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Local And State Government > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

variance

A

the difference between units of analysis on a particular measure

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2
Q

The Comparative Method

A

A learning approach based on studying the differences and similarities among similar units of analysis (such as states)

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3
Q

Why are there differences between state and local government?

A
  • Partisan politics
  • State traditions
  • Wealth of states
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4
Q

Sociodemographic

A

the characteristics of a population, including size, age, and ethnicity

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5
Q

Political Cultures

A

The attitudes and beliefs broadly shared in a population about the role and responsibility of government

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6
Q

3 types of political cultures:

A
  • Moralistic – Collective good
  • Individualistic – Individual good
  • Traditionalistic – Maintaining existing social order
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7
Q

What can impact where states spend their resources?

A

Geography and Topography

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8
Q

Laboratories of Democracy

A

engage in policy experiments without interference from the federal government

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9
Q

Devolution

A

process of taking power and responsibilities from federal government and giving it to states/local governments

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10
Q

What amendment gives power to the federal government?

A

10th amendment

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11
Q

3 internal factors help decide what states do (policy making)

A
  1. Wealth
  2. State’s political system
  3. Organized interest groups
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12
Q

_____ wealthy states concentrate on _____ education

A

Less, Higher

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13
Q

Federalism

A

a political system in which national regional governments share powers and are considered independent equals

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14
Q

Unitary systems

A

legal authority held by a central government.

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15
Q

Confederacy

A

association of independent governments

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16
Q

The confederal systems of the U.S

A
  • Article of Confederation

* Confederacy

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17
Q

Events that helped Federalists overcome resistance:

A
  1. Annapolis Convention: an interstate trade agreement

2. Shays’s Rebellion: uprising of farmers

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18
Q

Representative government:

A

citizens exercise power indirectly

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19
Q

Enumerated powers

A

grants of authority

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20
Q

National supremacy clause

A

federal law takes precedence

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21
Q

Preemption

A

overriding of state law

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22
Q

Exclusive powers

A

to federal government.

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23
Q

Concurrent powers

A

to federal and state governments.

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24
Q

Concurrent powers

A

to federal and state governments.

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25
Q

Implied powers

A

to the federal government.

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26
Q

Examples of Implied Powers

A

●General welfare clause.

●Necessary and proper clause.

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27
Q

Full faith and credit clause

A

validity across states.

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28
Q

Privileges and immunities clause:

A

prohibiting discrimination.

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29
Q

Tenth Amendment

A

addressed the power of states.

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30
Q

Fourteenth Amendment

A

prohibits states from depriving citizenship rights.

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31
Q

Dual Federalism

A

also known as layer-cake federalism or divided sovereignty, is a political arrangement in which power is divided between the federal and state governments in clearly defined terms

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32
Q

Compact theory

A

agreement among sovereign states.

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33
Q

Nullification

A

state rejecting a federal law

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34
Q

Secession

A

a government’s withdrawal from a political system.

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35
Q

Nation-centered

A

federal over state government.

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36
Q

State-centered

A

state over federal government.

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37
Q

What federal case is a good example of dual federalism?

A

Scott v. Sandford.

38
Q

Cooperative Federalism

A

Marble Cake
“the notion that it is impossible for state and national governments to have separate and distinct jurisdictions an that both levels of government must work together”

39
Q

Centralized Federalism

A

Picket Fence
“the notion that the federal government should take the leading role in setting national policy, with state and local governments helping implement the policies”

40
Q

Grants-in-aid

A

cash appropriations to states.

41
Q

Categorical grants

A

specific grants-in-aid.

42
Q

Crosscutting requirements

A

constraints of all federal grants.

43
Q

Crossover sanctions

A

federal requirements to pass/enforce certain laws - Drinking age

44
Q

Unfunded mandates

A

no financial support

45
Q

New Federalism

A

more power, authority to states.

46
Q

Block grants

A

federal grants-in-aid.

47
Q

Devolution

A

the transfer or delegation of power from a central government to a local authority

48
Q

Ad hoc federalism

A

a form of federalism that is used only when it is convenient for one of the parties involved.

49
Q

National supremacy clause

A

Supreme laws of the land.

Federal courts are referee of national–state conflicts.

50
Q

In what 4 federal cases shows the rise of Nation-Centered Federalism in court?

A
  1. United States v. Darby Lumber Co.
  2. Wickard v. Filburn
  3. Heart of Atlanta Motel v. U.S.
  4. Katzenbach v. McClung.
51
Q

Interstate commerce clause

A

implied powers to Congress

52
Q

Sovereign immunity

A

right of a government not to be sued.

53
Q

Direct Democracy

A

“A system in which citizens make laws themselves rather than relying on elected representatives”

54
Q

Judicial Federalism

A

“The idea that the court determine the boundaries of state-federal relations”

55
Q

Dual constitutionalism

A

people living under two sovereign powers.

56
Q

Natural law (aka Higher Law)

A

based on the divine law.

57
Q

What is a major difference between U.S. Constitution and state constitutions:

A

scope of documents

58
Q

10th Amendment

A

Plenary power

59
Q

Permanence

A

Durability

60
Q

What is the constitution’s primary concern?

A

Specificity

61
Q

Appropriations bills

A

authorize transfer of money.

62
Q

Unicameral legislatures

A

having only one chamber

63
Q

Separation of powers

A

legislative, executive, and judicial branches

64
Q

Bicameral legislatures

A

an assembly, a senate.

65
Q

Franchise

A

right to vote

66
Q

Interstate commerce clause

A

implied powers to Congress.

67
Q

What cases showed the Rise of Nation-Centered Federalism?

A

●Wickard v. Filburn.
●Heart of Atlanta Motel v. U.S.
•Katzenbach v. McClung.

68
Q

Sovereign immunity

A

right of a government not to be sued.

69
Q

Colonial charters

A

legal documents drawn up by British Crown

70
Q

What are 4 the primary ways in which constitutional changes are proposed?

A
  1. Legislative proposals
  2. Ballot initiatives and referendums
  3. Constitutional conventions
  4. Constitutional revision commissions
71
Q

Judicial review

A

assessing law compliance.

72
Q

What 4 Factors influence constitution diversity?

A
  1. Historical circumstances.
  2. Political culture.
  3. Geography
  4. Changing notions of good government.
73
Q

How Do State Constitutions Differ?

A

Length and ease of amendment

74
Q

Line-item veto

A

rejecting a portion of a bill.

Ex: The Vanna White veto.

75
Q

Municipal charter

A

governing documents.

76
Q

Home rule

A

right to regulate local matters.

77
Q

Government income

A

revenues, user fees. Property Taxes

78
Q

What are the 6 types of taxes?

A
  1. Excise taxes: sin taxes.
  2. Property taxes
  3. Income taxes
  4. Motor vehicle taxes
  5. Estate taxes: death taxes.
  6. Gift taxes: tax on money transfers.
79
Q

Regressive taxes

A

burden on those with lower income.

80
Q

Tax burden

A

paid as proportion of income.

81
Q

progressive tax system

A

rate paid reflects ability to pay

82
Q

Severance taxes

A

Tax on natural resources.

83
Q

Tax capacity

A

ability to pay taxes.

84
Q

Tax effort

A

taxes paid relative to tax-paying ability.

85
Q

What are the 5 factors that contribute to Tax Variations?

A
  1. Political culture
  2. Geography.
  3. Geology.
  4. Demographics.
  5. History.
86
Q

Fiscal federalism

A

federal grants fund public services.

87
Q

Where does the money go for states?

A
  1. wages
  2. Education
  3. Health Care
  4. Welfare
  5. Fire
  6. Police
  7. Prisons
  8. Highways
88
Q

Plurality

A

electoral process in which the candidate who polls more votes than any other candidate is elected.

89
Q

Secret ballot or Australian ballot

A

Voters’ say in who holds an office.

90
Q

Redistricting

A

drawing new boundaries.

91
Q

What are 3 Forms of participation in direct democracy?

A
  1. Popular initiative.
  2. Popular referendum.
  3. Legislative referendum.

Local And State Government (1 decks)

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