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Human Development Across the Lifespan > EXAM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is developmental science?

A

the study of constancy & change throught the lifespan

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2
Q

What is a theory?

A

An orderly, integrated set of statements that describes, explans, & predicts behavior

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3
Q

Basic Issues: CONTINOUS or Discontinuous?

A

Continuous:

  • consistency
  • a process of gradually augmenting the same types of skills that were there, to begin with
  • e.g. like a tree (growth process is the same)
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4
Q

Basic Issues: Continuous or DISCONTINUOUS?

A

Discontinuous:

  • change
  • a process in which new ways of understanding & responding to the world emerge at specific times
  • e.g. like a butterfly (grows & undergoes different stages)
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5
Q

Basic issues: One course of development or many?

A

unique combos of personal environmental circumstances can result in different paths of change

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6
Q

Basic Issues: NATURE vs. nurture

A
  • genetic inheritance

- biological givens

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7
Q

Basic Issues: nature vs. NURTURE

A
  • physical & social world influences these experiences
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8
Q

Stability

A
  • persistence of individual differences

- lifelong patterns etablished by early experiences

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9
Q

Lifespan Perspective: Development is…

1.
2.
3.

A
  1. lifelong
  2. multidimensional & multidirectional
  3. influenced by multiple interaccting forces
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10
Q

Plasticity

A
  • development is open to change

- change occurs based on influential experiences

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11
Q 
Periods of Development:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
A
  1. Prenatal
  2. Infancy & toddlerhood
  3. Early childhood
  4. Middle childhood
  5. Adolescence
  6. Early adulthood
  7. Middle adulthood
  8. Late adulthood
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12
Q

Periods of Development: Prenatal

A

conception to birth

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13
Q

Periods of Development: Infancy & toddlerhood

A

birth to 2 years

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14
Q

Periods of Development: Early childhood

A

2 to 6 years

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15
Q

Periods of Development: Middle Childhood

A

6 to 11 years

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16
Q

Periods of Development: Adolescence

A

11 to 18 years

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17
Q

Periods of Development: Early adulthood

A

18 to 40 years

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18
Q

Periods of Development: Middle adulthood

A

40 to 65 years

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19
Q

Periods of Deveopment; Late adulthood

A

65 years+

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20
Q

Major Domains of Development:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Physical
  2. Cognitive
  3. Socioemotional
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21
Q

What is determined by heredity?

A

an individual’s characteristics

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22
Q

What is resilience?

A

the ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development

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23
Q

Influences on Development:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Age
  2. History
  3. Nonnormative influences
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24
Q

What is something that can be modified through caregiving experiences?

A

an individual’s personality

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25
Q

Resilience factos include:

A
  • personal characteristics
  • warm parental relationship
  • social support outside the family
  • community resources & opportunities
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26
Q

Early Scientific Theories:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Theory of evolution (Darwin)
  2. Normative approach (Hall, Gesell)
  3. Mental testing movement (Binet)
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27
Q

Early Scientific Theories: Theory of evolution (Darwin)

A
  • natural selection

- survival of the fittest

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28
Q

Early Scientific Theories: Normative approach ( Hall, Gesell)

A
  • child study movement
  • development as a maturational process
  • age-related averages
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29
Q

Early Scientific Theories: Mental testing movement (Binet)

A
  • first successful intelligence test

- sparked interest in individual differences in development

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30
Q

Mid-twentieth-century theories: Psychoanalytic Perspective (Freud & Erikson)

A
  • personality development is influenced by how children resolve conflicts between biological drives & social expecations
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31
Q

Freud’s Three Parts of the Personality:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. ID
  2. Ego
  3. Superego
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32
Q

Freud’s Three Parts of the Personality: ID

A

ID:

  • unconscious
  • present at birth
  • biological needs/ desires
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33
Q

Freud’s Three Parts of the Personality: EGO

A

EGO:

  • conscious
  • rational part of personality
  • emerges in early infancy
  • redirects ID impulses in acceptable ways
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34
Q

Freud’s Three Parts of the Personality: SUPEREGO

A

SUPEREGO:

  • the conscience
  • develops from ages 3-6 through interactions with caregivers
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35
Q 
Freud's Psychosexual Stages:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A
  1. Oral
  2. Anal
  3. Phallic
  4. Latency
  5. Genital
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36
Q

Behaviorism & Social Learning Theory:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Classical conditioning
  2. Operant conditioning
  3. Social learning theory
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37
Q

Behaviorism & Social Learning Theory: Classical Conditioning

A

Classical conditioning:

- stimulus-response

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38
Q

Behaviorism & Social Learning Theory: Operant Conditioning

A

Operant conditioning:

  • reinforcers
  • punishments
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39
Q

Behaviorism & Social Learning Theory: Social Learning Theory

A

Social Learning Theory:

  • modeling
  • observational learning
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40
Q

Piaget’s Cognitive- Developmental Theory:

A
  • actively construct knowledge by exploring their world
  • mental structures adapt to better fit with environment
  • development moves through 4 broad stages
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41
Q 
Piaget's four broad stages:
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
  1. Sensorimotor
  2. Preoperational
  3. Concrete operational
  4. Formal operational
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42
Q

Piaget’s four broad stages: Sensorimotor

A
  • birth to 2 years

- infants use senses & movement to explore

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43
Q

Piaget’s four broad stages: Preoperational

A
  • 2 to 7 years
  • use symbols
  • develop language
  • make-believe play
  • lack logic
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44
Q

Piaget’s four broad stages: Concrete operational

A
  • 7 to 11 years

- reasoning becomes logical & better organized

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45
Q

Piaget’s four broad stages: Formal operational

A
  • 11 years+
  • use hypotheses &b deduction
  • can evaluate logic of verbal statements
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46
Q

Information Processing:

A
  • development as a continuous process
  • view of the human mind as a symbol-manipulating system
    - input = experiences
    - output = behavioral response
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47
Q

Developmental (COGNITIVE) Neuroscience:

A
  • study relationship between:
    - brain activity
    - cognitive processing
    - behavior patterns
  • incorporates psychology, biology, neuroscience, medicine
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48
Q

Developmental (SOCIAL) Neuroscience:

A
  • relationship between brain activity and emotional & social development
    - e.g. adolescent’s risk-taking behavior
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49
Q

Ethology & Evolutionary Development Psychology:

  • the study of _______
A
  • the study of adaptive/survival value of behavior
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50
Q

Acquisition of adaptive behaviors: Critical Period

A

Critical Period:

- biologically prepared to acquire adaptive behaviors during limited time span

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51
Q

Acquisition of adaptive behaviors: Sensitive period

A

Sensitive Period:

  • optimal time
  • especially responsive to environmental influences
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52
Q

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory:

A
  • transmission to the next generation of a culture’s values, beliefs, customs, & skills
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53
Q

Cooperative dialogues:

A
  • between children & knowledgeable members of society is necessary
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54
Q

Common Research Methods:

A
  1. Systematic observation
  2. Self-reports
  3. Case study method
  4. Ethnography
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55
Q

Systematic Observation: Naturalistic Observation

A
  • observation of behavior in natural contexts

- reflects participants’ everyday lives

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56
Q

Systematic Observation: Structured Observation

A
  • observation behvaior in lab

- gives all participants opportunity to display behavior

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57
Q

Self- Reports: Clinical Interview

A
  • conversational style
  • participant’s pov
  • lots of info in short period
58
Q

Self-Report: Structured Interview

A
  • all participant’s ask the same questions

- comparisons

59
Q

Clinical/ Case Study Method:

A
  • full pitcutre of individual’s psycholoical functioning
  • combines info from interviews, observations, test scores, artifacts
  • conclusions prob only generalized for peope studied
60
Q

Ethnography:

A
  • participant observation of cuture or social group
61
Q

What is a genotype?

A
  • genetic info

- contains expressed & unexpressed characterisitics

62
Q

What is a phenotype?

A
  • observable characteristics
63
Q

What is DNA?

A

chemical substances that make up chromosomes

64
Q

What are chromosomes?

A
  • rodlike structures (in cells)

- store and trasnmit genetic info

65
Q

What are genes?

A
  • segements of DNA

- locatred along chromosomes

66
Q

How many chromosomes ( + pairs) does one human cell have?

A
  • 46 chromosomes

- (26 chromosome pairs)

67
Q

What is mitosis?

A
  • when DNA duplicates itself

- produces new body cells containing same genetic info

68
Q

What are autosomes?

A
  • 22 pairs of chromosomes (not sex cells)
69
Q

What do sex chromosomes do?

A

determines sex of baby

70
Q

Sex chromosomes:

 - XX = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
 - XY = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A
  • XX = female

- XY = male

71
Q

What are gametes?

A
  • sex cells: sperm & ovum
72
Q

What are zygotes?

A
  • sperm & ovum untied
73
Q

What is meiosis?

A
  • when gametes (sex cells) are formed

- halves the # of cell chromosomes present

74
Q

Meiosis: what happens when there’s an exchange of chromosome segments?

A
  • genetic variability

- chromosomal defects

75
Q

Twins: Fraternal/ Dizygotic

A
  • two zygots or fertilized ova

- most common

76
Q

Twins: Fraternal/ Dizygotic

- Major causes:

A
  • older maternal age
  • fertility drugs
  • in vitro fertilization
77
Q

Twins: Identical/ Monozygotic

A
  • when a single zygote sperates from two individuals
78
Q

What are alleles?

A
  • two forms of the same gene, one inherited from each parent
79
Q

What are homozygous alleles?

A
  • when both alleles are alike
80
Q

What are heterozygous alleles?

A
  • when both alleles are different
81
Q

Dominant-recessive inheritance:

A
  • only the dominant allele affects children’s phentotypic characteristics
  • carriers: heterozygous (1 recessive allele that can be passed on to children)
82
Q

What is an x-linked inheritance?

A

when a harmful alleles is carried on the X chromosome

83
Q

What is an x-linked inheritance?

A

when a harmful alleles is carried on the X chromosome

84
Q

What is mutation?

A
  • when harmful genes are created
85
Q

Types of mutation: Germline mutation

A
  • takes place in the cells that give rise to gametes
86
Q

Types of mutations: Somatic mutation

A
  • when normal body cells mututate

- can occur at any time of life

87
Q

Types of mutations: Somatic mutation

A
  • when normal body cells mututate

- can occur at any time of life

88
Q

What is polygenic inheritance?

A
  • characterisitics influenced by many genes
           - height
       - weight
       - intelligence
       - personality
89
Q

Chromosomal abnormalities: Down syndrome

A
  • results when 21st chromosome pair fails to separate during meiosis
90
Q

Chromosomal abnormalities: Sex chromosome abormalities

A
  • caused by problems with X or Y chromosome
  • often not recognized until adulthood
  • specific intellectual problems
91
Q

What is genetic counseling?

A
  • helps couples choose best course of action in view of risks & family goals
92
Q

When is genetic counseling recommended?

A
  • when a couple has difficulties conceiving
  • when known genetic problems exist
  • when either parent is 35+
93
Q

Types of reproductive technologies:

A
  1. donor insemination
  2. in vitro fertilzation
  3. surrogate motherhood
  4. new technologies
94
Q

Types of prenatal diagnostic methods:

A
  1. maternal blood analysis
  2. fetoscopy
  3. ultrasound
95
Q

Fetal medicine:

A
  • drug administration to fetus
  • surgery
  • blood transfusions
  • bone marrow transplants
96
Q

Fetal medicine risks include:

A
  • complications

- usually premature labor or miscarriage

97
Q

What are some environmental contexts for development?

A
  1. family influences
  2. socioeconomic status (SES)
  3. neighborhoods, schools, cities
  4. cultural influences
98
Q

Family influences on development: INDIRECT

A

Indirect: third parties

e.g. healthy marriage fosters child, effective coparenting

99
Q

Family influences on development: DIRECT

A

Direct: two-person relationships

e.g. parent, sibling, marital spouse

100
Q

Family influences on development: Adapting to changes within & outside family

A

eg. birth of a baby

101
Q

Socioeconomic status (SES) combines which three relatable variables?

1.
2.
3.

A
  1. years of education (social status)
  2. prestige of one’s job & kills required (social status)
  3. income (economis status)
102
Q

What are some things that socioeconomic (ses) status is linked to?

A
  • timing of marriage & parenthood
  • family size
  • values & expectations
  • communication & discipline style
  • parent’s education & economic security
  • children’s physical, cognitive, & social development
103
Q

Behavioral Genetics: How much does heredity contribute to behavior?

A

Heritability Estimates:

  • measures which indivudal differences in complex traits are due to heredity
104
Q

What is Gene- Environment Correlation?

A
  • the ways in which our genes influences the environments to which we are exposed
105
Q

Passive Correlation:

A
  • when parents provide environments influenced by their own heredity
106
Q

Evocative correlation:

A
  • when children evoke responses infuenced by the child’s heredity
107
Q

Active correlation:

A
  • when children actively seek environments that fit with their genetic tendencies
108
Q

Active correlation: Niche-picking:

A
  • the tendency to actrively choose environments that complement our heredity
109
Q

What is epigensis:

A
  • developments results from bidirectional exchnages between heredity & all levels of environment
    - genes affect behavior & 
  experiences

- experiences & behavior 
  affect gene expression
110
Q

What is conception?

A
  • when the ovum releases from one of the ovaries once every 28 days
  • sperm & ovum unite
  • most conceptions result from intercourse on day of ovulation or two days preceding it
111
Q

What are the three periods of prenatal development?

1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Germinal (2 weeks)
  2. Embryonic (6 weeks)
  3. Fetal (30 weeks)
112
Q

Period of Prental Development: Germinal

A
  • fertilization

- development of feeding & protective structures

113
Q

Period of Prenatal Development: Embryonic

A
  • groundwork for all body structures (cns, muscles, etc.)

- herat begins pupming blood

114
Q

Period of Prenatal Development: Fetal

A
  • “growth & finishing” phase
  • begins at 3rd month
  • 2nd trimester (12th-20th week)
  • 3rd trimester (22-26 weeks)
115
Q

What are tertogens?

A
  • environmental agents that cause damage during the prenatal period
116
Q

Examples of teratogenic substances?

A
  • drugs
    - prescription
    - nonpresecription
    - illegal
    - cocain & heroin
    - marijuana
117
Q

Tertogens: Alcohol disorders

A
  • FASD: fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
  • FAS: fetal alcohol syndrome
  • p-FAS: partial fetal alcohol syndrome
  • ARND: alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder
118
Q

Teratogenic substances: Drugs (Prescription)

A
  • thalidomide
  • isotretinoin
    - missing limbs
    - abnormalities
119
Q

Teratogenic substances: Drugs (Nonprescription)

A
  • aspirin

- low birth weight, etc.

120
Q

Teratogenic substances: Drugs (Illegal)

A
  • cocain & heroin
    - prematurity
    - low birth weight
    - physical defects
    - breathing difficulties
    - promblems with:
    - motor skills
    - language
    - attention & memory
    - impulse control
121
Q

Tertogenic substances: Drugs (Illegal)

A

-marijuana
- attention
- memory
- academic achievement
difficulties
- impulsivity
- depression & aggression

122
Q

Teratogens: Tobacco & passive smoking

A
  • low birth weight
  • prematurity
  • miscarriage
123
Q

Examples of tertogens:

A
  • tobacco & passive smoking
  • alcohol
  • radiation
  • pollution
  • infectious diseases
124
Q

Tertogens: Radiation (ionizing radiation)

A
  • miscarriage
  • underdeveloped brains
  • physical deformities
  • childhood cancer
125
Q

Teratogens: Pollution

A
  • physical deformities
  • mental retardation
  • abnormal speech
126
Q

Teratogens: Infectious diseases

A
  • Rubella:
    • mental retardation
    • deafness
    • heart abnormalities
  • HIV & AIDS:
    • if untreated, infant death
      by 3
127
Q

Tertogenic Effects?

A 
depends on:
    - dose
    - heredity
    - presence of other 
      negative influences
    - age & prenatal sensitive 
      periods
  • delayed health effects may show up decades later *
128
Q

What are some other maternal factors that can occur in prenatal development?

A
  • nutrition/ malnutrition
  • emotional stress
  • maternal age
  • lack of prenatal health care
129
Q

Things to monitor & the importance of prenatal care?

A
  • monitor general health

- treat complications

130
Q

What are the stages of childbirth?
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. dilation & effacement of the cervix
  2. delivery of the baby
  3. delivery of the placenta
131
Q

What & when is the APGAR scale used?

A
  • assess newborn’s physical condition

- right after birth

132
Q

What does APGAR stand for?

A 
(A) pperance
(P) ulse
(G) rimace
(A) ctivity
(R) espiration
133
Q

Birth complications

A
  • Anoxia: oxygen deprivation

- Breech position

134
Q

What are some medical interventions during childbirth?

A
  • labor & delivery meds
  • epidural, analgesia, other anesthetics
  • c-section
135
Q

What does “preterm baby” mean?

A
  • borth 3 weeks or more before due date
136
Q

What does “small-for-date baby” mean?

A
  • below expected weight for length of pregnancy
    • can be preterm or full-
      term baby
137
Q

Interventions for preterm infants include?

A
  • temperature-controlled isolette
    • repirator
    • feeding tube
  • special simulation
    • gentle rocking
    • visual/auditory
      stimulation
    • touch (skin-to-skin)
  • parent in training in infant caregiving helps in development
138
Q

What are some newborn reflexes?

A
  • eye blink
  • rooting
  • sucking
  • moro
  • palmar grasp
  • tonic neck
  • stepping
  • babinski
  • tested to reveal health of baby’s nervous system*
139
Q

Newborn Reflexes: Babinski

A
  • toe reflexes

- when bottom foot is stroked

140
Q

Newborn Reflexes: Moro

A
  • sudden loud noise + movement
141
Q

Newborn Reflexes: Rooting

A
  • when baby’s cheek is stroked + head (turn) movement
142
Q

Newborn Reflexes: Tonic neck

A
  • cling to caregiver

- embracing motion

Human Development Across the Lifespan (1 decks)

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