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Microbiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Name two people who made significant contribution to the invention of microscope

A

R. Hooke and A. Leeuwenhoek

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2
Q

Name the person who discredited the idea of spontaneous generation

A

L. Pasteur

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3
Q

Who proposed germ theory

A

L. Pasteur

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4
Q

who developer antiseptic technique in surgery

A

Lister

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5
Q

Who formalized standards to equate germs with infectious disease (one germ = one disease)

A

Koch

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6
Q

Who developed pure culture technique?

A

KOch

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7
Q

Mycology

A

Study of fungi

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8
Q

Protozoology

A

Study of parasitic protozoans

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9
Q

Microbial ecology

A

Study of microorganisms

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10
Q

Two domains of prokaryotes

A

Bacteria and archaea

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11
Q

two scientist who discovered that bacteria can mutate to generate the resistance to viral infections

A

Luria. Dulbruck

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12
Q

Two scientists who demonstrated that DNA the the genetic material of inheritance

A

Hershey and Chase

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13
Q

Define eukaryotic cell

A

Membrane bound nucleus and organelles (e.g. plant, animal, fungi, prostis cells)

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14
Q

Define prokaryotic cell

A

No membrane bound nucleus (bacteria, archaea)

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15
Q

Two scientist who made significant contribution to the initial development of antibiotics

A

Elrich and Fleming

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16
Q

Homeostasis

A

Stable equilibrium of internal environment

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17
Q

Parts of cellular respiration in eukaryotes

A

mitochondria

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18
Q

Parts of cellular respiration of prokaryotes

A

Cytoplasm and cell membrane

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19
Q

Three components of eukaryotic endomembrane system

A

ER (smooth and rough)
Golgi apparatus
lysosomes

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20
Q

Functions of mitochondria

A

Transform chemical energy into ATP (cellular energy)

= cellular respiration

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21
Q

Functions of chloroplast

A

Transform light energy into chemical energy

= photosynthesis

22
Q

Two structures of cell motility

A

Flagella and cilia

23
Q

Functions of cell walls

A

water balance (through osmosis)
structural support
shape
resist lysis

24
Q

Endosymbiotic theory refers to two organelles:

A

mitochondria and chloroplast

25
Taxonomy is
scientific discipline of naming and classifying organisms within a framework of evolutionary relationships
26
2 major categories of microscopes used in study of microorganisms
compound light | electron
27
3 methods to enchase contrast of light microscopy
simple stain negative stain gram stain
28
Common cell shapes of bacteria
Bacillus, coccus (both can pair,cluster or form chains) | Spiral
29
Chemotaxis
Following the concentration gradient of a chemical attractant
30
Glycocalyx
Sticky layer of polysaccharides secreted externally on a cell wall
31
Functions of glycocalyx
Protect cell from environment | Help attach to the surfaces
32
Biofilm
Multicellular communities of bacteria embeaded in matrix = slime
33
Properties of biofilm
Adhere to surfaces with electrostatic force, pili, glagella or glycocalyx Tolerant to antibiotics and antimicrobials
34
Procaryotic cell envelope
complex structure that forms two wrappings around the cell cytoplasm - Cell wall: Outermost wrapping; key feature of most prokaryotic cells. Cell membrane: Inner wrapping; controls transport of nutrients and metabolic products into and out of the cell.
35
Two types of bacterial cells that are different in their cell wall components
``` Gram positive ( thick, 3D peptoglycan layer; contains teichoic acid) Gram negative ( 2D peptoglycal layer; NO teichoic acid; pores/channels) ```
36
Missing component in archaeal cell wall vs bacterial cell wall
No peptidoglycan
37
cellular properties of cell membrane
(1) Cell membranes are thin enclosures that form closed boundaries. (2) Cell membranes are made up of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates. (3) Cell membranes consists of a phospholipid bilayer. (4) Cell membranes are held together by non-covalent interactions (5) Membranes are fluid-like structure.
38
Plasmids
molecules of non-essential DNA
39
Functions and properties of plasmids
Plasmids can be transferred between cells during genetic recombination. Can be used as vectors in genetic engineering. Provide genetic flexibility in populations, such as antibiotic resistance.
40
Bacterial phyla that is responsible for oxygen in Earth early atmosphere
Cyanobacteria
41
Two phyla in archaea
Euryarchaeote and Crenarchaeote
42
Three stages of microbial cell cycle
Growth - DNA replication - binary fission
43
What is generation time
Interval of time required to progress through cell cycle and produce two cells
44
Four phases of the bacterial growth curve and their definition
1 Lag phase: Bacteria adapt to their new environment; no cell division occurs. 2 Logarithmic (log) phase: Exponential growth of the population occurs; human disease symptoms usually develop. 3 Stationary phase: Reproductive and death rates equalize. 4 Decline phase: Accumulation of waste products and scarcity of resources cause the population to die.
45
Quorum sensing
Quorum sensing is a process of chemical communication. – Cells work together to ration nutrients during the stationary phase. – Social conflicts, such as the need for protection versus the need for access to nutrients, are resolved by a division of labor within the biofilm.
46
Two strategies bacterial cells use when live in unfavorable conditions
Persister cells can stop dividing but maintain a low rate of metabolism under stress. Endospores are formed in response to nutrient limitation.
47
physical factors that affect the optimal growth of microorganisms
temperature pH osmotic pressure
48
4 groups of microorganisms based on the optimal temperature for growth
Psychrophiles: – below 15ºC Mesophiles: – range of 10ºC to 45ºC Thermophiles: – Live best around 60ºC Hyperthermophiles - above 80ºC
49
Three groups of microorganisms based on the optimal pH for growth
Neutrophiles (neutral pH) Acidophiles are acid-tolerant bacteria Alkaliphiles (above pH 9)
50
three groups of microorganisms based on the optimal osmotic pressure for growth
Halophiles Non-halophiles Halotolerant
51
Chemical factors needed for microbial growth
Carbon and oxygen; other essential chemical elements such as nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorous; and organic growth factors such as vitamins and amino acids.
52
4 groups of microorganisms based on the oxygen requirements for growth
obligate aerobes microaerophiles anaerobes capnophilic bacteria

Microbiology (1 decks)

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