Exam 1 Flashcards
What is illness?
The unique response of a person to a disease, an abnormal process involving changed level of functioning
What is health?
A state of complete physical, mental, and social well being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
What is wellness?
An active state of being healthy by living a lifestyle promoting good physical, mental, and emotional health
Can a person still have an illness and be considered healthy?
Yes, diabetes, arthritis
What are the human dimensions of health?
Physical Emotional Intellectual Environmental Sociocultural Spiritual
What are characteristics of a chronic illness?
- it is a permanent change
- it causes, or is caused by, irreversible alterations in normal anatomy and physiology
- it requires special patient education for rehabilitation
- it requires a long period of care or support
Stages of illness?
- Experiencing symptoms
- Assuming the sick role (taking meds, call in sick)
- Assuming a dependent role (checkup)
- Achieving recovery and rehabilitation (going back to work)
What is health promotion?
The behavior of an individual that is motivated by a personal desire to increase well being and health potential
What are some examples of primary health promotion?
Weight loss Diet Excessive Smoking cessation Safer sex Immunization clinics
The goals are to promote health and PREVENT development of disease or injury
What are some examples of secondary preventive measure?
Screenings ( blood pressure, cholesterol , HIV) Pap smears Mammograms Testicular examinations Family counseling
The goals are to identify an illness, reduce or reverse severity of disease, return to maximal health ASAP
What are some examples of tertiary measures?
Medications
Physical therapy
Surgical treatment
Rehabilitation
THE CONDITION OR ILLNESS HAS OCCURRED! NOW TRYING TO PREVENT COMPLICTIONS
What is Co-Morbidity?
It’s either the presence of one or more diseases/disorders in addition to a primary disease or disorder ( can cause complications)
Give a risk factor/ assessment scenario
Very young or very old- most at risk
2 year old child and a 84 year old man are both admitted to the hospital with pneumonia. How do you decide who to treat first/ most at risk?
Look for Comorbidity….
The old man along with pneumonia has cops and diabetes…making his situation more dire than the 2 year olds
A nurse is asked to teach a group of young adults a healthy lifestyle. One man says I stopped eating fast food to lose weight. What model of health or illness explains this behavior?
Health promotion model
What are the steps of a physical examination?
- Asses mobility status
- Asses ability to communicate
- Asses level of awareness
- Asses sensory perception
- Identify potential safety hazards
- Recognize manifestations of domestic violence or neglect
True or false… Of the 10 leading causes of death 7 are the result of chronic illnesses
True
What is a risk factor?
Something that increases a persons chance for illness or injury
What is the health belief model based on?
- Perceived susceptibility to a disease
- Perceived seriousness of a disease
- Perceived benefits of action
What is the health promotion model?
It was developed to illustrate how people interact with their environment as they pursue health.
When performing a safety assessment what should the nurse focus on?
- The individual
- The environment
- Specific risk factors
True or false…. 80% of US fire deaths occur at home
True
What 3 factors put children most at risk for exposure to toxic substances?
- Unsafe storage
- Spending time in environments other than home
- Lack of attention on part of the caregiver
True or false….50% of incidents of children suffocating occurs in the sleeping environment
False, 60% does.
True or false…according to the CDC 82% of homicide victims between ages 10-24 are killed with a firearm
True
A child who is older than one year and between 20-40 lbs should be placed in what type of car seat?
A forward facing safety seat in the back seat of the vehicle
When is a rear facing car seat recommended?
If the child is less than one year old or less than 20 lbs
True or false…in 2006 apprx 900,000 children in the US were victims of abuse or neglect, and 75% of these children had no previous history of maltreatment
True
What’s the protocol for an emergency restraint?
It can be applied but an order from a dr. Must be obtained within an hour. The patient must be monitored and assessed on a regular basis. Assessment must occur every 4 hours for an adult and every 2 for children ages 9-17, and at least once every hour for children younger than 9.
What is RACE?
Rescue anyone in immediate danger
Activate the fire code system and notify the appropriate person
Confine the fire by closing doors and windows
Evacuate patients and other people to safe area
What is considered the most effective agent for preventing absorption of the ingested toxin?
Activated charcoal is capable of binding with as much as 60% of a toxin when given 30-60 min
How do you file a safety event report?
You must complete the event report immediately after the incident and you are responsible for recording the circumstances and the effect on the patient in the medical record. The safety event report is not a part of the medical record and should not be mentioned in the documentation.
What are the 3 different types of terrorism?
Bioterrorism: involves the deliberate spread of pathogenic organisms into a community to cause widespread illness, fear, and panic
Chemical terrorism: involves the deliberate release of a chemical compound that has the potential for harming people’s health
Nuclear terrorism: involves intentional induction of radioactive materials into the environment for the purpose of causing injury and death
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Diarthroses or synovial joints, joints in which there is potential for space between the articulating bones, are freely moving joints. Give examples…
Ball & socket Condyloid Gliding Hinge Pivot Saddle
Movements possible at diarthrodial joints include what?
Abduction Adduction Flexion Extension Rotation
What is the difference between ligaments and tendons?
Ligaments are tough fibrous bands of connective tissue that bind joints together and connect bones and cartilage
Tendons are strong, flexible, in elastic fibrous bands and flattened sheets of connective tissue that attach muscle to bone
Diarthroses or synovial joints, joints in which there is potential for space between the articulating bones, are freely moving joints. Give examples…
Ball & socket Condyloid Gliding Hinge Pivot Saddle
Movements possible at diarthrodial joints include what?
Abduction Adduction Flexion Extension Rotation
What is the difference between ligaments and tendons?
Ligaments are tough fibrous bands of connective tissue that bind joints together and connect bones and cartilage
Tendons are strong, flexible, in elastic fibrous bands and flattened sheets of connective tissue that attach muscle to bone
Diarthroses or synovial joints, joints in which there is potential for space between the articulating bones, are freely moving joints. Give examples…
Ball & socket Condyloid Gliding Hinge Pivot Saddle
Movements possible at diarthrodial joints include what?
Abduction Adduction Flexion Extension Rotation
What is the difference between ligaments and tendons?
Ligaments are tough fibrous bands of connective tissue that bind joints together and connect bones and cartilage
Tendons are strong, flexible, in elastic fibrous bands and flattened sheets of connective tissue that attach muscle to bone
Diarthroses or synovial joints, joints in which there is potential for space between the articulating bones, are freely moving joints. Give examples…
Ball & socket Condyloid Gliding Hinge Pivot Saddle
Movements possible at diarthrodial joints include what?
Abduction Adduction Flexion Extension Rotation
What is the difference between ligaments and tendons?
Ligaments are tough fibrous bands of connective tissue that bind joints together and connect bones and cartilage
Tendons are strong, flexible, in elastic fibrous bands and flattened sheets of connective tissue that attach muscle to bone
What is abduction?
Lateral movement of a body part away from the midline of the body
What is adduction?
Lateral movement of the body part toward the midline of the body
What is circumduction?
Movement of the distal part of the limb to trace a complete circle well the proximal the bone remains fixed
What is flexion?
The state of being bent
What is extension?
The state of being in a straight line
What is hyper extension ?
The state of exaggerated extension. It often results in an angle greater than 180°.
What is dorsiflexion?
Backward bending of the hand or foot
What is plantar flexion rotation?
Flexion of the foot
What is internal rotation?
A body part turning on its axis toward the midline of the body
What is external rotation?
A Body part turning on its axis away from the midline of the body
What is Pronation?
The assumption of the prone position. For example a person is in the prone position when lying on the abdomen, a person’s palm is prone when the forearm is turned so that the Palm faces downward.
What is supination?
The assumption of the supine position. Ex: when lying on back
What is inversion?
Movement of the sole of the foot inward
What is eversion?
Movement of the sole of the foot outward
Afferent vs. Efferent nervous systems
Afferent nervous systems convey information from receptors in the periphery of the body to the central nervous system (towards)
Efferent Nervous systems convey the response from the CNS to skeletal muscles by way of the somatic nervous system (away)
What is Patient care ergonomics?
It is the practice of designing equipment and work task to conform to the capability of the worker in relation to patient care.
What is orthopedics?
Orthopedics refers to the correction or prevention of disorders of body structures used in locomotion
What is Tonus?
Is the term used to describe the state of slight contraction, the usual state of skeletal muscles
What are the 3 muscle contraction excersises ?
Isotonic exercise involves muscle shortening and active movement. Examples include carrying out ADLs, range of motion exercises, swimming, walking, and bicycling.
Isometric exercise involves muscle contraction without shortening. Examples include contractions of the quadriceps, gluteal muscles, and Kegels.
Isokinetic exercise involves muscle contractions with resistance. Their resistance is provided at a constant rate by an external device, which has a capacity for variable resistance. Examples include rehabilitative exercises for knee injuries and lifting weights
What is ankylosis?
Immobility is often the cause of contractures and ankylosis, a consolidation and immobilization of the joint
What is paresis?
Impaired muscle strength or weakness
What is the labyrinthe sense?
This sense of position and movement is provided by the sensory organs in the inner ear, which are stimulated by body movements such as changes in head position, and transmit these impulses to cerebellum.
What is the proprioceptor or kin esthetic sense?
This informs the brain of the location of a limb or body part as a result of joint movement stimulating special nerve endings and muscles, tendons, and Fascia
What are the visual or optic reflexes?
Visual impressions contribute to posture by alerting the person to spatial relationships with the environment such as nearness of ceilings walls furniture etc.
What are the extensor or stretch reflexes?
When extensor muscles are stretched beyond a certain porn point, their stimulation causes a reflex contraction that aids a person to reestablish you erect posture, such as straighten the knee
What is patient care ergonomics?
It’s the practice of designing equipment and work tasks to conform to the capability of the worker in relation to patient care
What is orthopedics?
It refers to the correction prevention of disorders of body structures used in locomotion
What is Tonus ?
Tonus is the term used to describe the state of slight contraction, which is the usual state of skeletal muscle. If bedrest is prolonged, there is a danger of developing contractures
What is achondroplasia ?
It’s a congenital problem, in which premature bone ossification leads to dwarfism
What is osteogenesis ?
It’s characterized by excessively brittle bones and multiple fractures both at birth and later in life
What is osteoarthritis ?
Osteoarthritis also termed degenerative joint disease, is a noninflammatory, progressive disorder of movable joints, particularly weight-bearing joints, characterized by the deterioration of articular cartilage and pain with motion.
What part of the brain assumes the major role of controlling precise, discrete movements?
The cerebral motor cortex
A cerebrovascular accident or stroke/head trauma may damage the motor cortex and produce temporary or permanent voluntary motor impairment
What does the cerebellum do?
Assists the motor cortex and basal ganglia by making body movements smooth and coordinated
What is an isotonic exercise?
It involves muscle shortening active movement. Examples include carrying out ADLs, independently performing range of motion exercises, swimming, walking, jogging, and bicycling.
What is an isometric exercise?
It involves muscle contraction without shortening, there’s no movement or only a minimum shortening of muscle fibers. Examples include contractions of the quadriceps and gluteal muscles, also Kegels.
What is an isokinetic exercise?
It involves muscle contractions with resistance. The resistance is provided at a constant rate by an external device, which has a capacity for variable resistance. Examples include rehabilitative exercises for knee and elbow injuries and lifting weights
Flaccidity vs. Spasticity
Decreased tone, hypotonicity, or flaccidity results from disuse or neurologic impairments. Spasticity, increased tone that interferes with movement, is also caused by neurologic impairments
Paresis vs. Paralysis
Impaired muscle strength Or weakness is termed paresis. The absence of strength secondary to nervous impairment is called paralysis. Hemiparesis refers to weakness of one half of the body and hemiplegia is paralysis of one half of the body
