Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Musculo > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Types of connective tissue

A 
Bones
Cartilage
Ligaments
Tendons
Fasciae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Functions of the skeleton

A 
Support
Provide attachments for muscles and tendons
Movement
Production of RBCs
Storage of vitamins and minerals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Muscular system functions

A

Move or stabilize
Production of heat- regulate body temp
Aid in return of blood from the legs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Produce bone matrix during growth and injury

Remember: Baby Bone cells Building Blocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Clean up old cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Osteocytes

A

Cycle of bone

Remember OsteoCYtes= CYcle of bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Compact vs. Spongy Bone

A

Compact- firm outer layer- forms shaft on long bones, covers and protects spongy bones

Spongy- Made of irregular and sparse osteons, soft inner bone, filled with yellow and red marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are long bones?

A

Long, muscles that act on them as rigid levers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are short bones?

A

Equal in width and length and clued across one another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are irregular bones?

A

Neither flat nor long

ex: Pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are flat bones?

A

Protect soft organs and are curved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How many bones are in the body?

A

206

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What makes up the axial skeleton?

A

Skull, hyoid, vertebras and rib cage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What makes up the appendicular skeleton?

A

Arms, legs, shoulders, pelvic girdles, and synovial joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How many bones are in the skull/ face

A

8 cranial

14 facial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What protects the heart, lungs, liver and spleen?

What does it consist of>

A

Thoracic cage

Consists of sternum, 12 pairs of ribs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Name the sections of the vertebral column and how many vertebra are in each section

A 
Cervical- 7
Thoracic- 12
Lumbar- 5
Sacrum- 5- fused
Coccyx- 4, fused

Remember: Cereal, Turkey, Lasagna, Snack, Chocolate/ Candy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Hip bone is also known as?

A

Os Coxae, provides stability and ambulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are synovial joints and what is the function?

A

Small sacs of synovial fluid

provides cushion and lessens wear on areas of high friction

May become inflamed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Tendons

A

Made of dense fibrous tissue.

Attach muscle to bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Ligaments

A

Made of dense fibrous tissue

attach bone to bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Antagonistic muscles

A

Extend, oppose action of another muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Synergistic muscle

A

Balance and fine motor control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A

Cardiac, smooth, skeletal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where are smooth muscles found?

A

Walls of hollow structures, airway, arteries, bladder and uterus
Involuntary
Movement is based on neuronal and hormonal influences and O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Skeletal muscles

A

Voluntary, contracts based on neuronal stimulation

Requires nerve impulses to contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Point of origin?

Point of insertion?

A

origin- point of attachment, unmovable

insertion- point of attachment, moves when muscle contracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Muscular atrophy?

Muscular hypertrophy?

A

Atrophy- absence of contraction, results from immobility

hypertrophy- occur with increased muscular activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Skeletal muscle contraction

A

Nerve impulse>brain/ spinal cord>skeletal muscle fiber>neuromuscular junction>acetylcholine>muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Aging and MS System

A

Functional problems
Weight-bearing joints subject to damage
Decreased bone density, muscle mass, muscle strength and flexibility
shortening of vertebral column
Risk for falls
Osteoarthritis and osteoporosis- not a normal consequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Physical Assessment

A

Health Hx- PMH, surgeries, med use, usual activities, occupation
Inspection/Observation: Posture, Movement, gait, balance, body symmetry, spine- contour, tenderness, warmth, injury
Palpate
Neurovascular assessment
Eval passive and active ROM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Labs for MS System

A

Calcium - 8.5- 10.5
Uric Acid- 2- 7 >7 indicates gout
ESR- Males up to 15
Females up to 20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Phantom Pain

A

Real, address and treat

34
Q

Sprain

A

Stretch or incomplete tear of ligament
Results from twisting motion

Edema and localized pain

35
Q

Strain

A

Tendon or muscle
Excessive stretching

Edema and localized pain

36
Q

RICE

A

R- Rest- for the first 2-3 days
I- Ice- 15-20 minutes for 2-3 hours. ALWAYS the first action, do not use for longer than 30 minutes or directly on skin

C- Compress- helps limit swelling and movement, don’t leave on while sleeping, neurovascular assess

Elevate- Above level of heart

After inflammation subsides use heat for 15-20 min at a time

37
Q

Dislocation

A

End of bones are forced from normal positions
Occur at joints
Requires immediate treatment- splinting and ice

38
Q

Clinical manifestations

A

Severe pain or tenderness
Deformities
Loss of full ROM
Swelling

XR determines extent

39
Q

True/ False- If a dislocation occurs patients are more likely to have future dislocations

A

True

40
Q

Dislocation Treatment

A

Reduce!
Pain management
surgery

41
Q

What is bursitis and where does it occur?

A

Inflammation of the bursa
Common location - shoulders

Prevention is key- strengthen, stretch

42
Q

S/sx of bursitis and treatment

A

Warmth, pain, stiffness, swelling, limited ROM- will worsen with activity

Treatment- RICE, NSAIDs, possible PT, switch to heat therapy after joint is no longer warm

Aspiration of bursal fluid and intra-articular injection of corticosteroids

43
Q

Rotator cuff injury

S/sx
Diagnostics
Treatment

A

Injury occurs when tendon tears- related to repetitive movement or injury

S/sx- shoulder weakness, pain w/ movement, decreased ROM

DX- MRI
TX- RICE, sling, NSAIDs, PT

44
Q

Minor Vs Severe Rotator cuff injury

A

If severe surgery, sling, then PT

45
Q

What is the difference in rotator cuff and dislocation?

A

Rotator cuff you can still move but is limited

46
Q

Carpal Tunnel
What is it?
S/sx?

A

Median nerve compression/ swelling within the tunnel

Can be caused by repetitive movement, edema, trauma

Pain, numbness, paresthesia, muscle weakness, possible fine motor deficits

47
Q

Treatments for carpal tunnel

A

Splint, medication, education, NSAIDs, occasional steroids, surgical intervention: Carpal tunnel release

If surgery- assess 6P’s, pain, rice

48
Q

Fractures

A

Bones begin to repair immediately, take about 6 weeks to heal

49
Q

True or False: Fractures are classified as an emergency?

A

True

50
Q

Classifications of fractures

A

Open, Closed
Complete, Incomplete
Displaced, Nondisplaced

51
Q

Things to remember about fractures

A

you may not see the deformity
Immobilize extremity and immediately rice
Diagnosing a fracture in a child can be difficult

52
Q

Clinical manifestations of fractures

A

Pain- immediate and increase with movement
ROM- decreased
Non weight bearing
Edema
Limb shortening- if this occurs it is a complete or complex fracture
Children may be able to use the affected extremity because of the periosteum

53
Q

Fractures: Labs and diagnostic imaging

A

H&H
ESR
Calcium- osteoporosis
XR, CT, MRI

54
Q

Fractures: Assessment

A 
Integumentary- skin lacs, temp, hematomas, edema
Cardiovascular
Neurovascular- delayed cap refill
Musculoskeletal- wiggle toes, circulation, loss of function, bone deformity, muscle weakness
Diagnostic findings
PMH and surgical Hx
Current meds
Mech of injury
55
Q

Fracture management

A 
Reduce bone ends
Immobilize after reduction to maintain alignment
Restore normal function
Prevent deformity or further injury
Relieve pain
Elevate
56
Q

True or False after a cast has been applied you should monitor for compartment syndrome, hot spots and keep in a sling the entire time and avoid getting the cast wet

A

False.
You should monitor for compartment syndrome and hot spots- which indicate infection and avoid it from getting wet but the sling part is false

57
Q

What is Bucks traction?

AKA Skin traction

A

It is a traction device used in femoral or hip fractures where legs are in an extended position and weights (5-10 pounds) are attached to a boot. Causes immobility, provide comfort , relieve muscle spasms and prevent further injury.

58
Q

What are interventions for Bucks traction?

A

Frequent neurovascular, skin, pain and compartment syndrome assessments.
EDU
Assess pulley and weight system but do not touch
Encourage activity and distraction, promote independence

59
Q

What is skeletal traction?

A

Used to treat femur fractures or if bucks doesn’t work. Used pins, wires or screws to aid in alignment which are placed when a patient is under general, spinal, or local anesthetic. Weights are used (20-40 lbs) and can be used for longer duration than Bucks.

60
Q

What are interventions for Skeletal traction?

A

Neurovascular, traction, positioning, body alignment and comfort assessments
Pin site care- aseptic
Promote independence- trapeze bar

61
Q

How often is pin site care performed?

A

1-3 times a day

Medicate patient up to 30 minutes prior to care.

62
Q

What is commonly performed for a fractured hip?

A

ORIF- Open reduction w/ internal fixation

Bone ends are reduced through open reduction, they are then held together using internal fixation devices and rods, may or may not be removed after fracture heals

Nursing care- preop edu, assess
GOAL- early activity

63
Q

When is external fixation used?

A

With severe bone damage- crush or numerous breaks

The fracture is reduced during surgery, screws or pins are used on both sides of fracture.

This immobilizes bones and allows the fracture to heal
Complications: Infections, osteomyelitis or loose pins

64
Q

What medications can be used for fractures

A 
Muscle Relaxants
Prevent spasms, decrease pain
Analgesics
Pain management
Sedatives
Reduction of joints
Tetanus
If significant crush, pins, screws, plates. Received IM
Antibiotics
Prophylactively, pins or open areas
65
Q

What are abnormal findings during a neuro assessment?

A 
Decreased pulses
cool skin
Dusky appearance 
Numbness/tingling
Decreased sensation
Decreased mobility
66
Q

What should you assess for hemorrhages?

A

S/sx of bleeding

VS- decreased BP, Increased HR, Increased RR, color and changes in urine output

67
Q

What are risk factors for infection?

A

Open fractures w/ soft tissue injury
Debridement

Greater risk- DM, Older, delayed healing

68
Q

S/Sx of systemic infection

A

Fever, chills, increased Hr, Decreased BP

69
Q

What are nursing interventions for thrombi?

A 
PREVENTION!
Lovenox- prophylactic
Compression stockings
SCDs
ROM^
Early ambulation
70
Q

True or false: Compartment syndrome is not considered a medical emergency

A

FALSE- impaired tissue perfusion

71
Q

Compartment syndrome
Causes
Treatment

A

Decreased compartment size, increased compartment contents- bleeding, edema, tissue swelling, inflammation, Iv infiltration

*** swelling + pressure compromises function of blood vessel, nerves and tendons= reduction of circulation and capillary perfusion
TX: Prevention- Elevate and ICE, determine cause, fasciotomy may be necessary

72
Q

S/SX of compartment syndrome

A

Earliest symptom is severe increasing pain
6Ps
If medicated with opiods and no relief of pain- red flag

73
Q

Complications of compartment syndrome if not treated in time

A

1 Necrosis
2 Infection
3 Renal Failure
4 Rhadomyolsis

74
Q

Is a fat embolism considered an emergency?

A

YES

75
Q

Fat Embolism

A

Occur in most patients with long bone fractures, fat particles get distributed into tissues and organs, symptoms can occur up to 72 hours after injury

76
Q

Which illness has the triad of symptoms and what are they?

A

Fat Embolism
Lungs- ^ RR, HR, hypoxia and cyanosis
Brain- confusion and drowsiness
Skin- petechiae in chest, neck, eyes

77
Q

Nursing care for fat embolisms

A

Prevention- continuous pulse ox monitoring, immobilization
Notify provider immediately if suspected- ABCs
Provide O2, high fowlers, decrease movement, IV fluid

Labs and dx tests- CXR, MRI of brain, ABGs

78
Q

Osteomyelitis
What is it?
S/sx?

A

Infection of the bone can be acute (<4 wks) or chronic, difficult to treat
S/sx- Fever, diaphoresis, malaise, inflammation, restricted movement

79
Q

Diagnostics for osteomyelitis

A

CBC
ESR
BoneBiopsy, Blood cultures, Imaging

80
Q

Nursing care for osteomyelitis

A 
Meds - IV ABX, long term ABX 4-6 weeks
Immobilization
Hyperbaric Oxygen therapy
Surgery - debridement or amputation
PREVENTION
Sterile dressings
Assess neuro and pain
EDU- abx, wound care and hygiene

Musculo (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions