Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 322 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

By definition, veins carry blood _____ the heart

A

toward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Most of the proteins in the blood are made by the ______

A

liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Blood makes up about ____% of body weight in an average person

A

8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

List the components of the blood from most to least numerus

A

erythrocytes > platelets > neutrophils > lymphocytes > monocytes > eosinophils > basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

________ _____ cells have the most F-type cation channels

A

Sinoatrial nodal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Most of the gas, nutrient, and waste product exchange occurs in the ______

A

capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Electrical activity conducts the slowest through the ________ node

A

atrioventricular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Order the parts of the heart from the first to depolarize to the last

A

sinoatrial node –> atrial cardiomyocytes –> atrioventricular node –> bundles of His –> Purkinje fibers –> majority of ventricular cardiomyocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

By definition, arteries carry blood _____ the heart

A

away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Are arterioles and venules visible without a microscope?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The diameter of a ______ is about the same diameter of a single red blood cell

A

capillary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Males tend to have a ______ hematocrit than females

A

higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The _____ of a blood vessel has a greater influence on the flow of blood

A

radius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Blood flow through a section of an arteriole is _____ near the wall of the blood vessel

A

slower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The atrioventricular valves open when pressure is higher in the ______

A

atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The semilunar valves are open when pressure is higher in the _______

A

ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The action potential of atrial cardiomyocytes has a ______ plateau phase than that of ventricular cardiomyocytes

A

shorter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

T or F: we need a large pressure difference across an open valve to get blood flow

A

False (only a small difference)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

All the cardiomyocytes in the ventricles are linked by ___ _______

A

gap junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Near the _____ is where the ventricular walls contract first

A

apex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

A resting cardiomyocyte has a high permeability to ______

A

potassium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

During the plateau phase of the action potential, the cardiomyocyte has a high permeability to ______

A

calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

During the repolarization phase of the action potential, the cardiomyocyte has a high permeability to _______

A

potassium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

During the upswing of the action potential, the cardiomyocyte has a high permeability to ______

A

sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The activation gate of the voltage-gated sodium channel opens in response to _____

A

depolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The inactivation gate of the voltage-gated sodium channel opens in response to ______

A

repolarization/hyperpolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

F-type cation channels open in response to ______

A

repolarization/hyperpolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Inward-rectifying potassium channels open in response to _______

A

repolarization/hyperpolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

L-type calcium channels open in response to _______

A

depolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Slow voltage-gated potassium channels open in response to ______

A

depolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

_______ are the most common proteins in the blood

A

Albumins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

If blood is allowed to clot before being separated in a centrifuge, the fluid at the top of the tube is called _____

A

serum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The driving force for bulk flow is _______ _______

A

pressure differences

34
Q

The extracellular fluid of the blood is called _____ and makes up about ___% of the blood

A

plasma, 55%

35
Q

The goal of the cardiovascular system is to get blood to the _______ because that’s where gas, nutrient, and waster product exchange can occur

A

capillaries

36
Q

The resistance to blood flow is due to ______

A

friction

37
Q

If a blood sample contains 2.5 mL of red blood cells, 0.1 mL of white blood cells, and 2.9 mL of extracellular fluid, what is the hematocrit?

A

(2.5 / 5.5) x 100 = 45.5%

38
Q

The _____, ______, and ______ are the components of the circulatory system

A

heart, blood, and blood vessels

39
Q

The ______ ______ is another name for the circulatory system

A

cardiovascular system

40
Q

What is the deterministic equation for bulk flow?

A

flow (F) = change in pressure (delta P) / resistance (R)

41
Q

In normal physiology, if one cardiomyocyte ______, they all ______

A

depolarize, depolarize

42
Q

The first part of the slow depolarization phase in a nodal cell is due to the opening of _____ _____ _____

A

F-type cation channels

43
Q

The second part of the slow depolarization in a nodal cell is due to the opening of ______ _______ ______

A

T-type calcium channels

44
Q

The upswing of the action potential in a nodal cell is due to the opening of _____ _____ _____

A

L-type calcium channels

45
Q

_______ determine the distribution of blood flow

A

Arterioles

46
Q

The intrinsic heart rate is ______ (both definition and value)

A

The heart rate when you take the heart out of the body (100 beats per minute)

47
Q

The ______ ______ is normally the first area to depolarize

A

sinoatrial node

48
Q

The ______ ______ electrically connects the atria to the ventricles

A

atrioventricular node

49
Q

The _____ _____ is the normal pacemaker of the heart

A

sinoatrial node

50
Q

The main function of the atria of the heart is to ______

A

store blood during systole

51
Q

The main function of the ventricles of the heart is to ______

A

produce pressure to drive blood flow

52
Q

The purpose of the papillary muscles in the ventricles is to ______

A

prevent AV valve prolapse

53
Q

What is the deterministic equation for resistance to blood flow?

A

resistance (R) = (8 x length (L) x viscosity) / pi x radius (r)^4

54
Q

What are the 4 types of ion channels in a cardiomyocyte?

A

Inward-rectifying K+ channels
Fast voltage-gated sodium channels
L-type Ca2+ channels
Slow voltage-gated K+ channels

55
Q

What are the 5 types of ion channels in a nodal cell?

A 
F-type cation channels
T-type Ca2+ channels
L-type Ca2+ channels
Slow voltage-gated K+ channels
Inward-rectifying K+ channels
56
Q

Calcium must enter through ____ ____ ____ in the T-tubule of cardiomyocytes in order for _______ _______ to open

A

L-type calcium channels, ryanodine receptors

57
Q

A wave of repolarization in the heart that moves perpendicular to an ECG lead would cause _____ deflection on the ECG

A

no deflection

58
Q

A wave of depolarization in the heart that moves perpendicular to an ECG lead would cause _____ deflection on the ECG

A

no deflection

59
Q

______ refers to contraction of the heart

A

Systole

60
Q

______ refers to relaxation in the heart

A

Diastole

61
Q

The two phases of systole are:

A
  1. isovolumetric ventricular contraction

2. Ventricular ejection

62
Q

The two phases of diastole are: _______

What happens at the end of the second phase?

A
  1. Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

2. Ventricular filling (end of phase 2 = atrial systole)

63
Q

What are the waves on an ECG and what in the heart causes each wave?

A

P wave: depolarization of the atria
Q wave: depolarization of the interventricular septum (bundles of His)
R wave: depolarization of most of the walls of the ventricles
S wave: depolarization of the base of the ventricles
T wave: repolarization of the ventricles

64
Q

The cardiomyocyte _____ _____ is about as long as systole

A

action potential

65
Q

Cardiomyocytes never experience _____

A

tetanus

66
Q

Cardiomyocytes do not use _______ to generate greater tension

A

summation

67
Q

In response to a single action potential in a cardiomyocyte, there is not enough _____ enters the sarcoplasm to saturate _____

A

calcium, troponin

68
Q

The ______ return varies throughout the cardiac cycle

A

venous

69
Q

The first heart sound marks the beginning of _______

A

systole

70
Q

The second heart sound marks the beginning of _______

A

diastole

71
Q

You can only hear blood flow when blood flow is _______

A

turbulent

72
Q

When cardiac muscle contracts, the compliance of the atrium or the ventricle _______

A

decreases

73
Q

A stenosis in either atrioventricular valve is heard between the ______ and ______ heart sound

A

Second, first

74
Q

A stenosis in either semilunar valve is heard between the ______ and ______ heart sound

A

First, second

75
Q

The deterministic equation for a change in pressure in an elastic structure is _______

A

change in pressure = (change in volume) / (compliance)

76
Q

The dicrotic notch is due to ____

A

the closing of the semilunar valves

77
Q

The first heart sound is caused by _____

A

the closing of the atrioventricular valves

78
Q

The second heart sound is caused by _____

A

the closing of the semilunar valves

79
Q

The volume of blood in the left ventricle increases ______ in the first half of ventricular ______

A

fastest, filling

80
Q

The volume of blood in the left ventricle decreases _____ in the first half of ventricular _____

A

fastest, ejection

BIOL 322 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions