Exam 1

Question 1

Disjunction

Answer 1

Contains ‘or’

Question 2

implication/conditional

Answer 2

Contains ‘if… then’

Question 3

Double implication/biconditional

Answer 3

Contains ‘if and only if’

Question 4

Negation

Answer 4

Contains “not”

Question 5

Which operators are commutative?

Answer 5

Conjunction, disjunction, biconditional

Question 6

Conjunction

Answer 6

contains ‘and’

Question 7

Converse of p→q

Answer 7

q→p

Question 8

Inverse of p→q

Answer 8

~p→ ~q

Question 9

Contrapositive of p→q

Answer 9

~q→~p (logically equivalent to original)

Question 10

~(p ^q)=?

Answer 10

~pv~q

Same order,distribute negation, swap operator

Question 11

De Morgan’s Laws

Answer 11

The negation of a conjunction can be expressed as a disjunction,just as the negation of a disjunction can be expressed as a conjunction

Question 12

Negation of a conditional

Answer 12

Conjunction, not another conditional

Question 13

“If you don’t marry me than I will become a monk” (give logical equivalent) p→q

Answer 13

“Either you marry me or I will become a monk”

~pvq

Question 14

Conjunction of two conditionals

Answer 14

Biconditional

pq=(p→q)^(q→p)

Question 15

Universal statement

Answer 15

All, none, every

Question 16

Existential statement

Answer 16

Some, a few, at least one

Question 17

Modus ponens

Answer 17

I. p→q
II. p
———
…q

Question 18

Modus tollens

Answer 18

I. p→q
II. ~q
——
…~p

Question 19

Hypothetical syllogism

Answer 19

I. p→q
II. q→r
———
…p→r

Question 20

Disjunctive syllogism

Answer 20

I. pvq
II. ~p
———
…q

Question 21

Constructive dilemma

Answer 21

I. pvq
II. p→r
Ill.q→s
———
…rvs

Question 22

Fallacy of converse

Answer 22

Affirming the consequent

Inferring the converse from the original statement

Question 23

Fallacy of inverse

Answer 23

Denying the antecedent

Inferring the inverse from the original statement

Question 24

Formal fallacy

Answer 24

Flaw in the logic

Question 25

Informal fallacy

Answer 25

Logic is sound, but one or more premises are false

Question 26

Fallacy of false dilemma

Answer 26

Unnecessarily limits the available options

“either you’re with us or you’re with the terrorists”

Question 27

Fallacy of equivocation

Answer 27

Results from using a particular word in multiple senses within an argument

Question 28

Fallacy of accident

Answer 28

Ignores an exception to a rule

Question 29

Argument from authority

Answer 29

Uses the opinion of an authority as evidence

Question 30

Argument from false analogy

Answer 30

Error lies in the subject of an argument,not in the argument itself

Question 31

Post hoc ergo propter hoc

Answer 31

Assuming that correlation=causation

Question 32

Circulus in probando

Answer 32

Reasoner begins with what they meant to end with

Question 33

Slippery-slope

Answer 33

A course of action is assumed to begin a chain of events

Question 34

Straw man fallacy

Answer 34

A form of having the impression of refuting an argument, but actually not addressing the subject of the argument

Question 35

Fallacy of the unrepresentative sample

Answer 35

Biased sample