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Acquired Language Disorders > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

… is the highest level of processing when it comes to communication; it’s where we come up and think of the intention to communicate a message

A

Cognitive-Linguistic process

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2
Q

Problems at the level of … result in acquired language disorders (e.g., the aphasia, cognitive communicative disorders, acquired disorders, etc.)

A

Cognitive-Linguistic Processing

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3
Q

… is the middle level (middle man) where the neuromuscular plans and programs are selected and sequenced and is based upon what the cognitive-linguistic processes resulted in.

A

Motor speech programming

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4
Q

Problems in the … include apraxia of speech.

A

Motor speech programming (middle level)

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5
Q

What are the 3 neurologic processes of speech production?

A
  1. Cognitive-Linguistic Processes
  2. Motor Speech Programming
  3. Neuromuscular Execution

(these are in order)

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6
Q

… is where the plans and programs are realized in the body and executed.

A

Neuromuscular Execution

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7
Q

… involves the processes of respiration, phonation, and articulation. Those plans of … result in changes in respiration, phonation, and articulation in the body. If you have problems at this lowest level, it’s likely dysarthria.

A

Neuromuscular Execution

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8
Q

Problems at the cognitive-linguistic processing level result in…

A

acquired language disorders (e.g., aphasias)

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9
Q

Problems in the motor speech programming (middle level) may result in…

A

Apraxia of speech

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10
Q

Problems at the neuromuscular execution level may result in…

A

dysarthria

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11
Q

… is an acquired, selective impairment of language modalities and functions resulting from a focal brain lesion in the language-dominant hemisphere that affects the person’s (and family’s) communicative and social function and quality of life.

A

Aphasia

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12
Q

… consist of impairment of one of the domains of cognition (orientation, attention, memory, and/or executive function) that significantly impacts an individual’s ability to communicate and function in society and their quality of life

A

Cognitive-Communicative Disorders

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13
Q

… are speech disorders resulting form neurologic impairments that affect the planning, programming, control, and execution of speech (e.g., dysarthria & apraxia)

A

Motor speech disorders

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14
Q

Aphasias (are)/(are not) disorders of cognition or intellect.

A

are NOT

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15
Q

Name the 4 fluent aphasias:

A
  1. Anomic
  2. Transcortical Sensory
  3. Conduction
  4. Wernicke’s
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16
Q

Name the 4 non-fluent aphasias:

A
  1. Broca’s
  2. Transcortical motor
  3. Mixed Transcortical
  4. Global
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17
Q

The following are characteristic of which type of aphasia?

A

Anomic

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18
Q

The following are characteristic of which type of aphasia?

A

Anomic

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19
Q

The following are characteristic of which type of aphasia?

A

Broca’s

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20
Q

The following are characteristic of which type of aphasia?

A

Broca’s

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21
Q

The following are characteristic of which type of aphasia?

A

Conduction

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22
Q

The following are characteristic of which type of aphasia?

A

Conduction

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23
Q

The following are characteristic of which type of aphasia?

A

Global

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24
Q

The following are characteristic of which type of aphasia?

A

Global

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25
Q

The following are characteristic of which type of aphasia?

A

Mixed Transcortical

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26
Q

The following are characteristic of which type of aphasia?

A

Mixed Transcortical

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27
Q

The following are characteristic of which type of aphasia?

A

Transcortical Motor

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28
Q

The following are characteristic of which type of aphasia?

A

Transcortical Motor

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29
Q

The following are characteristic of which type of aphasia?

A

Transcortical Sensory

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30
Q

The following are characteristic of which type of aphasia?

A

Transcortical Sensory

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31
Q

The following are characteristic of which type of aphasia?

A

Wernicke’s

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32
Q

The following are characteristic of which type of aphasia?

A

Wernicke’s

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33
Q

In … aphasia, expression is most impaired

A

Nonfluent

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34
Q

In … aphasia, language reception is impaired to differing extents

A

fluent

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35
Q

In … aphasia, language reception is impaired to differing extents

A

fluent

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36
Q

… aphasia is different from any of the other aphasias because it is progressive, and there’s not one singular event that causes it.

A

Primary progressive aphasia

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37
Q

… aphasia is characterized by slow language loss that is associated w/ frontotemporal dementia and other progressive neurological disorders (like other dementias and neurological syndromes)

A

Primary progressive aphasia

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38
Q

… is a complete lack of oxygen to the brain

A

Anoxia

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39
Q

… is a partial lack of oxygen to the brain

A

Hypoxia

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40
Q

… is an acute part of the brain losing oxygen due to a blockage resulting in cell death

A

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) - Ischemic

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41
Q

… is an acute part of the brain losing oxygen due to a ruptured blood vessel, resulting in cell death

A

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) - Hemorrhagic

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42
Q

What are the 3 types of ischemic stroke?

A
  1. Thrombotic
  2. Embolic
  3. Transient Ischemic Attack
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43
Q

What are the 3 types of hemorrhagic stroke?

A
  1. Intraparenchymal
  2. Subarachnoid
  3. Subdural
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44
Q

A … is caused by a thrombus (blood clot) that develops in the arteries supplying blood to the brain

A

Thrombotic CVA

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45
Q

A … is caused by an embolus which can be a blood clot, plaque, or fatty debris

A

Embolic CVA

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46
Q

A … is bleeding from the blood vessels in the brain itself

A

Intraparenchymal CVA

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47
Q

A … happens when bleeding occurs in the subarachnoid space

A

Subarachnoid CVA

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48
Q

A … happens when bleeding occurs in the tiny area of the subdural space that occurs between the dura and the arachnoid

A

Subdural CVA

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49
Q

A … is an internal, physical insult to the head or brain that damages the brain tissue

A

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

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50
Q

What are the two types of TBI?

A
  1. Penetrating
  2. Non-penetrating
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51
Q

A … TBI breaks through the skull

A

Penetrating

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52
Q

A … TBI is trauma or injury w/o an open wound to the head

A

non-penetrating

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53
Q

… is a progressive condition caused by repeated concussion or repeated TBI

A

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)

  • cannot be diagnosed while living
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54
Q

Anoxia and hypoxia, often a result from asphyxiation or heart attack, has … effects on the brain, not just speech or language

A

global

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55
Q

… (neoplasms) occur when there’s uninhibited cell replication in the brain

A

Brain tumors

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56
Q

… is a cognitive impairment greater than expected for normal aging w/ no obvious cause; less severe; often diagnosed in middle age (50-60); warning sign that dementia is imminent

A

Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)

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57
Q

… is a progressive cognitive disorder that eventually interferes w/ an individual’s functioning; so much so that in later stages of the disease, they will need external help to be cared for; can affect cortical (e.g., frontal, temporal, parietal lobes) or subcortical (e.g., cerebellum, basal ganglia, brainstem) structures of the brain; affects your memory, general thinking/thought processes, and social abilities

A

Demetia

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58
Q

What are the 2 types of dementia?

A
  1. Cortical
  2. Subcortical
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59
Q

… dementia affects primarily the frontal, temporal (specifically the hippocampus), and parietal lobe

A

Cortical

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60
Q

… dementia primarily impacts structures such as the basal ganglia and cerebellum (vascular, lewy body, CBD, PSP, HD)

A

Subcortical

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61
Q

… is usually caused by a stroke or other TBI to the right side of the brain; may present w/ linguistic processing deficits, oftentimes about emotional aspects of words and pragmatics

A

Right hemisphere disorder

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62
Q

… is the inability/impaired ability to read

A

Alexia

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63
Q

… is the inability/impaired ability to write

A

Agraphia

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64
Q

… can occur w/ a right hemisphere stroke; a person’s visual ability and their vision is NOT impaired BUT they no longer have a spatial awareness/attention to their environment, specifically on the left side of their body

A

Left neglect

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65
Q

… is similar to left neglect HOWEVER it’s much more mild and on the right side. It’s more mild due to the redundancy of the two hemispheres, so it usually doesn’t impact daily life.

A

Right inattention

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66
Q

… goes hand-in-hand w/ Wernicke’s; it’s a pathological lack of insight into your own deficits; usually happens if that individual’s comprehension is somehow compromised

A

Anosognosia

67
Q

… refers to facial blindness or the inability to recognize faces; every person you see is a stranger to you; can be a result of any of the neurological disorders

A

Prosopagnosia

68
Q

… is a deficit in either comprehending and/or expressing variations in speech prosody; can include tone of voice (e.g., question/statement, emotional affect information, etc.)

A

Aprosodia

69
Q

… refers to rapid and exaggerated changes in mood and emotional affect that do not necessarily match the person’s internal state that can occur after a stroke.

A

Emotional lability

70
Q

… refers to telegraphic speech in which there’s no grammar (e.g., function words, article, prepositions, pronouns may be completely removed)

A

Agrammatism

71
Q

… refers to telegraphic speech in which some function words are preserved but grammar is still affected

A

Paragrammatism

72
Q

The cerebrum is divided into right and left hemispheres and is connected by the…

A

corpus collosum

73
Q

The following are characteristic of the…:

  • controls things like personality, judgment, reasoning, impulse control, working memory, motivation, attention - executive functions
  • latest part of your brain to develop
    • one of the newest parts of the brain evolutionarily
A

Frontal lobe

74
Q

On the frontal lobe, the precentral gyrus contains the…

A

primary motor area

75
Q

On the frontal lobe, … is in the left hemisphere ONLY

A

Broca’s Area

76
Q

On the frontal lobe, … is in the left hemisphere ONLY

A

Broca’s Area

77
Q

Broca’s Area is in the … hemisphere

A

Left

78
Q

The following are characteristic of…:

  • Expressive language center
  • Where we store all the different word representations we say
    • communicates a lot w/ the primary motor area
A

Broca’s Area

79
Q

The … contains the primary auditory area and Wernicke’s area

A

Temporal lobe

80
Q

The following are characteristic of…:

  • lobe responsible for auditory processing
    • contains the hippocampus - a structure where memories are formed
A

Temporal Lobe

81
Q

The … is a structure that is deeper in the temporal lobe and is where memories are formed. It’s one of the only places where new neurons and memories can be created. It’s also highly interconnected w/ your sense of smell.

A

Hippocampus

82
Q

The … is where we interpret sounds in our environment, and our most easily accessed sounds would be here

A

Primary auditory area

83
Q

The left hemisphere contains … which is our receptive language center where all the words you know along with phrases you know are stored

A

Wernicke’s Area

84
Q

Wernicke’s area is in the left/right hemsiphere?

A

LEFT

85
Q

The … processes sensory information (except smell) and information about where you are in space

  • contains the postcentral gyrus (primary sensory area)
A

Parietal lobe

86
Q

The postcentral gyrus contains the…

A

primary sensory area

87
Q

The primary sensory area is organized like a…

A

homunculus

88
Q

The precentral gyrus contains the…

A

primary motor area

89
Q

The following are characteristic of the…:

  • One on each hemisphere
  • main job is to have contralateral motor control of the body
    • organized as a homunculus
A

primary motor area

90
Q

The … is located in the back of the brain and contains the visual processing center.

A

Occipital lobe

91
Q

The occipital lobe contains the…

A

primary visual area

92
Q

… refers to the peak or raised surfaces/ridges of the brain

A

gyrus

93
Q

… refer to the valleys and grooves of the brain and represent a divide between lobes or hemispheres

A

Sulcus/fissures

94
Q

The … runs vertically and divides the pre and post central gyri

A

central sulcus (fissure of Rolando)

95
Q

The … separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes

A

Lateral fissure (fissure of sylvius)

96
Q

The … separates the parietal and occipital lobes

A

Parieto-occipital sulcus

97
Q

The … is the area where the 3 lobes (temporal/parietal/occipital) meets. It is highly involved in the acts of reading and/or writing.

A

tempo-parieto-occipital junction (TPO)

98
Q

… are responsible for cerebral connectivity

A

subcortical fiber tracts

99
Q

… a type of subcortical fiber tract, contain long axons that connect cortical areas w/in the same hemisphere

A

Association fibers

100
Q

… is an association fiber that directly connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas together.

  • damage here is associated w/ impaired ability to repeat verbally, short term memory, and learning of new words/sounds
A

Acuate Faciculus

101
Q

The following are…

  • superior longitudinal fasciculus
  • acuate fasciculus
A

Association fibers

102
Q

What 2 structures offer protection/insulation to the brain?

A
  1. Skull
  2. Meninges
103
Q

… is connective tissue that’s part of the skeletal system which provides the greatest amount of protection to the brain

A

Skull

104
Q

The … lie underneath the skull, offering 3 separate layers of tissues that help absorb small levels of shock

A

meninges

105
Q

Name the 3 meninges

A
  1. Dura mater
  2. Arachnoid Membrane
  3. Pia mater
106
Q

The … contains the subdural space

A

dura mater

107
Q

The … is a fluid-filled layer that contains CSF, providing shock absorption

A

arachnoid membrane

108
Q

The arachnoid membrane contains the … which contains many blood vessels where aneurysms are most common

A

subarachnoid space

109
Q

The … is attached to the surface of the brain

A

Pia mater

110
Q

The … is the system by which oxygen is transported to the brain

A

vascular system

111
Q

The … are supplied by the internal carotid arteries. It moves superiorly and enters into the brain, providing blood supply to the eyes, the front areas of the brain

A

anterior (carotid) circulatory system

112
Q

The … is supplied by arteries that come from the neck (vertebral arteries)

A

posterior circulatory system

113
Q

The following are characteristic of the…:

  • can be found in other animals
  • provides redundancy to the brain
  • dampens pressure waves from your blood pressure and heartbeat which helps functioning during moments of high arousal
A

Circle of Willis

114
Q

The … supplies blood to the frontal and parietal lobes

A

Anterior cerebral artery (ACA)

115
Q

With occlusion of the left … you might suspect Broca’s aphasia or a cognitive communicative disorder

A

ACA (anterior cerebral artery)

116
Q

Most ischemic blood strokes occur in the…

A

Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA)

117
Q

The … supplies blood flow directly to the posterior areas of the frontal lobe, the temporal lobe, and other deeper brain structures w/in those lobes and even subcortically

A

Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA)

118
Q

With occlusion to the left …, expect any kind of aphasia

A

Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA)

119
Q

The … is supplied by the vertebral or basilar system and supplies the occipital lobes, midbrain, pons, medulla, and thalamus.

A

Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA)

120
Q

Damage to the … can be more fatal. It doesn’t necessarily result in a language disorder (aphasia)

A

Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA)

121
Q

A … is loss of blood flow to an area of the brain which results in cell injury or cell death

A

stroke (CVA)

122
Q

The following are risk factors for…:

  • preventable w/ proper lifestyle
  • hypertension - #1 risk factor
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Tobacco use
  • Obesity
  • Sedentary lifestyle
  • Diabetes
  • Genetics
  • >65
A

Strokes (CVA)

123
Q

… refers to plaque buildup in arteries due to high cholesterol

A

Atherosclerosis

124
Q

Risk factors for … include:

  • Trauma
  • Atrial Fibrillation (A-Fib)
  • Endocarditis
A

Embolic Blockage (type of Ischemic Stroke)

125
Q

A … is caused by an embolus that develops somewhere else in the body that travels through the circulatory system and ends up in the brain

A

Embolic blockage

126
Q

What are 3 treatments of ischemic stroke?

A
  1. Tissue Plasminogen Activator
  2. Thombectomy/Embolectomy
  3. Carotid Endarterectomy
127
Q

… is a clot bursting drug that thins the blood and that must be administered w/in 4 ½ hours of the initial onset of symptoms

A

Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA)

128
Q

… refers to the physical removal of the clot from the blood stream either w/ a balloon or suction

A

Thombectomy/Embolectomy

129
Q

A … is performed as a preventative stroke measure. If you catch clots soon enough, you may qualify for this treatment. It’s typically done in the carotid arteries w/ stenting, balloon, or suction where they clean out the arteries

A

Carotid Endartectomy

130
Q

… refers to a type of mini stroke that are warning signs of a larger stroke

A

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

131
Q

… occurs when a blood vessel that supplies the brain ruptures and bleeds

A

hemorrhagic stroke

132
Q

… refers to a bulge or ballooning in a blood vessel where that portion of the blood vessel is more susceptible to damage

A

Aneurysm

133
Q

… is a congenital condition where a group of blood vessels forms incorrectly, making it really tangled and knotted together

A

Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)

134
Q

The following are medical treatments for…:

  • Diuretics
  • Craniotomy
  • Ventriculostomy
  • Aneurysm clipping
  • Aneurysm coiling
  • AVM removal
A

Hemorrhagic Stroke

135
Q

A … involves the surgical removal of a portion of the skull

A

craniotomy

136
Q

A … involves the placement of an external ventricular drain

A

Ventriculostomy

137
Q

Structural brain imaging can be used to diagnose…

A

strokes

138
Q

… is a series of xray images taken from multiple angles from the body which utilizes computer programming to make them 3D

A

Computed Tomography (CT)

139
Q

… uses a magnetic field and computer-generated radio waves to create detailed images of organs and tissues and allows you to dig in and see the actual components

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

140
Q

The following are types of…:

  • Functional MRI (fMRI)
  • Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
  • Electroencephalography (EEG)
A

Functional brain imaging

141
Q

… allows you to look at blood flow and takes a video of your brain in real time

A

Functional MRI (fMRI)

142
Q

… uses a radioactive tracer that attaches to different neurotransmitters, and they watch to see what the activity is like on those neurotransmitters; used to diagnose Parkinson’s Disease and cancer

A

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

143
Q

… measures electrical activity in the brain and looks almost like a shower cap; used to look at those w/ seizures or epilepsy

A

Electroencephalography (EEG)

144
Q

… refers to programmed cell death which occurs when blood flow is disrupted to the brain

A

apoptosis

145
Q

… occurs when excess neurotransmitter is released cyclically in the cell, and as it continues to be released, it makes the cell more vulnerable to other ions (e.g., calcium) outside of it

A

Excitotoxicity/Cytotoxic Cascade

146
Q

… refers to swelling w/in the brain tissue

A

edema

147
Q

… refers to a loss of oxygen to the brain

A

hypoxia

148
Q

… is the most common form of dementia which begins in the hippocampus

A

Alzheimer Disease

149
Q

… is an umbrella term for any other kind of cortical dementia that doesn’t fit w/ the Alzheimer’s disease profile

A

Frontotemporal Dementia

150
Q

… is an umbrella term to describe dementias that are subcortical that affect reasoning, judgment, and memory

A

Vascular Dementia

151
Q

… is due to abnormal deposits of protein in the brain that lead to differences and issues in thinking, movement, behavior, and mood. It’s the 2nd most common type of dementia, and it’s associated w/ Parkinson’s Disease

A

Lewy Body Dementia

152
Q

… is a genetic disease due to the defective Huntington protein which causes deterioration in the basal ganglia and progressive movement, cognitive, and psychiatric disorders

A

Huntington Disease

153
Q

… is an acquired, selective impairment of language modalities and functions resulting from a focal brain lesion in the language-dominant hemisphere that affects the person’s (and family’s) communicative and social functioning and quality of life.

A

Aphasia

154
Q

… refers to understanding of what one hears through listening, and it’s not specific to language.

A

Auditory comprehension

155
Q

What are the 4 steps of the Logogen Model of Auditory Comprehension?

A
  1. Hear word
  2. auditory phonological analysis
  3. phonological input lexion
  4. semantic system
156
Q

What are the 3 processing levels of the Logogen Model of Auditory Comprehension?

A
  1. Prelexical processing
  2. Lexical processing
  3. Sentence-level and discourse-level
157
Q

Regarding the … of the Logogen Model of Auditory Comprehension, the phonological makeup of a word is used to distinguish between words. When it comes to minimal pairs, those phonologically related words (e.g., bat/cat) are similar; thus, words in those “dense neighborhoods” can be harder to pull from versus those in “sparse neighborhoods” since there are only a few matches, if any.

A

Lexical processing

158
Q

Disorders of … include most of the “fluent” types of aphasia - mixed transcortical, global, Wernicke’s, and transcortical sensory

A

Auditory Comprehension

159
Q

… refers to a disruption to understanding what one hears through listening

A

Disorders of Auditory Comprehension

160
Q

Considered a prelexical and/or lexical disorder, a person w/ … is unable to understand, repeat, or write words heard

A

Pure word deafness

161
Q

… refers to the act of verbally communicating beliefs, opinions, wants, and needs

A

verbal expression

162
Q

The … explains the steps of word production.

A

Interactive activation model

163
Q

What are the 2 steps of the Interactive Activation Model?

A
  1. Word selection
  2. Phonological encoding

Acquired Language Disorders (1 decks)

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