Exam 1 Flashcards
By definition, veins carry blood _____ the heart
toward
Most of the proteins in the blood are made by the ______
liver
Blood makes up about ____% of body weight in an average person
8
List the components of the blood from most to least numerus
erythrocytes > platelets > neutrophils > lymphocytes > monocytes > eosinophils > basophils
________ _____ cells have the most F-type cation channels
Sinoatrial nodal cells
Most of the gas, nutrient, and waste product exchange occurs in the ______
capillaries
Electrical activity conducts the slowest through the ________ node
atrioventricular
Order the parts of the heart from the first to depolarize to the last
sinoatrial node –> atrial cardiomyocytes –> atrioventricular node –> bundles of His –> Purkinje fibers –> majority of ventricular cardiomyocytes
By definition, arteries carry blood _____ the heart
away
Are arterioles and venules visible without a microscope?
No
The diameter of a ______ is about the same diameter of a single red blood cell
capillary
Males tend to have a ______ hematocrit than females
higher
The _____ of a blood vessel has a greater influence on the flow of blood
radius
Blood flow through a section of an arteriole is _____ near the wall of the blood vessel
slower
The atrioventricular valves open when pressure is higher in the ______
atria
The semilunar valves are open when pressure is higher in the _______
ventricles
The action potential of atrial cardiomyocytes has a ______ plateau phase than that of ventricular cardiomyocytes
shorter
T or F: we need a large pressure difference across an open valve to get blood flow
False (only a small difference)
All the cardiomyocytes in the ventricles are linked by ___ _______
gap junctions
Near the _____ is where the ventricular walls contract first
apex
A resting cardiomyocyte has a high permeability to ______
potassium
During the plateau phase of the action potential, the cardiomyocyte has a high permeability to ______
calcium
During the repolarization phase of the action potential, the cardiomyocyte has a high permeability to _______
potassium
During the upswing of the action potential, the cardiomyocyte has a high permeability to ______
sodium
The activation gate of the voltage-gated sodium channel opens in response to _____
depolarization
The inactivation gate of the voltage-gated sodium channel opens in response to ______
repolarization/hyperpolarization
F-type cation channels open in response to ______
repolarization/hyperpolarization
Inward-rectifying potassium channels open in response to _______
repolarization/hyperpolarization
L-type calcium channels open in response to _______
depolarization
Slow voltage-gated potassium channels open in response to ______
depolarization
_______ are the most common proteins in the blood
Albumins
If blood is allowed to clot before being separated in a centrifuge, the fluid at the top of the tube is called _____
serum
The driving force for bulk flow is _______ _______
pressure differences
The extracellular fluid of the blood is called _____ and makes up about ___% of the blood
plasma, 55%
The goal of the cardiovascular system is to get blood to the _______ because that’s where gas, nutrient, and waster product exchange can occur
capillaries
The resistance to blood flow is due to ______
friction
If a blood sample contains 2.5 mL of red blood cells, 0.1 mL of white blood cells, and 2.9 mL of extracellular fluid, what is the hematocrit?
(2.5 / 5.5) x 100 = 45.5%
The _____, ______, and ______ are the components of the circulatory system
heart, blood, and blood vessels
The ______ ______ is another name for the circulatory system
cardiovascular system
What is the deterministic equation for bulk flow?
flow (F) = change in pressure (delta P) / resistance (R)
In normal physiology, if one cardiomyocyte ______, they all ______
depolarize, depolarize
The first part of the slow depolarization phase in a nodal cell is due to the opening of _____ _____ _____
F-type cation channels
The second part of the slow depolarization in a nodal cell is due to the opening of ______ _______ ______
T-type calcium channels
The upswing of the action potential in a nodal cell is due to the opening of _____ _____ _____
L-type calcium channels
_______ determine the distribution of blood flow
Arterioles
The intrinsic heart rate is ______ (both definition and value)
The heart rate when you take the heart out of the body (100 beats per minute)
The ______ ______ is normally the first area to depolarize
sinoatrial node
The ______ ______ electrically connects the atria to the ventricles
atrioventricular node
The _____ _____ is the normal pacemaker of the heart
sinoatrial node
The main function of the atria of the heart is to ______
store blood during systole
The main function of the ventricles of the heart is to ______
produce pressure to drive blood flow
The purpose of the papillary muscles in the ventricles is to ______
prevent AV valve prolapse
What is the deterministic equation for resistance to blood flow?
resistance (R) = (8 x length (L) x viscosity) / pi x radius (r)^4
What are the 4 types of ion channels in a cardiomyocyte?
Inward-rectifying K+ channels
Fast voltage-gated sodium channels
L-type Ca2+ channels
Slow voltage-gated K+ channels
What are the 5 types of ion channels in a nodal cell?
F-type cation channels T-type Ca2+ channels L-type Ca2+ channels Slow voltage-gated K+ channels Inward-rectifying K+ channels
Calcium must enter through ____ ____ ____ in the T-tubule of cardiomyocytes in order for _______ _______ to open
L-type calcium channels, ryanodine receptors
A wave of repolarization in the heart that moves perpendicular to an ECG lead would cause _____ deflection on the ECG
no deflection
A wave of depolarization in the heart that moves perpendicular to an ECG lead would cause _____ deflection on the ECG
no deflection
______ refers to contraction of the heart
Systole
______ refers to relaxation in the heart
Diastole
The two phases of systole are:
- isovolumetric ventricular contraction
2. Ventricular ejection
The two phases of diastole are: _______
What happens at the end of the second phase?
- Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation
2. Ventricular filling (end of phase 2 = atrial systole)
What are the waves on an ECG and what in the heart causes each wave?
P wave: depolarization of the atria
Q wave: depolarization of the interventricular septum (bundles of His)
R wave: depolarization of most of the walls of the ventricles
S wave: depolarization of the base of the ventricles
T wave: repolarization of the ventricles
The cardiomyocyte _____ _____ is about as long as systole
action potential
Cardiomyocytes never experience _____
tetanus
Cardiomyocytes do not use _______ to generate greater tension
summation
In response to a single action potential in a cardiomyocyte, there is not enough _____ enters the sarcoplasm to saturate _____
calcium, troponin
The ______ return varies throughout the cardiac cycle
venous
The first heart sound marks the beginning of _______
systole
The second heart sound marks the beginning of _______
diastole
You can only hear blood flow when blood flow is _______
turbulent
When cardiac muscle contracts, the compliance of the atrium or the ventricle _______
decreases
A stenosis in either atrioventricular valve is heard between the ______ and ______ heart sound
Second, first
A stenosis in either semilunar valve is heard between the ______ and ______ heart sound
First, second
The deterministic equation for a change in pressure in an elastic structure is _______
change in pressure = (change in volume) / (compliance)
The dicrotic notch is due to ____
the closing of the semilunar valves
The first heart sound is caused by _____
the closing of the atrioventricular valves
The second heart sound is caused by _____
the closing of the semilunar valves
The volume of blood in the left ventricle increases ______ in the first half of ventricular ______
fastest, filling
The volume of blood in the left ventricle decreases _____ in the first half of ventricular _____
fastest, ejection
