EXAM 1 Flashcards
What is developmental science?
the study of constancy & change throught the lifespan
What is a theory?
An orderly, integrated set of statements that describes, explans, & predicts behavior
Basic Issues: CONTINOUS or Discontinuous?
Continuous:
- consistency
- a process of gradually augmenting the same types of skills that were there, to begin with
- e.g. like a tree (growth process is the same)
Basic Issues: Continuous or DISCONTINUOUS?
Discontinuous:
- change
- a process in which new ways of understanding & responding to the world emerge at specific times
- e.g. like a butterfly (grows & undergoes different stages)
Basic issues: One course of development or many?
unique combos of personal environmental circumstances can result in different paths of change
Basic Issues: NATURE vs. nurture
- genetic inheritance
- biological givens
Basic Issues: nature vs. NURTURE
- physical & social world influences these experiences
Stability
- persistence of individual differences
- lifelong patterns etablished by early experiences
Lifespan Perspective: Development is…
1.
2.
3.
- lifelong
- multidimensional & multidirectional
- influenced by multiple interaccting forces
Plasticity
- development is open to change
- change occurs based on influential experiences
Periods of Development: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
- Prenatal
- Infancy & toddlerhood
- Early childhood
- Middle childhood
- Adolescence
- Early adulthood
- Middle adulthood
- Late adulthood
Periods of Development: Prenatal
conception to birth
Periods of Development: Infancy & toddlerhood
birth to 2 years
Periods of Development: Early childhood
2 to 6 years
Periods of Development: Middle Childhood
6 to 11 years
Periods of Development: Adolescence
11 to 18 years
Periods of Development: Early adulthood
18 to 40 years
Periods of Development: Middle adulthood
40 to 65 years
Periods of Deveopment; Late adulthood
65 years+
Major Domains of Development:
1.
2.
3.
- Physical
- Cognitive
- Socioemotional
What is determined by heredity?
an individual’s characteristics
What is resilience?
the ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development
Influences on Development:
1.
2.
3.
- Age
- History
- Nonnormative influences
What is something that can be modified through caregiving experiences?
an individual’s personality
Resilience factos include:
- personal characteristics
- warm parental relationship
- social support outside the family
- community resources & opportunities
Early Scientific Theories:
1.
2.
3.
- Theory of evolution (Darwin)
- Normative approach (Hall, Gesell)
- Mental testing movement (Binet)
Early Scientific Theories: Theory of evolution (Darwin)
- natural selection
- survival of the fittest
Early Scientific Theories: Normative approach ( Hall, Gesell)
- child study movement
- development as a maturational process
- age-related averages
Early Scientific Theories: Mental testing movement (Binet)
- first successful intelligence test
- sparked interest in individual differences in development
Mid-twentieth-century theories: Psychoanalytic Perspective (Freud & Erikson)
- personality development is influenced by how children resolve conflicts between biological drives & social expecations
Freud’s Three Parts of the Personality:
1.
2.
3.
- ID
- Ego
- Superego
Freud’s Three Parts of the Personality: ID
ID:
- unconscious
- present at birth
- biological needs/ desires
Freud’s Three Parts of the Personality: EGO
EGO:
- conscious
- rational part of personality
- emerges in early infancy
- redirects ID impulses in acceptable ways
Freud’s Three Parts of the Personality: SUPEREGO
SUPEREGO:
- the conscience
- develops from ages 3-6 through interactions with caregivers
Freud's Psychosexual Stages: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
- Oral
- Anal
- Phallic
- Latency
- Genital
Behaviorism & Social Learning Theory:
1.
2.
3.
- Classical conditioning
- Operant conditioning
- Social learning theory
Behaviorism & Social Learning Theory: Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning:
- stimulus-response
Behaviorism & Social Learning Theory: Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning:
- reinforcers
- punishments
Behaviorism & Social Learning Theory: Social Learning Theory
Social Learning Theory:
- modeling
- observational learning
Piaget’s Cognitive- Developmental Theory:
- actively construct knowledge by exploring their world
- mental structures adapt to better fit with environment
- development moves through 4 broad stages
Piaget's four broad stages: 1. 2. 3. 4.
- Sensorimotor
- Preoperational
- Concrete operational
- Formal operational
Piaget’s four broad stages: Sensorimotor
- birth to 2 years
- infants use senses & movement to explore
Piaget’s four broad stages: Preoperational
- 2 to 7 years
- use symbols
- develop language
- make-believe play
- lack logic
Piaget’s four broad stages: Concrete operational
- 7 to 11 years
- reasoning becomes logical & better organized
Piaget’s four broad stages: Formal operational
- 11 years+
- use hypotheses &b deduction
- can evaluate logic of verbal statements
Information Processing:
- development as a continuous process
- view of the human mind as a symbol-manipulating system
- input = experiences
- output = behavioral response
Developmental (COGNITIVE) Neuroscience:
- study relationship between:
- brain activity
- cognitive processing
- behavior patterns - incorporates psychology, biology, neuroscience, medicine
Developmental (SOCIAL) Neuroscience:
- relationship between brain activity and emotional & social development
- e.g. adolescent’s risk-taking behavior
Ethology & Evolutionary Development Psychology:
- the study of _______
- the study of adaptive/survival value of behavior
Acquisition of adaptive behaviors: Critical Period
Critical Period:
- biologically prepared to acquire adaptive behaviors during limited time span
Acquisition of adaptive behaviors: Sensitive period
Sensitive Period:
- optimal time
- especially responsive to environmental influences
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory:
- transmission to the next generation of a culture’s values, beliefs, customs, & skills
Cooperative dialogues:
- between children & knowledgeable members of society is necessary
Common Research Methods:
- Systematic observation
- Self-reports
- Case study method
- Ethnography
Systematic Observation: Naturalistic Observation
- observation of behavior in natural contexts
- reflects participants’ everyday lives
Systematic Observation: Structured Observation
- observation behvaior in lab
- gives all participants opportunity to display behavior
Self- Reports: Clinical Interview
- conversational style
- participant’s pov
- lots of info in short period
Self-Report: Structured Interview
- all participant’s ask the same questions
- comparisons
Clinical/ Case Study Method:
- full pitcutre of individual’s psycholoical functioning
- combines info from interviews, observations, test scores, artifacts
- conclusions prob only generalized for peope studied
Ethnography:
- participant observation of cuture or social group
What is a genotype?
- genetic info
- contains expressed & unexpressed characterisitics
What is a phenotype?
- observable characteristics
What is DNA?
chemical substances that make up chromosomes
What are chromosomes?
- rodlike structures (in cells)
- store and trasnmit genetic info
What are genes?
- segements of DNA
- locatred along chromosomes
How many chromosomes ( + pairs) does one human cell have?
- 46 chromosomes
- (26 chromosome pairs)
What is mitosis?
- when DNA duplicates itself
- produces new body cells containing same genetic info
What are autosomes?
- 22 pairs of chromosomes (not sex cells)
What do sex chromosomes do?
determines sex of baby
Sex chromosomes:
- XX = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - XY = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
- XX = female
- XY = male
What are gametes?
- sex cells: sperm & ovum
What are zygotes?
- sperm & ovum untied
What is meiosis?
- when gametes (sex cells) are formed
- halves the # of cell chromosomes present
Meiosis: what happens when there’s an exchange of chromosome segments?
- genetic variability
- chromosomal defects
Twins: Fraternal/ Dizygotic
- two zygots or fertilized ova
- most common
Twins: Fraternal/ Dizygotic
- Major causes:
- older maternal age
- fertility drugs
- in vitro fertilization
Twins: Identical/ Monozygotic
- when a single zygote sperates from two individuals
What are alleles?
- two forms of the same gene, one inherited from each parent
What are homozygous alleles?
- when both alleles are alike
What are heterozygous alleles?
- when both alleles are different
Dominant-recessive inheritance:
- only the dominant allele affects children’s phentotypic characteristics
- carriers: heterozygous (1 recessive allele that can be passed on to children)
What is an x-linked inheritance?
when a harmful alleles is carried on the X chromosome
What is an x-linked inheritance?
when a harmful alleles is carried on the X chromosome
What is mutation?
- when harmful genes are created
Types of mutation: Germline mutation
- takes place in the cells that give rise to gametes
Types of mutations: Somatic mutation
- when normal body cells mututate
- can occur at any time of life
Types of mutations: Somatic mutation
- when normal body cells mututate
- can occur at any time of life
What is polygenic inheritance?
- characterisitics influenced by many genes
- height - weight - intelligence - personality
Chromosomal abnormalities: Down syndrome
- results when 21st chromosome pair fails to separate during meiosis
Chromosomal abnormalities: Sex chromosome abormalities
- caused by problems with X or Y chromosome
- often not recognized until adulthood
- specific intellectual problems
What is genetic counseling?
- helps couples choose best course of action in view of risks & family goals
When is genetic counseling recommended?
- when a couple has difficulties conceiving
- when known genetic problems exist
- when either parent is 35+
Types of reproductive technologies:
- donor insemination
- in vitro fertilzation
- surrogate motherhood
- new technologies
Types of prenatal diagnostic methods:
- maternal blood analysis
- fetoscopy
- ultrasound
Fetal medicine:
- drug administration to fetus
- surgery
- blood transfusions
- bone marrow transplants
Fetal medicine risks include:
- complications
- usually premature labor or miscarriage
What are some environmental contexts for development?
- family influences
- socioeconomic status (SES)
- neighborhoods, schools, cities
- cultural influences
Family influences on development: INDIRECT
Indirect: third parties
e.g. healthy marriage fosters child, effective coparenting
Family influences on development: DIRECT
Direct: two-person relationships
e.g. parent, sibling, marital spouse
Family influences on development: Adapting to changes within & outside family
eg. birth of a baby
Socioeconomic status (SES) combines which three relatable variables?
1.
2.
3.
- years of education (social status)
- prestige of one’s job & kills required (social status)
- income (economis status)
What are some things that socioeconomic (ses) status is linked to?
- timing of marriage & parenthood
- family size
- values & expectations
- communication & discipline style
- parent’s education & economic security
- children’s physical, cognitive, & social development
Behavioral Genetics: How much does heredity contribute to behavior?
Heritability Estimates:
- measures which indivudal differences in complex traits are due to heredity
What is Gene- Environment Correlation?
- the ways in which our genes influences the environments to which we are exposed
Passive Correlation:
- when parents provide environments influenced by their own heredity
Evocative correlation:
- when children evoke responses infuenced by the child’s heredity
Active correlation:
- when children actively seek environments that fit with their genetic tendencies
Active correlation: Niche-picking:
- the tendency to actrively choose environments that complement our heredity
What is epigensis:
- developments results from bidirectional exchnages between heredity & all levels of environment
- genes affect behavior & experiences - experiences & behavior affect gene expression
What is conception?
- when the ovum releases from one of the ovaries once every 28 days
- sperm & ovum unite
- most conceptions result from intercourse on day of ovulation or two days preceding it
What are the three periods of prenatal development?
1.
2.
3.
- Germinal (2 weeks)
- Embryonic (6 weeks)
- Fetal (30 weeks)
Period of Prental Development: Germinal
- fertilization
- development of feeding & protective structures
Period of Prenatal Development: Embryonic
- groundwork for all body structures (cns, muscles, etc.)
- herat begins pupming blood
Period of Prenatal Development: Fetal
- “growth & finishing” phase
- begins at 3rd month
- 2nd trimester (12th-20th week)
- 3rd trimester (22-26 weeks)
What are tertogens?
- environmental agents that cause damage during the prenatal period
Examples of teratogenic substances?
- drugs
- prescription
- nonpresecription
- illegal
- cocain & heroin
- marijuana
Tertogens: Alcohol disorders
- FASD: fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
- FAS: fetal alcohol syndrome
- p-FAS: partial fetal alcohol syndrome
- ARND: alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder
Teratogenic substances: Drugs (Prescription)
- thalidomide
- isotretinoin
- missing limbs
- abnormalities
Teratogenic substances: Drugs (Nonprescription)
- aspirin
- low birth weight, etc.
Teratogenic substances: Drugs (Illegal)
- cocain & heroin
- prematurity
- low birth weight
- physical defects
- breathing difficulties
- promblems with:
- motor skills
- language
- attention & memory
- impulse control
Tertogenic substances: Drugs (Illegal)
-marijuana
- attention
- memory
- academic achievement
difficulties
- impulsivity
- depression & aggression
Teratogens: Tobacco & passive smoking
- low birth weight
- prematurity
- miscarriage
Examples of tertogens:
- tobacco & passive smoking
- alcohol
- radiation
- pollution
- infectious diseases
Tertogens: Radiation (ionizing radiation)
- miscarriage
- underdeveloped brains
- physical deformities
- childhood cancer
Teratogens: Pollution
- physical deformities
- mental retardation
- abnormal speech
Teratogens: Infectious diseases
- Rubella:
- mental retardation
- deafness
- heart abnormalities
- HIV & AIDS:
- if untreated, infant death
by 3
- if untreated, infant death
Tertogenic Effects?
depends on:
- dose
- heredity
- presence of other
negative influences
- age & prenatal sensitive
periods
- delayed health effects may show up decades later *
What are some other maternal factors that can occur in prenatal development?
- nutrition/ malnutrition
- emotional stress
- maternal age
- lack of prenatal health care
Things to monitor & the importance of prenatal care?
- monitor general health
- treat complications
What are the stages of childbirth?
1.
2.
3.
- dilation & effacement of the cervix
- delivery of the baby
- delivery of the placenta
What & when is the APGAR scale used?
- assess newborn’s physical condition
- right after birth
What does APGAR stand for?
(A) pperance (P) ulse (G) rimace (A) ctivity (R) espiration
Birth complications
- Anoxia: oxygen deprivation
- Breech position
What are some medical interventions during childbirth?
- labor & delivery meds
- epidural, analgesia, other anesthetics
- c-section
What does “preterm baby” mean?
- borth 3 weeks or more before due date
What does “small-for-date baby” mean?
- below expected weight for length of pregnancy
- can be preterm or full-
term baby
- can be preterm or full-
Interventions for preterm infants include?
- temperature-controlled isolette
- repirator
- feeding tube
- special simulation
- gentle rocking
- visual/auditory
stimulation - touch (skin-to-skin)
- parent in training in infant caregiving helps in development
What are some newborn reflexes?
- eye blink
- rooting
- sucking
- moro
- palmar grasp
- tonic neck
- stepping
- babinski
- tested to reveal health of baby’s nervous system*
Newborn Reflexes: Babinski
- toe reflexes
- when bottom foot is stroked
Newborn Reflexes: Moro
- sudden loud noise + movement
Newborn Reflexes: Rooting
- when baby’s cheek is stroked + head (turn) movement
Newborn Reflexes: Tonic neck
- cling to caregiver
- embracing motion
