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Cardiopulmonary > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Red Blood Cell Count

A

5,000,000,000,000 cells/Liter

5 trillion cells/L

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1
Q

Hematocrit

A

Men: 37-49% is the proportion of cells to plasma

Women: 36-46% is the proportion of cells to plasma

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2
Q

Prehypertension

A

120-139mmHg systolic or 80-89mmHg diasystolic

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3
Q

Stage 1 HTN

A

140-159 mmHg systolic or 90-99 mmHg diastolic

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4
Q

Stage 2 HTN

A

160 and higher systolic mmHg or 100 mmHg or higher diastolic

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5
Q

Normal Cholesterol

A

<200 mg/dL^4

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6
Q

Borderline high cholesterol

A

200-239 mg/dL^4

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7
Q

High cholesterol

A

> 240 mg/dL^4

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8
Q

HDL

A

Men: 40-50 mg/dL^3

Women: 50-58 mg/dL^3

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9
Q

Normal LDL

A

<100 mg/dL^6

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10
Q

Borderline high LDL

A

130-159 mg/dL^6

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11
Q

High LDL

A

160-189 mg/dL^6

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12
Q

Very high LDL

A

> 189 mg/dL^6

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13
Q

White Bloodcell Count (WBC)

A

4,500-11,000 cells/mm^3

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14
Q

Platelet Count (PLT)

A

150,000-450,000

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15
Q

Hemoglobin (Hgb - iron)

A

Men: 13-18 g/dL

Women: 12-16 g/dL

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16
Q

Orthostatic HTN procedure

A

Have patient rest in supine for 3 mins
Move them into sitting and take vitals
Have them rest in sitting for 3 mins
Move them into standing and take vitals

If BP decreases >20mmHg systolic or >10mmHg diastolic or if heart rate increases >15bpm =Orthostatic Hypertension

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17
Q

Cardiac Enzymes

A

Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK-MB), Troponin, Lactic Dehydrogenase

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18
Q

Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK-MB) are cardiac enzymes that…

A

Are released when myocardial cells die.

Appears 3-6 hours after MI
Peak at 18-24 hours
Normalizes in 2-3 days

CPK-BB is similar but for brain damage

Less than 2.5 is normal

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19
Q

Troponin 1 is a cardiac enzyme that

A

Indicates myocardial injury, unstable angina, and increased risk for mortality w/in next few months

Appear: 3-6 hours after MI
Peak:14-28 hours
Normalizes: 7-14 days after MI

Normal Values: 0.0-0.14 (notes) Less than 0.6 ng/ml (Patho book)

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20
Q

Lactic Dehydrogenase is a cardiac enzyme that…

A

Appears: 12-24 hours
Peaks: 48-72 hours
Normalizes: 6-12 days

Normal amounts: 17-27%

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21
Q

Sternal Precautions (8 weeks)

A

No lifting both arms over 90 degrees at the same time
No lifting, pushing, pulling over 8 lbs
No shoulder extension
No driving
No shoulder abduction
Avoid using arms for bed mobility and transfers

22
Q

Stage 1 HTN Drugs (without compelling indications)

A

Thiazide-type diuretics for most ppl. May consider ACE Inhibitors, ARB, BB, CCB, or combination

23
Q

Stage 2 HTN Drugs (without compelling indications)

A

Two drug combo for most (usually Thiazide-type diuretic and ACE Inhibitors or ARB, or BB, or CCB)

24
Q

Hypokalemia Adverse Effects

A

DYSRHYTHMIAS, weakness, fatigue, Muscle cramps, constipation

25
Q

Hypomagnesemia Adverse Effects

A

Weakness, confusion, diminished reflexes, muscle twitching, dysrhythmias

26
Q

Hypercalcemia Adverse Effects

A

Greater GI effects, excessive thirst, frequent urination, constipation, N/V

27
Q

Beta 1 Blockers (cardioselective)

A

Atenolol (Tenormin)
Bisoprolol (Zebeta)
Metoprolol

28
Q

Nonselective Beta Blockers (Beta 1 and 2)

A

Carvedilol (Coreg)
Labetalol (Trandate)
Propranolol (Inderal)

29
Q

Alpha & Beta Beta Blockers

A

Carvedilol (Coreg)

Labetalol (Trandate)

30
Q

Beta Blockers Site of Action

A

Bind at Beta-adrenoreceptors to block binding of NE and E which inhibits normal sympathetic effects of these receptors

Beta 1 are cardiac specific
Beta 2 are lung specific
Alpha deal with peripheral vasculature

Ends in -OLOL

31
Q

Diuretics (Thiazide, Loop, Potassium-Sparing, Aldosterone Antagonists) for HTN

A

Diuretics causes diuresis which decreases plasma volume which decreases cardiac output and depresses BP

End in -ONE or -AZIDE

32
Q

Adverse Effects of Diuretics

A 
Hypokalemia
Hypomanesemia 
Hypercalcemia
Hyperglycemia
Hyperuricemia
Increased urination
Kidney Stones (Potassium-Sparing)
Gynecomastia (Aldosterone Antagonists)
Impotence (Aldosterone Antagonists)
33
Q

Beta Blockers Adverse Rxns

A

Bradycardia (reduces workload)
Decreased Exercise Tolerance
Cold Extremities
Depression

In Non-Selective Drugs:
Bronospasm (SOB, dry cough)
Block Hypoglycemic Sx
Increased Risk for Hypoglycemia

34
Q

ACE Inhibitors

A

Stops the conversion of Angiotensin 1 to 2 in blood vessels resulting in vasodilatation

Used in pts with HTN, CHF, MI

Ends in -PRIL

35
Q

ACE Inhibitor Adverse Reactions

A

Hyperkalemia
Lightheadedness
Dry Cough
Renal Insuffiency (transient decrease in GFR)

36
Q

Angiotensin 2 Receptor Blockers (ARB)

A

Block Angiotensin 2 at the receptor to keep BP down

Indicated for HTN, CHF, MI

End in -SARTAN

37
Q

Calcium Channel Blockers

A

Cause relaxation of cardiac and smooth muscle by blocking voltage sensitive calcium channels

Two Main Classes: Dihydropyridines (DHPs) and Non-Dihydropyridines(Non-DHPs)

DHPs are indicated for HTN, Angina
Non-DHPs are indicated for HTN, Angina, Atrial Arrhythmias

DHPs end in -DIPINE
Non-DHPs end in -AZEM and -AMIL

38
Q

Calcium Channel Blockers Side Effects

A

Muscle Weakness
GERD
Constipation

39
Q

Cardiac Glycosides (Digitalis)

A

Indications: CHF

Increases how forcefully the heart contracts (positive iontropy) by inhibiting Na/K-ATPase pump causing Na to Increase and Ca to accumulate (stronger contraction) and vasoconstriction of smooth muscle

Almost always will have a combo prescription with a potassium supplement

40
Q

Cardiac Glycosides (Digitalis) Side Effects

A 
Bradycardia
Fatigue
Dizziness
Visual Problems
Hypokalemia
41
Q

Nitrodilators

A

Indications: ANGINA, CHF

Forms Nitric Oxide leading to smooth muscle relaxation

Common Nitrodilators: Short-Acting Nitrates- Nitroglycerin spray & sublingual, Long-Acting Nitrates- Isosorbride

42
Q

Nitrodilators Side Effects

A

Headaches (blood pools in the head)
Lightheadedness
Orthostatic HTN

Take meds while sitting

43
Q

Anticoagulants

A

Indications: To prevent and treat VENOUS thromboembolism (clotting in the legs)

Heparin- Inhibits thrombin & factor X in the coagulation pathway

Warfarin- Antagonizes Vit. K which is necessary for several coagulation factors to work

44
Q

Anticoagulants Side Effects

A 
Pettechia (small blood vessels that burst, pink dots)
Nose bleeds
Blood in stool
Easy Bruising
New onset of pain
Hypotension
45
Q

Antiplatelets/Antithrombotics

A

Indications: To prevent ARTERIAL thrombus

Inhibits platelet (thrombocyte) aggregation

Examples: Aspirin, Clopidogrel (Plavix)

46
Q

Antiplatelet/Antithrombotics Side Effects

A

Risk of bleeding

Bruising Easily

47
Q

Antihyperlipedemics (Statins)

A

HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors= STATINS

Indications: First agent for treating High Cholesterol (>240 mg/dL^4)

Inhibits HMG-CoA Reductase, which helps in production of cholesterol in the liver, thereby reducing cholesterol production

48
Q

Antihyperlipedemics (Statins) Side Effects

A 
*Myalgias*
Gas
Diarrhea
Dyspepsia (GI reflux)
Increased liver enzymes
49
Q

Rhabdomyolysis

A

Serious Adverse Reaction (to Statins?)

Breakdown of myoglobin in skeletal muscle that gets released into the bloodstream and moves into Kidneys

Sx:
Dark, red or coke-like urine (call 911)
Muscle pain or tenderness
Confusion
Fatigue
50
Q

Blood Pressure Equation

A

BP= Cardiac Output (SV x HR) x Peripheral Vascular Resistance

51
Q

Chronic HTN increases:

A 
Workload on the heart
Risk for ischemia and infarct
Risk for heart failure
Risk for a lower cardiac output
Lower Exercise Tolerance
Organ damage- brain and kidneys
52
Q

Triglycerides

A

Normal <150 mg/dL

53
Q

Family History Risk Factors for CAD

A

Higher risk if a 1st degree female family member had their 1st coronary event < 60 yo

Higher risk if a 1st degree male relative had 1st coronary event <55 yo

Cardiopulmonary (3 decks)

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