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Es 402 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Nutrients

A

-Substances found in food
-Carbohydrate, fat, protein, water, vitamins,
minerals

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2
Q

Macronutrients

A

CHO, PRO, FAT

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3
Q

Micronutrients

A

Vitamins and minerals

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4
Q

Carbohydrate

A

Made of carbon, hydrogen, and water

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5
Q

Monosaccharides

A
  • simple sugars
  • EX: Glucose
    Fructose
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6
Q

Disaccharides

A

-two monosaccharides
- EX: Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose

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7
Q

Fiber

A

edible but indigestible portions of plants

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8
Q

Fat

A
  • Soluble in organic solvents

- Triglycerides most common dietary fat = glycerol + 3 FA

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9
Q

Fatty acids

A
  • Saturated – no double bonds
  • Unsaturated – one double bond
  • Polyunsaturated – multiple double bonds
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10
Q

Protein

A
  • Chains of amino acids
  • Contain nitrogen
  • Vary in digestibility
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11
Q

Water

A 
• 60% of body mass when
properly hydrated
• Intracellular
• Extracellular
– Interstitial
– Plasma
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12
Q

Vitamins

A 
– Fat soluble
– Water soluble
• 13 known
• All from diet except D
(sunlight) and K
(bacteria in gut)
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13
Q

Minerals

A 
– Macro: intake is
>100mg/day or present
greater than 0.01% of
body mass
– Micro
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14
Q

Phytonutrients

A
  • Organic plant compounds

* May promote good health

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15
Q

Calories

A
  • 4 kcal / g carbohydrate
  • 4 kcal / g uncooked protein
  • 9 kcal / g fat
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16
Q

Energy intake

A

calories consumed in some interval of time

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17
Q

Energy expenditure

A

calories expended in some interval of time

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18
Q

Dietary assessment

A
  • Anthropometry
  • Nutrition history and food assessment
  • Biochemical assessment
  • Nutritional periodization
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19
Q

Anthropometry

A

Some assessment of body composition is helpful

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20
Q

Prospective

A

– 3-day record (weighing and recording food)
– 3-day survey (recording food)
– 7-day record (weighing and recording food)
– 7-day survey (recording food)
– Photolog (pre and post-feeding)

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21
Q

Retrospective

A

– 24-hour recall (interview or form)

– Food frequency questionnaire (interview or form)

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22
Q

Biochemical analysis

A

• Most micronutrient levels can

be tested in blood

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23
Q

Nutrient analysis

A
  • Free programs/app

* Professional programs

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24
Q

Assess energy requirements

A
  • Direct calorimetry
  • Indirect Calorimetry
  • Prediction equations
  • Training log
25
Q

Cutting

A

• Weight cutting done through a combination of caloric restriction and water cutting

26
Q

Massing

A 
• Massing occurs in higher
volume training cycles
– More calories consumed,
increased fat mass
inevitable
– Followed by cutting
27
Q

Biochemistry

A

Matter (stuff that exists) is made up of elements (stuff that cannot break down into something simpler.
• 112 elements
• 92 exist in nature
• 26 normally found in the human body

28
Q

Elements

A

made up of atoms

29
Q

Atoms

A

an arrangement of protons, neutrons, and electrons

30
Q

Electrons

A

arranged in shells around the protons and neutrons
• Loss of one or more electrons = cation
• Gain of one or more electrons = anion
Cations and anions occur naturally in the body

31
Q

Compounds

A

-made of atoms of two or more different elements
• Inorganic compounds lack carbon
• Organic compounds contain carbon

32
Q

Ionic bonds

A

formed when one element donates electrons to another

to form a neutral compound

33
Q

Covalent bonds

A

are strong bonds in which electrons are shared

34
Q

non polar bond

A

Equal electron sharing

35
Q

polar bond

A

• Unequal sharing

. H2O

36
Q

Chemical reactions

A
  • Breaking of chemical bonds

* Formation of chemical bonds

37
Q

Metabolism

A
  • the sum of the chemical reactions in the body
  • Energy released from breaking bonds is used to create other bonds
  • not efficient and heat is released
38
Q

Synthesis

A

A + B → AB

• Anabolic

39
Q

Decomposition

A

AB → A + B

• Catabolic

40
Q

Reversible reactions

A

AB ←→ A + B

41
Q

Oxidation

A

reactions remove elections

42
Q

Reduction

A

reactions add electrons

43
Q

OIL RIG

A

oxidation is loss, reduction is gain

44
Q

Redox reactions

A

Every oxidation reaction is coupled to a reduction reaction

-common form of redox reaction is transfer of hydrogen

45
Q

electron transport chain

A
  • Hydrogen is removed from NADH and FADH2
  • Released energy forms ATP from ADP
  • Molecular oxygen accepts H+ to form H2O
46
Q

Energy

A
  • Adequate supply of ATP is required for muscle contraction regardless of the type of activity
    -CHO is the macro most often used for ATP creation during physical
    activity and sport
47
Q

CHO metabolism

A
  • Poly- and disaccharides are broken down into monosaccharides
  • Glucose molecules converted to pyruvate in cytoplasm
  • Pyruvate is oxidized to CO2 and water in the mitochondria
  • ATP produced by anaerobic and aerobic processes
48
Q

Glycogenolysis

A
  • Removal of glucose from glycogen by phosphorylase
  • Produces Glu-1-P
  • Glu-1-P converted to Glu-6-P by phosphoglucomutase
49
Q

Glycolysis

A

• A six-carbon sugar (Glu) converted to two, three
carbon compounds (pyruvate) which is converted to
two carbon compounds (Acetyl CoA

50
Q

Glycolysis

A
  • Glu è G-6-P by hexokinase (muscle)
  • F-6-P è fru-1,6-diphospahte by PFK
  • Pyruvate è lactate by LDH
  • Pyruvate è Acetyl CoA by PDH
51
Q

Lactate

A 
• Five isoforms of LDH
• LDH 1 (type I fibers) favors pyruvate
formation
• LDH 5 (type II fibers) favors lactate
formation
52
Q

Lactate Shuttle

A

• Lactate produced in exercising muscle
taken up and converted to pyruvate in
non-exercising muscle
• Cori cycle to recreate Glu (liver)

53
Q

Pyruvate

A

converted to Acetyl-CoA by pyruvate dehydrogenase ( • PDH is a key enzyme regulating CHO
and lipid metabolism)
• NADH formed
• CO2 released

54
Q

Krebs cycle (one turn)

A

Net effect is to produce 3NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1

ATP

55
Q

ETC electron transport chain

A

• Complexes 1-5 are progressively reduced and
oxidized
• Final reduction is O2 to water
• FADH2 enters at complex II
• Cytochromes within complexes require iron

56
Q

• Oxidative phosphorylation

A 
• H+ from ETC pass through ATP synthetase
protein
• Free radicals produced
• Exercise produces more ROS and more
natural antioxidants
57
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

• Occurs in liver
• Possible in kidneys
• Muscle cannot create
free glucose

58
Q

Glycogenesis

A

• ATP are consumed
• Glycogen synthase is the key
enzyme

Es 402 (1 decks)

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