Exam 1 Flashcards
What are the four subsystems of speech?
- Respiratory
- Phonation
- Articulation
- Resonation
What plane of reference divided the body into ANTERIOR and POSTERIOR sections?
Coronal
-Can think of this as a crown.
What are the four main types of tissue?
- Epithelial
- Muscle
- Nervous
- Connective
Function: Protection and Secretion
-Lines body cavities and surfaces that interface with external environment
Epithelial Tissue
- Function: Movements and bodily functions
- Voluntary vs Involuntary
Muscle Tissue
-Neurons and Glial cells
Nervous Tissue
What are the 5 types of Glial Cells?
-Astrocytes, Microglia, Oligodendrocytes, Ependymal, Schwann
Function: Structure and Framework
-Loose/Dense/Specialized
Connective Tissue
What are the three types of joints?
- Synarthrodial/Fibrous
- Amphiarthrodial/Cartilaginous
- Diarthrodial/Synovial
Immoveable (will not move) Cranium
Synarthrodial/Fibrous Joint
Yielding (will move, but not freely!) Between vertebrae
Amphiarthrodial/Cartilaginous
Freely Moving Knee, Elbow
Diarthrodial/Synovial
True or False: The pia mater is superficial to the dura mater.
FALSE: Dura mater–>Subarachnoid space–>Pia mater
What are the three types of cartilage?
- Fibrous
- Elastic
- Hyaline
What are the three types of bone?
- Flat
- Long
- Irregular
Is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary?
Involuntary
What is the speed of an action potential determined by?
- Diameter of axon (thicker=faster!)
- Myelination
What is another name for the primary auditory cortex?
Heschel’s Gyrus
The neural crest develops into the cells of the _________ and the neural tube develops into the cells of the _________.
- The neural crest develops in the PNS.
- The neural tube develops in the CNS.
Name two structures that the ectoderm develops into.
- Hair/Skin/Nails
- Nervous System
- Tooth Enamel
- Pharynx
The neural tube further develops into what three primary vesicles?
- Prosencephalon
- Mesencephalon
- Rhombencephalon
What do those three primary vesicles ultimately develop into?
- Prosencephalon –> telencephalon
- Mesencephalon –> mesencephalon
- Rhombencephalon –> metencephalon
True or False: The notochord becomes the spinal cord.
- False
- Becomes fleshy material between adult vertebral discs.
The cranial bone that is markedly shaped like a bat is called the…
-Sphenoid Bone
What is the name of the gross representation of the body that spans the primary motor and sensory cortices?
-Homunculus
What is CNX (Cranial Nerve 10). Is it sensory, or both? Name a function.
- CNX is the vagus nerve
- It is BOTH sensory and motor.
- It supplies motor innervation to the velum, larynx, and pharynx (think about the VOCAL FOLDS). It supplies sensory innervation to the viscera (AKA internal organs).
Anterior
nearer the front
Posterior
further back in position; of or nearer the rear or hind end
Dorsal
relating to the upper side or back of an animal
Ventral
relating to the underside of an animal
Caudal/Caudad
at or near the tail or the posterior part of the body.
Rostral/Cranial
situated or occurring near the front end of the body, especially in the region of the nose and mouth or (in an embryo) near the hypophyseal region.
Cephalad
toward the head or anterior end of the body.
Inferior
low or lower in position.
Superior
toward the head end of the body
Infra
below, beneath, INFERIOR to.
Supra
Above
Central
At or near the center
Peripheral
Away from the center
Lateral
to the side of, or away from, the middle of the body
Medial
toward the middle or center
Contra
Prefix meaning opposed, against
Ipsi
same, self
Deep
away from the surface or further into the body
Superficial
on the surface or shallow
Ecto
“outer,” “outside,” “external,
Endo
“within, inner, absorbing, or containing”
External
Situated or occurring on the outside
Internal
existing or situated within the limits or surface
Extra
Prefix meaning without, outside of.
Intra
Prefix meaning inside, within
Extrinsic
Coming from the outside
Intrinsic
An essential or inherent part of a something such as a structure.
Distal
refers to sites located away from a specific area, most often the center of the body
Proximal
nearer to the center (trunk of the body) or to the point of attachment to the body
Post
Prefix meaning after, behind, posterior
Pre
Combining form meaning anterior; before (in time or space)
Prone
With the front (or ventral) surface downward
Supine
With the back or dorsal surface downward (lying face up)
Axial
Relating to or situated in the central part of the body, in the head and trunk as distinguished from the limbs,
Appendicular
relating to the arms or legs or a part of the body that is joined to another part, such as the appendix: an appendicular joint/muscle
anatomy of the structural changes of an individual from fertilization to adulthood; includes embryology, fetology, and postnatal development
Developmental Anatomy
the anatomy of the nervous system.
Neuroanatomy
The application of anatomical knowledge to the diagnosis and treatment of disease.
Applied Anatomy
the branch of anatomy that deals with the structure of organs and tissues that are visible to the naked eye.
Gross Anatomy
the normal flexibility in the topography and morphology of body structures
Anatomic Variability
the branch of biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their parts.
Physiology
the science of the causes and effects of diseases, especially the branch of medicine that deals with the laboratory examination of samples of body tissue for diagnostic or forensic purposes.
Pathology
The position with the body erect with the arms at the sides and the palms forward.
Anatomical Position
relating to the crown of the head.
Coronal
of or in a plane parallel to the sagittal suture, especially that dividing the body into left and right halves.
Sagittal
It vertically splits any object or organism into two relatively equal halves – left and right.
Midsagittal
a horizontal plane passing through the standing body so that the transverse plane is parallel to the floor.
Transverse/Horizontal
A group of independent but interrelated elements
comprising a unified whole
System
overriding system that controls all aspects of speech (perception and production), language hearing, swallowing, and phonation
Nervous System
responsible for speech perception
Auditory System
What are the subsystem or phases of speech production?
Respiratory System
Phonatory System
Articulatory System
Resonatory System
Group/layers of similar cells that preform a specific function
Tissues
What are organelles are involved in?
Genetic control, ribosome synthesis: nucleus
• Energy production: mitochondria
• Other organelles: protein production, storage, enzyme release, cell cleanup, intracellular transport
What are the three types of epithelial tissue?
- Epithelial Tissue Proper
- Endothelial Tissue
- Mesothelial
Skin, internal membranes, reproductive tract, and digestive tract.
Epithelial Tissue Proper
Blood vessels and lymph (arteries and veins)
Endothelial Tissue
Surrounds connective tissue, smooth muscles
Single lay of fat cells
Mesothelial Tissue
formed by protein fibers
Matrix
Loose Tissue
space filling, “packing material”
Dense Tissue
Tightly packed bundles of extracellular fibers
What are some dense tissue figures?
- Tendons
- Ligaments
- Fascia
Tough; non-elastic cords; muscle to bone; muscle to cartilage; muscle to muscle
Tendons
Tough cords with elastic fibers; bone to bone; bone to cartilage; cartilage to cartilage
Ligaments
Fibrous tissue that underlines the skin and helps separates muscles into functional lips
Fascia
Specialized Connective Tissue
cartilage and bone
Coarse in appearance; slightly compressible; Cartilage between vertebrae
Fibrous Cartilage
Most abundant; Blueish/whiteish/ strong with some flexibility; rib cage, nose, and larynx
Hyaline
Opaque; yellow; most flexible; outer ear and epiglottis
Elastic
- Composed of collagen and matrix intermixed with minerals (calcium)
- Dense outer compact layer covered by periosteum, inner porous region (with marrow)
- provides skeletal support for the body
- rigid
- protects vital organs
Bone
How many bones are in the body?
+200
What are the Flat Bones?
Cranium and Skull
What are the Long Bones?
Extremeties
What are the Short and Irregular Bones?
Hands, feet, vertebral column
Provide mobility to bones
Joints
What are the 3 types of Joints?
- Synarthrodial
- Amphiarthrodial
- Diarthrodial
Bones articulate or come together but no movement (cranium)
Immoveable (fibrous)= Synarthrodial
Vertebrae can move slightly, but not extreme movement (Vertebral column)
Yielding (cartilaginous)= Amphiarthrodial
Serous fluid is secreted so you can have smooth movement between the bones (Elbows, hands, fingers)
Movable (synovial)= Diarthrodial
- Involved in all movements and voluntary behaviors, controlled by neural stimulation
- formed by muscle fibers
- 40% of body weight
Muscle Tissue
Enables movement of bone or other structures
Contractility
What are the three types of muscle tissues?
- Striated (voluntary)
- Cardiac (voluntary)
- Smooth (involuntary)
-surrounded by endomysium
Striated Muscles (Skeletal Muscles)
-bundles of muscle fibers called..
fasciculi
-each fasiculus is surrounded by..
Perimysium
-groups of fasciculi encased by…
Epimysium (coarse connective tissue)
-entire muscle is encased by…
Fascia (Connective Tissue)
Where the muscle projects to and usually more moveable structure
Insertion of the muscle
Effect of the muscle has on that movement when it contracts
Action of the muscle
Flexion
Brings 2 pts together
Extension
Brings 2 pts apart
What are the Division of Muscle Groups?
- Agonistic
2. Antagonistic
-consists of specialized tissues whose electrochemical composition is modified in response to environmental changes
Nervous tissue
Chemical
Neurotransmitter
Electrical
Neuron
Communicating signal sending cells
Neurons
Glial cells
Helper Cells
Cell body and dendrites
Axon and terminal endings
Structure of the Neuron
Sensory
Afferent
Motor
Efferent
Integrative
Afferent and Efferent
Individual neural fibers (axons) in the peripheral nervous system are coved by…
Endoneurium
Bundles of nerve fibers run in facicles encased in…
Perineurium
Bundles of fascicles form nerve, wrapped in…
Epineurium
- 10% of body weight
- “fluid tissues”
Vascular Tissue
What is considered Connective tissues ?
Blood, plasma, platelets, gases, and lymph
Two or more tissue types combined that form a functional unit.
Organs
Vascular and connective tissue
Lungs
Vascular, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue
Larynx
Two or more organs combined to form a functional unit.
Systems
Circulatory, Digestive, Muscular, Nervous, Respiratory, and Skeletal
Body systems
Involves the entire human body with the exception of the upper and lower extremities
Speech Perception and Production
Consists of:
Respiratory function (lungs)
Sound Generator (Vocal Folds)
Resonant Chambers (Oral, nasal, and other cavities)
Articulators (velum, tongue, lips, and teeth)
Vocal Tract
Ossicles/Bone, Muscle (striated and smooth), cartilage, nervous (afferent and efferent)
Vocal Tract Tissues
The process of speech production is regulated by the…
Nervous System
Respiration and Phonation
Respiratory System
Respiration, phonation, articulation/resonance
Muscular System/Skeletal System/ Vascular/Nervous System
Articulation/resonance
Digestive System
- Neural impulses tell muscles of respiration to inspire->controlled exhalation by adducting vocal folds
- Pressure builds and air eventually blows apart vocal folds causing them to rapidly abduct and adduct.
Respiration
- Vocal folds open and close causing a buzzing
- Length and tension of vocal folds neurologically controlled by impulses to muscles.
Phonation (vibration -> sound production)
- Particular sounds produced depend on configuration of oral cavity, flow of air, location of resonance (oral vs. nasal), phonation, etc.
- Configuration relies on neural impulse sent to muscles
Articulation/Resonance (Sound modification)
- Acoustic energy to pinna to EAM (ear canal) to Tympanic membrane
- Mechanical energy to ossicular chain movement (modulated by the acoustic reflex) to oval window of the cochlea
- Vibration of small membrane to hydraulic wave in fluid filled chambers of cochlea to moves organ of Corti and hair cells to nerve impulses sent to 8th cranial nerve
Auditory System of Speech Perception
- Impulses from cranial nerve 3 enters central nervous system and synapse in three brainstem structures: 1st, cochlear nucleus then superior olivary nuclei then lastly to the inferior colliculi
- Ascends to medial geniculate nucleus (in the thalamus) to the primary auditory cortex (Heschels Gyrus)
- Ascents to Heschel’s Gyrus (primary auditory cortex) then to the auditory association areas (including Wernicke’s area)
Nervous System of Speech Perception
Wernicke’s Area is
Crucial for language comprehension
Embryology is the
first two months of development
Fertilization
Cellular mitosis (cells divide)
Mitosis
1st state of embryology/development
in days ___ and ___ cells mutate from 4 to 8.
Day 2-3
in days ____ and _____ the
blastocyst forms two distinct sections
1. Inner Cell Mass (body)
2. Outer Cell Mass (placenta)
Days 5-6
In day _____ bilaminar embryo; future amniotic sac above, yolk sac below
Day 9
In day _____ Stem cells “assigned” to a particular cell type
Day 14
In day ____ Nerve cells begin to form
Day 15
At week _____
- The embryo is 3-4mm long
- Has a prosencephalon, oral groove, nasal pits, and inner ear is beginning to develop
- Notochord is developing
Week 3
In month _____
-Six pharyngeal/ branchial arches
1-1.5 Months
- Meckel’s (mandibular) arch
- Hyoid arch
- 3rd arch
- 4th arch
- 5th arch
- Caudal Arch
Six Pharyngeal/ Brachial Arches
Mandible, malleus, and incus
Meckel’s (mandibular) arch
Hyoid bone, part of tongue, and some of laryngeal cartilage
Hyoid arch
Hyoid Bone and part of the tongue
3rd arch
Larynx (thyroid cartilage)
4th arch
Cricoid cartilage and arytenoid cartilage of larynx
5th arch
Palatine muscles and pharyngeal constructors
Caudal Arch
In week ____
- Neural folds pinch inward and fuse
- neuroectodermal tissue breaks away and forms sides of neural tube and neural crest
- nasal pits formed
- pharynx formed
- heart is forming
Week 4
Neural crest is…
Cells of Peripheral Nervous Systems
Neural Tube is…
Cells of the Central Nervous system