Exam 1

Question 1

1. -6. Name the order (from smallest to largest) of electrolyte ranges
2. What are the 2 intracellular electrolytes?
3. what are the 2 extracellular electrolytes?

Answer 1

1. Magnesium (Mg): 1.5-2.5
2. Phosphorus (P): 2.0-4.6
3. Potassium (K): 3.5-5.0
4. Calcium (Ca+): 9-11
5. Chloride (Cl-): 98-106
6. Sodium (Na+): 135-145
7. potassium and phosphate
8. sodium and chloride

Question 2

1. What is the main organ that sodium (Na+) affects? and What is its range?
2. What are the main causes of hypo and hypernatremia?
3. What are the symptoms of hypo and hypernatremia? Shared symptoms?
4. what functions does sodium play a role in?

Answer 2

1. The brain. 135-145
2. Hypo: meds, heart, kindney, and liver problems, SIADH, too much water intake.
   Hyper: Dehydration, Diabetes insipidus, diet, kidney, meds
3. Hypo: headache, irritability, vomiting, seizures.

Hyper: restlessness, thirst, tetany, high temp, high BP, high ADH, high aldosterone.

Shared: confusion, altered mental status, weakness, headache, irritability, seizures, coma

4. ECF volume and concentration, generation and transmission of nerve impulses, muscle contractility, acid-base balance.

Question 3

1. What is the range for potassium?
2. What is the main organ affected by potassium?
3. What are the symptoms and major causes of hypo and hyperkalemia? Shared symptoms?
4. What does potassium play a role in?
5. What regulates potassium?

Answer 3

1. 3.5-5.0
2. the muscles. HEART
3. Hypo: weak irregular pulse, fatigue, lethargy, low tendon reflexes, arrhythmias, decreased GI motility, weak respiratory muscles, hyperglycemia.

Hyper: bradycardia, cramping and leg pain, abdominal cramps, increased GI motility, paresthesia. Most common cause is renal failure.

Shared: muscle cramps and weakness, ECG changes

4. transmission and conduction of nerve and muscle impulses, cellular growth, cardiac rhythms, acid-base balance
5. the kidneys

Question 4

1. What is the range for magnesium?
2. What are the symptoms of hypo and hypermagnesemia?
3. What counteracts magnesium?

Answer 4

1. 1.5-2.5
2. Hypo (think spasm): hyperactive reflexes, tachycardia, Chvostek and Trousseau, dysphagia, nausea and vomiting

Hyper (think floppy): low tendon reflexes, bradycardia, low BP, respiratory depression

3. calcium gluconate

Question 5

1. What is the range of calcium?
2. What are the symptoms of hypo and hypercalcemia?
3. What are the fuctions of calcium?
4. what regulates serum calcium levels

Answer 5

1. 9-11
2. hypo: numbness, tingling, Tetany, hyperactive reflexes, , Chvostek and Trousseau, dysphagia, cardiac dysphythmias
   hyper: low muscle tone, low reflexes, lethargy, stupor, nausea and vomiting, cardiac dysrhythmias,
3. formation of teeth and bone, blood clotting, transmission of nerve impulses, myocardial and muscle contractions
4. balanced control by parathyroid hormone and calcitonin.

Question 6

1. What is the range for phosphorus?
2. What are the symptoms of hypo and hyperphosphatemia?
3. What are the functions of phosphate?
4. What hormone regulates phosphate?

Answer 6

1. 2.0-4.6
2. Hypo: weak pulse, shallow respirations, low BP, low cardia output, tremors, low tendon reflexes

Hyper: same as hypocalcemia, Tetany, hyperreflexia, muscle spasms, tachycardia, nausea, vomiting, cramping

3. Essential to function of muscle, red blood cells, and nervous system, acid-base buffering, ATP production, cellular
   uptake of glucose, and metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
4. parathyroid hormone

Question 7

1. What is the range of chloride?

2. What are symptoms of hypo and hyper chloride?

Answer 7

1. 98-106
2. Hypo: vomiting, low HC03, hypoventilation, respiratory AC, and metabolic alkalosis

Hyper: intense thirst, weakness, kussmaul respirations

Question 8

1. What are some early warning signs that a patient is about to code?

Answer 8

1. changes in breathing, changes in circulation, rigors, fever, or hypothermia, impaired mental status, agitation, pain, patient feels impending doom, or bad gut feelings

Question 9

1. What is a colloid?

Answer 9

1. stays in vascular space and increases osmotic pressure

2. examples of colloids arehuman plasma products such as albumin, and semisynthetics such as dextran and startches).

Question 10

1. Norms for the following:

pH, PaCO2, and HCO3

Answer 10

1. pH = 7.35-7.45
   PaCO2 = 45-35 (the high end is more acidic)
   HCO3 = 22-26