrhagic stroke
… refers to a bulge or ballooning in a blood vessel where that portion of the blood vessel is more susceptible to damage
Aneurysm
… is a congenital condition where a group of blood vessels forms incorrectly, making it really tangled and knotted together
Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)
The following are medical treatments for…:
- Diuretics
- Craniotomy
- Ventriculostomy
- Aneurysm clipping
- Aneurysm coiling
- AVM removal
Hemorrhagic Stroke
A … involves the surgical removal of a portion of the skull
craniotomy
A … involves the placement of an external ventricular drain
Ventriculostomy
Structural brain imaging can be used to diagnose…
strokes
… is a series of xray images taken from multiple angles from the body which utilizes computer programming to make them 3D
Computed Tomography (CT)
… uses a magnetic field and computer-generated radio waves to create detailed images of organs and tissues and allows you to dig in and see the actual components
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
The following are types of…:
- Functional MRI (fMRI)
- Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
- Electroencephalography (EEG)
Functional brain imaging
… allows you to look at blood flow and takes a video of your brain in real time
Functional MRI (fMRI)
… uses a radioactive tracer that attaches to different neurotransmitters, and they watch to see what the activity is like on those neurotransmitters; used to diagnose Parkinson’s Disease and cancer
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
… measures electrical activity in the brain and looks almost like a shower cap; used to look at those w/ seizures or epilepsy
Electroencephalography (EEG)
… refers to programmed cell death which occurs when blood flow is disrupted to the brain
apoptosis
… occurs when excess neurotransmitter is released cyclically in the cell, and as it continues to be released, it makes the cell more vulnerable to other ions (e.g., calcium) outside of it
Excitotoxicity/Cytotoxic Cascade
… refers to swelling w/in the brain tissue
edema
… refers to a loss of oxygen to the brain
hypoxia
… is the most common form of dementia which begins in the hippocampus
Alzheimer Disease
… is an umbrella term for any other kind of cortical dementia that doesn’t fit w/ the Alzheimer’s disease profile
Frontotemporal Dementia
… is an umbrella term to describe dementias that are subcortical that affect reasoning, judgment, and memory
Vascular Dementia
… is due to abnormal deposits of protein in the brain that lead to differences and issues in thinking, movement, behavior, and mood. It’s the 2nd most common type of dementia, and it’s associated w/ Parkinson’s Disease
Lewy Body Dementia
… is a genetic disease due to the defective Huntington protein which causes deterioration in the basal ganglia and progressive movement, cognitive, and psychiatric disorders
Huntington Disease
… is an acquired, selective impairment of language modalities and functions resulting from a focal brain lesion in the language-dominant hemisphere that affects the person’s (and family’s) communicative and social functioning and quality of life.
Aphasia
… refers to understanding of what one hears through listening, and it’s not specific to language.
Auditory comprehension
What are the 4 steps of the Logogen Model of Auditory Comprehension?
- Hear word
- auditory phonological analysis
- phonological input lexion
- semantic system
What are the 3 processing levels of the Logogen Model of Auditory Comprehension?
- Prelexical processing
- Lexical processing
- Sentence-level and discourse-level
Regarding the … of the Logogen Model of Auditory Comprehension, the phonological makeup of a word is used to distinguish between words. When it comes to minimal pairs, those phonologically related words (e.g., bat/cat) are similar; thus, words in those “dense neighborhoods” can be harder to pull from versus those in “sparse neighborhoods” since there are only a few matches, if any.
Lexical processing
Disorders of … include most of the “fluent” types of aphasia - mixed transcortical, global, Wernicke’s, and transcortical sensory
Auditory Comprehension
… refers to a disruption to understanding what one hears through listening
Disorders of Auditory Comprehension
Considered a prelexical and/or lexical disorder, a person w/ … is unable to understand, repeat, or write words heard
Pure word deafness
… refers to the act of verbally communicating beliefs, opinions, wants, and needs
verbal expression
The … explains the steps of word production.
Interactive activation model
What are the 2 steps of the Interactive Activation Model?
- Word selection
- Phonological encoding