Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Multicellular
Heterotrophs
zygote undergoes clevage (mitosis) to create bastula
A
Metazoans
2
Q
bilateral
radial
asymmetrical
A
types of symmetry
3
Q
sudden appearance and apparently rapid diversification of complex animals
A
Cambrian Explosion
4
Q
Type of symmetry
correlated with cephalization
A
bilateral symmetry
5
Q
the concentration of nervous and sensory tissues and organs at one end of an animal, resulting in distinct anterior and posterior ends.
A
cephalization
6
Q
Invertbrates can be classified by
A
multicellular
acellular (without cells)
unicellular (single celled)
7
Q
formed in the early stages of embryonic devleopment and gives rise to adult tissues/organs
A
germ layers
8
Q
Type of symmetry
A
Radial symmetry
9
Q
Type of symmetry
A
asymmetrical
10
Q
2 germ layers (ectoderm + endoderm)
A
Diploblastic
11
Q
3 germ layers ( ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm)
A
Triploblastic
12
Q
outermost layer of cells
A
ectoderm
13
Q
types of germ layers
A
mesoderm
ectoderm
endoderm
14
Q
innermost layer of cells
A
endoderm
15
Q
rise from the ectoderm or endoderm
lies between the ectoderm and the endoderm
A
mesoderm
16
Q
animals possessing a coelom
mesoderm lines body cavity on both sides
A
coelmates or eucoeolmates
17
Q
What body cavity type is this?
A
Coelmate or eucoelmate
18
Q
internal, fluid-filled body cavity
lying between the gut and the outer body wall
lined lined by epithelium (mesoderm derived)
acts as a protective cushion for internal organs
A
coelom
19
Q
Blastophore becomes mouth
mouth before anus
spiral clevage and deteminate
coelom formation: as a splitting of the mesoderm
A
Protostomes
20
Q
process of the coelom is formed by splitting the mesoderm tissue
Protostomes does this
A
schizocoely
21
Q
Blastophore becomes the anus
anus before mouth
radial cleavage and indeterminate
coelm formation: evagination of the archenteron into the embryonic blastocoel
A
Deuterostomes
22
Q
Coelmates are divided into
A
Protosomes or Deuterostomes
23
Q
occurs in Deuterostomes
mesoderm develops as pouches
which are pinched off from the endoderm tissue
eventually fuse to form the mesoderm
giving rise to coelm
A
enterocoely
24
Q
internal body cavity derived from the blastocoel
mesoderm do not line entire body cavity (only body cavity not gut)
no true coelm
A
Pseudocoelomates
25
internal space that develops in the embryo before gastrulation
blastocoel
26
![]()What body cavity type is this
Pseudocoelomate
27
![]()what body cavity is this?
acoelomate
28
no internal body cavity
no colem
acoelomate
29
invertebrates are said to be:
paraphyletic
or
monophyletic
paraphyletic
30
do not undergo meiosis
asexual reproduction
Ameiotic
31
eggs develop to adulthood without the process of fertilization
parthenogenesis
32
sexes are seperate
gonochoristic or diecious
33
both male and female sex organs
Hermaphrodite/monocieous
34
innerbody surface lined with flagellated cells
sessile
filter feed
inside body filled with spongocell
chanocytes (collar cells) lines spongocell
mesophyl layer with live cells
archaeocytes swim around in the mesophyl
outer layer composed of pinaocytes
asxeual reproduction
poriferans
35
defining charactestic of Porifera phylum
microvillar collar arround the flagella
with cells that arise from single cells or syncytia
36
collar cell with flagellum and microvilli
choanocyte
37
responsible for digesting food captured by chanocytes
role in eliminating wastes
secrete spicules or spongin
archaeocytes
38
cells secreting spicules
derived from archaeocytes
sclerocytes
39
cells secreting sponge cells
derived from archaeocytes
spongocytes
40
dormant structures
found in freshwater sponges
internal buds involved in asexual reproduction
gemmules
41
flattened contractile cells
forms pinacoderm
pinacocyte
42
water flows into the spongocell through the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
ostia
43
water flows out the spongocell through the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
oscula
44
![]()
anatomy of sponge
45
Classes of Phylum Porifera
Calcarea
Demospongiae
Hexactinellida
Homoscleromorpha
46
most primitive phylum
porifera
47
basic sponge anatomy
48
spicules composed of calcium carbonate
only class of sponges to have all 3 body plans
Class Calcarea
49
sponge body plans
leuconoid
asconoid
syconoid
50
simplest body plan
tube or vase shaped
sponogcell surrounded by chanocytes
single osculum
asconoid
51
highest complexity
no spongocoel
flagellated chambers with chanocytes
mutiple osculum
leuconoid
52
tube or vased shaped body
spongocoel
single osculum
thick and more complex body wall
syconoid
53
largest class of sponges
mostly leuconoid body
spicules of silicia or spongin
freshwater sponges
Class Demospongiae
54
6-rayed spicules made of silica and chitin
either syconoid or leuconoid
no pinacoderm layer
outer and inner layer syncytial
Class Hexactinellida
glass sponges
55
few silica spicules or none at all
clear, distinct basal membrane underlying the epithelium
Class Homoscleromorpha
56
hollow blastula
coeloblastula
57
sponge larvae that is flagellated at only one end
amphiblastula
58
solid blastula without a blastocoel
stereoblastula
59
Defining characterisitcs
Small, multicellular
no defined shape
lack of a body cavity, digestive system and nervous system
2 layers of ciliated epithelial cells
layer of multinucleated contractile cells in between
Phylum Placozoa
60
Defining characterisitics
Secretion of complex intracellular organelles (cnidae- nematocysts)
planula larvae in the life cycle
Phylum Cnidaria
61
Body types in Cnidarians
polyp
medusa
62
medusa body form
63
polyp body form
64
typically radial symmetry
gonochorisitic
tentacles surrounding the mouth
single opening to the digestive system
secrete cnidae
2 cell layer (epidermis + gastrodermis+ mesoglea)=diploblastic
cnidarians
65
secretion of complex intracellular organelles in cnidarians
cnidae
66
stinging structure in cnidarians used to stun or kill prey
nematocysts
67
cnidarian body plan
68
organ of balance and orientation in aquatic inverts
statocyst
69
eyespot
light receptors
ocelli
70
sensory touch receptor
lappets
71
medusa specific sensory structure
where statocysts and ocelli are contained
rhopalia
72
subphylum of aquatic parasitic cnidarian animals
infects invertebrate and vertebrate hosts
Myxozoans
73
74
Defining characterisitcs
Plates of fused cilia arranged in rows
adhesive prey-capturing cells (colloblasts)
Ctenophora
75
biradial symmetry
triploblastic
epidermis + gastrodermis +mesoglea = diploblastic
hermaphroditic
ctneophores
76
sticky granules on the tentacles of a ctenophore
helps capture prey
colloblast
77
site of extracellular digestion
stomodeum
78
79
free-living flatworms
permanent gut cavity
statocyst + two statoliths
sperm with a single flagellum
Nemertodermatids
80
Xenacoelomorpha splits into:
Acoels, Nemertodermatids, Xenoturbella
81
eats bivalves and bivalve embryos
worm shaped
bilaterians
hermaphrodites
marine, benthic
Xenoturbella
82
marine species
blind gut
statocyst + single statolith
resemble flatworms
bilateral
net-like nervous system
lack nephridia
Acoels
83
Lacking a body cavity between the gut and the outer body wall musculature
Acoelomate
84
structure in the statocyst, which allows certain invertebrates to sense gravity and balance
statolith
85
Defining Characteritics
curved, chitinous, grasping spines on head = seizing prey
lateral stabilizing fins made from ectodermal derivatives
Chaetognatha
86
large SA:V
post-anal tail
nutrient transport by circulation of coelmatic fluid
hermaphrodites
arrow worms
free living, marine
gas exchange and excretion = diffusion
no respiratory, excretory and circulatory system
ciliated body cavity
torpedo body
deuterostomous coelomates
cleavage = radial and indeterminant
nervous system (ganglia)
transparent
lateral fins + caudal fin = anchors for body
no molted cuticle
Chaetognaths
87
diagram of chaetognath
88
Plathyhelminthes (flatworm) classes
turbellarians- free living
parasitic (monogeneans, trematodes, and cestodes)
89
most primitive bilateral animal
1st to have evolved a true mesoderm
ciliated epidermis
locomotion : pedal waves/looping
duo-glands
benthic
Turbellarians
90
high SA: V
acoelomate
hermaphedite
triploblastic
protonephridia
gas exchange = diffusion
no respiratory or circulatory system
bilaterally symmetrical
**protostome-like:** spiral determinate clevage
mouth forms before the anus, and forms from the blastopore.
Platyhelminthes
91
tissue that occupies the entire space between the outer body wall and the endoderm of the gut
parenchyma tissue
92
in flatworms to help with water balance
protonephridia (flame cell)
93
in flatworms a cell that draws water in and expels back out
removes waste material
if bundled called = protonephridia
flame cell
94
planarian body
95
96
waves
(in the same direction as the movement) or
(in the direction opposite to the movement
pedal waves
97
planarian body section
98
adhesive and release system in flatworms
duo-glands
99
unique to turberllarians
adhesion
thick mucus
rhabdites
100
protrusible
feeding structure
pharynx
101
how regeneration is possible
undifferentiated cells
unqiue to turberllarians
neoblast
102
Defining Characterisitcs
Small anterior hooked attachment organ (scolex)
division of body into seg-ments (proglottids) arising from anterior end, behind the scolex
(loss) of digestive tract
Cestoda
tapeworms
103
nonciliated syntical tegument that covers them
cestodes
104
hooks and/or suckers that are used to maintain position within the host’s gut.
scolex
105
cestoda
106
involved sexual reproduction in cestodes
prottogloid
107
larval form of a tapeworm once it has been ingested by an intermediate host animal
oncosphere
108
Defining characteritics
Posterior attachment organ (haptor)
sucker and complex attachments
larva = 3 bands of cilia
1 or 2 pairs of eyes
class monogea
109
usually parasitic on the skin or gills of fishes ( ectoparasites)
Monogenetic flatworms
110
haptor
attachement in monogeans
111
body covered by cuticle
oral sucker + ventral sucker
2 hosts
hermaphedites
Class Trematoda
112
trematoda
113
a vertebrate **Definitive** host = sexual reproduction
**intermediate** host = asexual reproduction
asexual repduciton produces cercariae
Completed when eggs shed by adult worms are excreted in host feces and hatch to release **ciliated miracidia**
Trematoda life cycle
114
acoelomate
benthic
live intersetially between sediment
cilia covered by cuticle
sexual reproduction
monoecious
adhesive tubes at the end
Gastrotricha
115
part of phylum mesozoa
live in kidneys of cephalphods like squids and octopuses
lack digestive, respiratory, nervous, and excretory systems
sexual and asexual reproduction
Class Rhombozoa
116
2 phases of life cycle
vermiform nematogen (embryo+adult)
Rhombozoa life cycle
117
adults of rhombozoans (long/slender)
have a central cylindrical cell= axial cell
and
layer of ciliated external cells= peripheral cells
vermiforms
118
part of mesozoa
endoparisitic
juveniles take the form of asymmetrical, multinucleate but syncytial, amoebalike individuals=plasmodia
Orthonectida
119
deifining characteritics
Muscular eversible proboscis housed in a fluid-filled, schizocoelous cavity
Nemertea
120
ribbon worm
have stylet at end of proboscis
one-way di-gestive tract, with an anterior mouth and a separate pos-terior anus
hollow proboscis
fluid filled d, tubular cavity called the rhynchocoel
triplobastic
acoelmate
ciliated epidermis
dioceious
nemertea
121
no body cavity
aceolmate
