Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
prefix bio means
A
life
2
Q
biology means
A
the study of life and how they intereact w eachother and the enviro
3
Q
what is science
A
process that gives us knowledge. we get the knowledge by osberving/sci method
4
Q
applied sci
A
sci used to solve world problems ie engineering
5
Q
basic sci
A
pure sci, expands knowledge. ex: chemistry
6
Q
inductive reasoning def
A
making a list of mini observations that lead to a general conclusion.
7
Q
deductive reasoning def
A
a person has a general premise for how the world works and then must prove by looking at series of observations.
8
Q
inductive or deductive: uses sci method
A
deductive
9
Q
darwin: inductive or deductive? why?
A
darwin= inductive because he did a series of observations whilst on the gala islands. looked at how the finches differed in beak sizes and the niche that they adapted to and drew the conclusion of: the finches evolved due to natural selection
10
Q
life’s characteristics`
A
homeostasis respon 2 stim sex adapt energy process order
11
Q
what does it mean to be able to process energy
A
this means there must be a source for energy to come thru whether by food or sunlight or sleep. then the energy gets used up as mvmt increases
12
Q
do you believe viruses are alive
A
This question is still up for debate. Right now, the general consensus is “no”. Although viruses are alive by repro, stim, adapt and order- they still do not fit every prereq. Ex: no dev, no energy process and no homo. most importantly they r not made of cells and all living things r made of em.
13
Q
list levels of org from smallest to biggest
A
mol macro nelle cells tissue organs org sys org pop comm eco biosphere
14
Q
eukaryote vs prokaryote
A
euk= mem bound nelle and nuclei prokary= not mem bound nelle and nuclei
15
Q
eu prefix means
A
true
16
Q
pro prefix means
A
before
17
Q
who did modern taxonamy
A
Linneaus
18
Q
what is a phylo tree
A
it shows evo of A that derives from common ancestors
19
Q
woose and fox did 2 things for sci
A
1- showed that there are more domains by creating tree of life
2- creation of tree of life
20
Q
how did woose and fox create the phy tree
A
did comparative gene seq of rRNA
21
Q
species diverse why
A
evoluton driven by nat sec, gene flow, gene drift, mutation caused it
22
Q
evol def
A
when pops change over time
23
Q
what did darwin see on gala
A
saw finches with diff beak sizes on each island and saw how it helped them survive and it was an adaptation for their enviro
24
Q
nat sec
A
the process of developing a good trait. that good trait comes either by mutation or sex repro with two parents who can prody new gene. the good gene then becomes more and more cuz it increases fitness of the indvis. now those with good traits get SELECTED to live and those who dont die
25
4 reasons nat sec always will happen
pop variable and steady
traits heritable and the vary
traits that help indiv will alter the pop over time
more offspring with good traits= more comp
26
what drives nat sec
variation of genes
27
how can we get genes to be diverse (2)
by sex repro or by mutation
28
adaptation def
herit trait that helps org live
29
how does adaptation happen
sex repro or mutation
30
ex of adaptation
camels have 2 eyelids with lashes that sweep out debris
31
divergent evolution
species shows big diff in structures or traits even tho they evolved from common ansector
32
ex of divergent evol. what does this show us
humans and monkeys have common ansector yet ppl foot look diff from monkey foot. shows that each nat hab makes em evolve diff traits 2 live
33
convergent evolution
distant relate org come tg and begin to share similar traits.
34
ex of convergent evol. wut does it show?
bats and insects both have flight even tho they r not related at all. shows that both faced same enviro pressure and had to get adaptations to live
35
evidence of evol (dont describe each one )
fossil
biogeography
anatomy/embryology
molecular biology
36
how do fossils show evid of evol
shows how life used to look. sci can use radiometric datin to see age and see where each one lived relative to other fossils
37
how does anatomy show evolution
it can show that orgs will have similar strucutres due to sharing a common ancestor or due to adapting to same enviro pressures
38
what is a homologous struct and what does it prove
when u compare anat f orgs that are close related, u can see same construction with similar looks but diff functions. proves the sharing of common ancestor
39
ex of homo struct
dog bird whale limbs all have same look but diff func
40
what is vestigial struct
underdvved part wi no func but has adapted into us
41
analgous struct def
anat structs that r similar in unrelated orgs. proves that they dont look the same cuz of common ancestor, but cuz of having to adapt in similar enviros
42
anal struct ex
bird wing vs bat wing
43
how biogeography proves evol
this tracks how A were moving before and after the seperation. shows that altho A were migrating a lot, its the fact the the landmasses broke which show how some may have landed up in aus. this leads to a phys barrier for evolution to cause speciation. this leads to changes in the org. sci can track start point to end point by looking at fossils and see how each one is related
44
how molecular biology proves evo
gene sims across group seen in chroms or genes
45
what r the four myths of evo
1- just a theory
2-indivs evolve
3- explains life orgin
4- evo happens on purpose
46
species def
cant sex eachother
47
speciation def
formation of two species from 1 single species
48
how do u know when speciation has happend
the members cant sex like they used to cuz they diverged from eachtoher
49
two main types of speciation
allopatric vs sympatric
50
allopatric speci def. how does it affect gene flow?
speci occurs thru geographical isolation. this leads to no free flow and causes aLL to pop out cuz of mutations
51
symaptric speci def
happens within subset of parent species and occurs while sharing same home.
52
what is repro isio
when enuf diffs in gene and pehonos, orgs dont wanna sex w eachothear
53
prezygotic vs postzygotic barrier
```
pre= mech that blocks repro from happening
post= mech that causes offspring to die after zygote formatjoni
```
54
gradual speciaiton def
over time evolutuion xhanges which causes species to develop
55
puncuated equilibirum
quick change that dffers from parent and then its unchanged 4ever
56
anapormpohy plus ex
traits that set group of orgs apart from other groups
| ex: feathers r unique to birds only
57
synamoprhies
shared traits within group
| ex: lack of legs seen in snake
58
prefix uni
one
59
prefix pro
before
60
bios def
life
61
eu prefix
true
62
ology
study of
63
multi prefix mean
manby
64
taxonay from largest to more specefic
```
domain
kingdom
phylum
order
family
genus
class
species
```
65
who made taxonamy sys
linneus
66
3 domains
arachea bacteria eukarya
67
which domains are prokaryotic
arachea and bac
68
which domains r eukaryotic
eukarya
69
which domain has multicell orgs
eukarya
70
what did woese and fox do and how
showed that there are domains of bacteria arachea and euk from doing tree of life. created using comparative gene sequencing of rRNA
71
what does a ribosome do
create protein
72
what did castelle and banfield disocver
created new tree of life when they uncovered how there was a lot of diversity amongst bacteria and arcachea
73
nat sec will always happen cuz of these 4 things
traits of bby vary and they are heritable
high offspring prody with high surviv= high competition
traits that help indiv in enviro get altered in pop over time
pops are variable and sizes r stable
74
acclimation vs adpatation
a anatomical or physiological thing that an org can do when put into new enviro not used to. is reversible and not heritable
adaptation= heritable trait that serves org's best interest cuz highs surviv
75
Figure Which is most likely to survive, offspring with 2n+1 chromosomes or offspring with 2n-1 chromosomes?
the one with plus one set of chroms cuz u dont wanna lose genetic material. gaining is better, so more likely to suriv
76
. Which situation is most likely an example of convergent evolution?
Squid and humans have eyes similar in structure.
Worms and snakes both move without legs.
Some bats and birds have wings that allow them to fly.
all of the above
d
77
Which situation would most likely lead to allopatric speciation?
Flood causes the formation of a new lake.
A storm causes several large trees to fall down.
A mutation causes a new trait to develop.
An injury causes an organism to seek out a new food source.
a
78
Which variable increases the likelihood of allopatric speciation taking place more quickly?
lower rate of mutation
longer distance between divided groups
increased instances of hybrid formation
equivalent numbers of individuals in each population
b
79
16 . Which components of speciation would be least likely to be a part of punctuated equilibrium?
a division of populations
a change in environmental conditions
ongoing gene flow among all individuals
a large number of mutations taking place at once
c
80
. Which condition is the basis for a species to be reproductively isolated from other members?
It does not share its habitat with related species.
It does not exist out of a single habitat.
It does not exchange genetic information with other species.
It does not undergo evolutionary changes for a significant period of time.
c
81
Explain why the statement that a monkey is more evolved than a mouse is incorrect.
implies that monkeys made it their goal to evolve and that they did it better than the mouse. but no animal is striving towards the goal of evol. plus the fact that they r both alive shows that both evolved well
82
what powers speciation
reproductive iso
83
pop gene def
selective forces change aLL and geneT freqs of pop over time
84
modern synthesis def
understand rela tween particle genetics and evol process
85
aLL def
a gene variant
86
genotype
genetic info that happens when letters come tg as 1
87
aLL freq
percentage of aLL in pop
88
genT freq
% OF G IN POP
89
G pool
sum of all aLL in pop
90
HW EQ def
no nat sec and have inefinte big pop, then aLL freqs shud b same from gen to gen
91
when u do HW EQ as mathemical-when does he get hurt
when u see the aLL freq from gen 1 to gen 2 change, then he is hurt
92
hardy is happy when (6)
```
no selection pressure for or against geneT
no mutation
random mating
pop is infinte
no migration or emi
no gene flow/gene drift
```
93
random mating def
not allowed to choose mate based on geneT
94
5 vways evol occurs
```
gene drift
gene flow
mutation
nat sec
non random mating
```
95
gene drift def
random event happens and it leaves some indivs alive. aLL freq can either go up down or vanish
96
how gene drift diff from nat sec
cuz enviro chooses fittest. her its about pure luck that will=surv
97
ex of gene drift
small pop of 8 brown rabbits with BB or Bb and 2 white rabs w bb. ran event occur where 5 rabbits r lucky enuf 2 live. now white aLL is v much decreased.
98
in rabit ex: how can the b aLL completely be gone
it can be gone if two BB's sex
99
does gene drift increase gene variaiton
no decrease
100
gene drift has big affects on big or small pop
small
101
y gene drift have big affects on small pop
cuz more chance to lose aLL cuz each indiv in small pop rep larger proportion of entire pop. if it were 10000 rabs then it would take longer to get lost
102
y gene drift decreases surviv
cuz loss of aLL means loss of genT then loss of phenT and then loss of surviv. in all this is loss of genetic vari. genetic vari is important bcuz it gives the chance for the enviro to select for them.
103
2 types of gene drift
founder effect and population bottlenecks
104
founder effect def
small group of indvis break off from big pop and travel somewhere else
105
why is hardy hurt by founder effect
there is a flucation in aLL freq from begin pop vs end pop. plus orgs r not allowed to travel
106
y founder effect decrease gene diverse
owers cuz not same aLL freq seen in org pop vs end pop
107
pop bottleneck def
nat diaster happens. only those who r lucky surv.
108
how does pop bot = decrease gene diversity
cuz the randomness of those who r lucky enuf to survive. therefore not every aLL will be seen in the same freq after the diaser happens
109
why does pop bot hurt hardy
cuz we see decreae in aLL from gen 1 to gen 2. not stable.
110
good pheno/adapt is good only ig
geneT fits enviro and expresses this fit phenotipcally
111
types of nat sec
direcitonal
diversifying
stabilyzing
112
directional nat sec
only one end of the xtreme pheno is perferred
113
stabilizing nat sec
each side of xtreeme pheno not perffered. only avg indivs r
114
diversifying
both ends of xtreme pheno r pefered
115
which type of nat sec is seen to best lead to specation
diversifying
116
which type of nat sec did dar finch do
diversifying cuz enviros selected for both small beaks and lg beaks
117
types of mutations
good
bad
neutral
118
how can a mutation accumlate over time
only if its good or neut
119
fitness of mutation depends on
enviro pressure
120
non random mating def
females choose men who bring the good genes to the table.
121
how non ran drives evol
cuz the men w good traits live on to reproduce. bbys will be seen to have the same good trait
122
population variation def
stuff like gene strucutre and enviro pressures lead to diffs in pheno distubrutuion
123
genetic variance
looking at diveristy of the aLL and GT in pop
124
polyphenism DEF
one gene controls for many phenos 2 appear cuz of enviro pressure
125
what causes polyphenism
enviro pressures
126
ex of polyphenism
crocs may have the gene to determine sex but this particular gene is not heritable because it is a polyphentic one. this means that the way the gene expresses the pheno of sex depends entirely on the temp of the enviro
127
adaptive evol def
caused by nat sec's process of slecting for good aLL which increase freq while simantounsely deselecting for bad aLL which decreases its freq
128
freq dependency (neg) def
says that rare aLL is the best and most advantageous cuz it could prove to be useful.
129
my connection to neg freq depend
if there is zomb apoco, and i am only doctor amongst 20 indivs who are not- obviously i am not only rare but also special for the pop to continue. one could say that if i have sex with a person and i teach them my art- then there will be more docs to help deal with zombs
130
pos freq depen def
this is the nat sec process of survival of the fittest. this doesnt nessacarily mean that those who are rare will live on. aLL cud be common and increase fitness and so thats all it will take to be pos freq depn
131
how did monarchs and milkweeds coevol
cuz they basically used eachother as stepping stones to get to a better advtange point evolutionaryily. the pred mon threatens MW, so MW evolve to be better at producing more poison. here: rare MW who already cud produce more poison explode in numbers cuz enviro selects for em. then mons still want MW and see that there are rare mons who r good at processing the new poison level so their freq aLL explodes. process goes on and on
132
coevol def
two species influecne eachothers evol
133
conclusion of mons vs MW
love hate rela ceases cuz it takes a lot of energy on each side to keep up. now there is mid ground
134
micro evol vs macro evol
microevol= small change in pop but macro= pattern of spe over time changes
135
macroevol leads to new blank and higher blank blank with blank characters
- spe
- taxo groups
- divergent
136
phenotype defintion
an observable trait that is there cuz of the GT's expression of it.
things that u can observe defined as a PT= looks, behavior and devleopement
137
Figure Do you think genetic drift would happen more quickly on an island or on the mainland?
Figure Genetic drift is likely to occur more rapidly on an island where smaller populations are expected to occur.
138
When male lions reach sexual maturity, they leave their group in search of a new pride. This can alter the allele frequencies of the population through which of the following mechanisms?
natural selection
genetic drift
gene flow
random mating
c
139
. What is the difference between micro- and macroevolution?
Microevolution describes the evolution of small organisms, such as insects, while macroevolution describes the evolution of large organisms, like people and elephants.
Microevolution describes the evolution of microscopic entities, such as molecules and proteins, while macroevolution describes the evolution of whole organisms.
Microevolution describes the evolution of organisms in populations, while macroevolution describes the evolution of species over long periods of time.
microevol describes the evolution of organisms over their lifetimes, while macroevolution describes the evolution of organisms over multiple generations.
c
140
Population genetics is the study of:
how selective forces change the allele frequencies in a population over time
the genetic basis of population-wide traits
whether traits have a genetic basis
the degree of inbreeding in a population
how selective forces change the allele
141
Which of the following populations is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
a population with 12 homozygous recessive individuals (yy), 8 homozygous dominant individuals (YY), and 4 heterozygous individuals (Yy)
a population in which the allele frequencies do not change over time
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
a population undergoing natural selection
D
142
```
One of the original Amish colonies rose from a ship of colonists that came from Europe. The ship’s captain, who had polydactyly, a rare dominant trait, was one of the original colonists. Today, we see a much higher frequency of polydactyly in the Amish population. This is an example of:
natural selection
genetic drift
founder effect
b and c
```
D
143
```
Which of the following evolutionary forces can introduce new genetic variation into a population?
natural selection and genetic drift
mutation and gene flow
natural selection and nonrandom mating
mutation and genetic drift
```
B
144
```
Which type of selection results in greater genetic variance in a population?
stabilizing selection
directional selection
diversifying selection
positive frequency-dependent selection
```
DIVERSE sel
145
```
. When males and females of a population look or act differently, it is referred to as ________.
sexual dimorphism
sexual selection
diversifying selection
a cline
```
sex di
146
The biological species concept works well for single celled organisms. t or f
f cuz single celled orgs do asex repro. bsc is for those who sex eacthoehr but are not able to sex others
147
A population has two alleles at a locus Y, y. What are p and q for a population with 12 homozygous recessive individuals (yy), 8 homozygous dominant individuals (YY), and 4 heterozygous individuals (Yy).
q=.42
p=.58
148
In plants, violet flower color (V) is dominant over white (v). If p = .8 and q = 0.2 in a population of 500 plants,
a) How many plants are expected to be homozygous dominant (VV), heterozygous (Vv), homozygous recessive (vv)?
b) how manby plants will be vio and how many=white
VV 320
Vv 160
vv 20
vio 480
white 20
149
All taxonomy uses systematics as its main principle to determine phylogeny.
True / False
F
150
Analogous structures, i.e. bird wings and butterfly wings, evolve due to coevo
t or f
f (not it because birds and butterflies did not influence eachother to evolve and get wings. enviro pressures did. coevo did happen however with monarchs and milkweeds. both speices began to show diff pheontypes over time due to the pressure of being selected for as food (milkw) which led to the change of monarchs being able to better process the milkweed’s posion. both of these species were in a game where milkweeds got better defenses but then mon got better at processing the posion and then milkweeds got even better defenses and then mon got bwetter at blah blah)
151
Throughout history, storms have pushed ground finches from other islands onto Daphne Major. What violation of Hardy-Weinberg does this likely represent?
This represents “no migration”. This type of migration causes genetic drift. Genetic drift changes aLL which violates HWE
152
tax prefix mean
gorup
153
poly=
many
154
phaen=
visibile
155
sym=
with
156
allo=
other
