Exam 1

Question 1

Review the 7 core values of OT

Answer 1

(1) Altruism, (2) Equality, (3) Freedom, (4) Justice, (5) Dignity, (6) Truth, and (7) Prudence
o Altruism involves demonstrating concern for the welfare of others.
o Equality refers to treating all people impartially and free of bias.
o Freedom and personal choice are paramount in a profession in which the values and desires of the client guide our interventions.
o Justice expresses a state in which diverse communities are inclusive; diverse communities are organized and structured such that all members can function, flourish, and live a satisfactory life.
o You maintain preservation of the individuality and Dignity of the client by treating him or her with respect in all interactions.
o In all situations, occupational therapy personnel must provide accurate information in oral, written, and electronic forms (Truth).
o Occupational therapy personnel use their clinical and ethical reasoning skills, sound judgment, and reflection to make decisions in professional and volunteer roles (Prudence).

Question 2

6 principles and standards of conduct

Answer 2

BENEFICENCE Principle 1. Occupational therapy personnel shall demonstrate a concern for the well-being and safety of the recipients of their services. Beneficence includes all forms of action intended to benefit other persons. The term beneficence connotes acts of mercy, kindness, and charity

NONMALEFICENCE Principle 2. Occupational therapy personnel shall refrain from actions that cause harm. Nonmaleficence “obligates us to abstain from causing harm to others”

AUTONOMY Principle 3. Occupational therapy personnel shall respect the right of the individual to self-determination, privacy, confidentiality, and consent. The Principle of Autonomy expresses the concept that practitioners have a duty to treat the client according to the client’s desires, within the bounds of accepted standards of care, and to protect the client’s confidential information. Often, respect for Autonomy is referred to as the self-determination principle

JUSTICE Principle 4. Occupational therapy personnel shall promote fairness and objectivity in the provision of occupational therapy services. The Principle of Justice relates to the fair, equitable, and appropriate treatment of persons

VERACITY Principle 5. Occupational therapy personnel shall provide comprehensive, accurate, and objective information when representing the profession. Veracity is based on the virtues of truthfulness, candor, and honesty.

FIDELITY Principle 6. Occupational therapy personnel shall treat clients, colleagues, and other professionals with respect, fairness, discretion, and integrity.- Fidelity refers to the duty one has to keep a commitment once it is made

Question 3

The overarching goal of occupational therapy

Answer 3

is to- support people in participation in life through engagement in occupation for “habilitation, rehabilitation, and promotion of health and wellness for clients with disability- and non–disability-related needs”

Question 4

The practice of occupational therapy means

Answer 4

the therapeutic use of occupations (everyday life activities) with persons, groups, and populations for the purpose of participation in roles and situations in the home, school, workplace, community, or other settings.

Question 5

The Standards of Practice for Occupational Therapy

Answer 5

requirements for occupational therapists and occupational therapy assistants for the delivery of occupational therapy services. The Reference Manual of the Official Documents of the American Occupational Therapy Association, Inc. (AOTA, 2015b) contains documents that clarify and support occupational therapy practice, as do various issues of the American Journal of Occu

Question 6

Activities

Answer 6

Actions designed and selected to support the development of performance skills and performance patterns to enhance occupational engagement (AOTA, 2014b, p. S41).

Question 7

Assessments

Answer 7

Specific tools or instruments that are used during the evaluation process

Question 8

Client

Answer 8

Person or persons (including those involved in the care of a client), group (collective of individuals, e.g., families, workers, students, or community members), or population (collective of groups or individuals living in a similar locale—e.g., city, state, or country—or sharing the same or like concerns) (AOTA, 2014b, p. S41).

Question 9

Evaluation

Answer 9

Process of obtaining and interpreting data necessary for intervention. This includes planning for and documenting the evaluation process and results

Question 10

Intervention

Answer 10

Process and skilled actions taken by occupational therapy practitioners in collaboration with the client to facilitate engagement in occupation related to health and participation. The intervention process includes the plan, implementation, and review

Question 11

Occupation

Answer 11

Daily life activities in which people engage. Occupations occur in context and are influenced by the interplay among client factors, performance skills, and performance patterns. Occupations occur over time; have purpose, meaning, and perceived utility to the client; and can be observed by others (e.g., preparing a meal) or be known only to the person involved (e.g., learning through reading a textbook). Occupations can involve the execution of multiple activities for completion and can result in various outcomes. The Framework identifies a broad range of occupations categorized as activities of daily living, instrumental activities of daily living, rest and sleep, education, work, play, leisure, and social participation (AOTA, 2014b, p. S43).

Question 12

Outcome

Answer 12

End result of the occupational therapy process; what clients can achieve through occupational therapy intervention

Question 13

Reevaluation

Answer 13

Reappraisal of the client’s performance and goals to determine the type and amount of change that has taken place (AOTA, 2014b, p. S45).

Question 14

Screening

Answer 14

Obtaining and reviewing data relevant to a potential client to determine the need for further evaluation and intervention

Question 15

Transitions

Answer 15

Actions coordinated to prepare for or facilitate a change, such as from one functional level to another, from one life [change] to another, from one program to another, or from one environment to another.

Question 16

the 7 steps of OT process

Answer 16

• Referral – Most often from an MD – IEP plan in school‐based
• Evaluation – Look at the clients strengths, problem areas, patterns of ADL’s, occupational needs/wants, client’s priorities, environmental supports/barriers, what the client can and can’t do. What are client’s problem areas or limitations?
• Intervention (Treatment) planning – Create both long and short term goals and select/determine appropriate interventions (which ones would be most effective given environmental supports and client preferance)
• Intervention sessions – This is carrying out the interventions, & monitoring the response / What happened during the treatment session (SOAP notes)?
• Re‐Evaluation – Reanalyze the occupational performance (measure the data and compare), review the target outcomes and identify actions / modify the treatment plan as needed and whether continued services are warranted
• Continue/discontinue OT services – Will the client benefit from additional services?
• Discharge planning – What happens next for the client? It should cover the clients problem areas, treatment goals, progress towards those goals and whether or not referrals for other settings/related services/supportive devices are necessary

Question 17

What is the purpose of the OTPF? What is it intended to provide for our profession? What is it not intended to provide for our profession?

Answer 17

The OTPF describes the central concepts that ground occupational therapy practice and builds a common understanding of the basic tenets and vision of the profession. The OTPF does not serve as a taxonomy, theory, or model of occupational therapy.

Question 18

What is the difference between the domain and process?

Answer 18

n Domain • What we know (occupations, contexts, performance patterns, performance skills, and client factors. All aspects of the domain have a dynamic interrelatedness. All aspects are of equal value and together interact to affect occupational identity, health, well-being, and participation in life.)

n Process • What we do (The occupational therapy process is the client centered delivery of occupational therapy services. The three-part process includes (1) evaluation and (2) intervention to achieve (3) targeted outcomes and occurs within the purview of the occupational therapy domain)

Question 19

Activities of Daily Living (ADLs)

Answer 19

Activities oriented toward taking care of one’s own body and completed on a routine basis (bathe, toilet, dress, eat, feed, functional mobility, personal hygiene, sexual activity)

Question 20

Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs

Answer 20

Activities to support daily life within the home and community. (care of others, pets, communication management, driving/community mobility, financial management, home management, meal prep, spiritual expression, emergency maintenance, shopping)

Question 21

Health Management

Answer 21

-Health Management—Activities related to developing, managing, and maintaining health and wellness routines, including self-management, with the goal of improving or maintaining health to support participation in other occupations (social/emtoilnal health maintenance, symptom/condition management, communication w/ healthcare system, medication management, physical activity, nutrition & personal care device management)

Question 22

Rest and Sleep

Answer 22

Activities related to obtaining restorative rest and sleep to support healthy, active engagement in other occupations. (rest, sleep prep., sleep participation)

Question 23

Values

Answer 23

Acquired beliefs and commitments, derived from culture, about what is good, right, and important to do

Question 24

Belief

Answer 24

Something that is accepted, considered to be true, or held as an opinion

Question 25

Spirituality

Answer 25

A deep experience of meaning brought about by engaging in occupations that involve the enacting of personal values and beliefs, reflection, and intention within a supportive contextual environment” (Billock, 2005, p. 887). It is important to recognize spirituality “as dynamic and often evolving”

Question 26

Performance skills

Answer 26

goal-directed actions that are observable as small units of engagement in daily life occupations,” such as motor skills, process skills, and social interaction skills. To address performance skills for a group client, occupational therapy practitioners analyze the motor, process, and social interaction skills of individual group members to identify whether ineffective performance skills may limit the group’s collective outcome.

- Motor—Obtaining and holding objects 
- Process—Organizing space and object 
- Social interaction—Producing social interaction

Question 27

Performance patterns

Answer 27

the habits, routines, roles, and rituals that may be associated with different lifestyles and used in the process of engaging in occupations or activities.

- Habits - “Specific, automatic behaviors performed repeat- edly, relatively automatically, and with little variation” (Matuska & Barrett, 2019, p. 214). Habits can be healthy or unhealthy, efficient or inefficient, and supportive or harmful (Dunn, 2000). 
- routines - Patterns of behavior that are observable, regular, and repetitive and that provide structure for daily life. They can be satisfying, promoting, or dam- aging. Routines require delimited time commitment and are embedded in cultural and ecological contexts  
- Roles- Aspects of identity shaped by culture and context that may be further conceptualized and defined by the client and the activities and occupations one engages in. 
- rituals- Symbolic actions with spiritual, cultural, or social meaning contributing to the client’s identity and reinforcing values and beliefs. Rituals have a strong affective component and consist of a collection of events

Question 28

Personal vs formal theories

Answer 28

o Personal theories
 Understandings based on experience
 Clinical intuition
o Formal theories
 Explain observable events or relationships
 State principles or assumptions
 Explain cause and effect relationships between interventions & outcomes.

Question 29

Differences between form, meaning, and function

Answer 29

n FORM consists of the activity demands required for performing an occupation
n (i.e., observable features of the activity, including the physical, sensory, and cognitive demands placed on the individual)
n What are the physical, sensory, cognitive, & emotional demands that the occupation places on the individual?
n What do they have to do in order to perform this occupation?

n Meaning is the subjective experience for individuals engaging in occupation
n Socio-culturally influenced; personally perceived
n (i.e., personal and sociocultural meaning of performing this occupation.)
n Often related to self-expression, identity, personal significance, choice, life experiences

Function
n How well are they performing this occupation?
n An occupation’s function consists of the measurable indicators of occupational performance that we prioritize for the individual
n Examples: strength, range of motion, level of independence, quality of life; keyboarding speed, etc.
n (i.e., what is the measurable how can we quantify performance of this activity? What is the measurable aspect of performing this occupation? How well are they performing the activity?)

Question 30

Describe the 6 sub-systems of the “Person” in the OS model

Answer 30

i. Physical,
ii. biological,
iii. information-processing
iv. Sociocultural
v. Symbolic-evaluative
1. Language, art, emotions, morals
vi. Transcendental (spiritual)

These make up a person’s performance capacity

Question 31

Describe some of the basic assumptions of the OS model

Answer 31

• Humans have a drive for competency and meaning
• The client, their environment, and the occupational task must be understood in order to understand a client’s occupational behavior