Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the four subsystems of speech?
A
- Respiratory
- Phonation
- Articulation
- Resonation
2
Q
What plane of reference divided the body into ANTERIOR and POSTERIOR sections?
A
Coronal
-Can think of this as a crown.
3
Q
What are the four main types of tissue?
A
- Epithelial
- Muscle
- Nervous
- Connective
4
Q
Function: Protection and Secretion
-Lines body cavities and surfaces that interface with external environment
A
Epithelial Tissue
5
Q
- Function: Movements and bodily functions
- Voluntary vs Involuntary
A
Muscle Tissue
6
Q
-Neurons and Glial cells
A
Nervous Tissue
7
Q
What are the 5 types of Glial Cells?
A
-Astrocytes, Microglia, Oligodendrocytes, Ependymal, Schwann
8
Q
Function: Structure and Framework
-Loose/Dense/Specialized
A
Connective Tissue
9
Q
What are the three types of joints?
A
- Synarthrodial/Fibrous
- Amphiarthrodial/Cartilaginous
- Diarthrodial/Synovial
10
Q
Immoveable (will not move) Cranium
A
Synarthrodial/Fibrous Joint
11
Q
Yielding (will move, but not freely!) Between vertebrae
A
Amphiarthrodial/Cartilaginous
12
Q
Freely Moving Knee, Elbow
A
Diarthrodial/Synovial
13
Q
True or False: The pia mater is superficial to the dura mater.
A
FALSE: Dura mater–>Subarachnoid space–>Pia mater
14
Q
What are the three types of cartilage?
A
- Fibrous
- Elastic
- Hyaline
15
Q
What are the three types of bone?
A
- Flat
- Long
- Irregular
16
Q
Is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary?
A
Involuntary
17
Q
What is the speed of an action potential determined by?
A
- Diameter of axon (thicker=faster!)
- Myelination
18
Q
What is another name for the primary auditory cortex?
A
Heschel’s Gyrus
19
Q
The neural crest develops into the cells of the _________ and the neural tube develops into the cells of the _________.
A
- The neural crest develops in the PNS.
- The neural tube develops in the CNS.
20
Q
Name two structures that the ectoderm develops into.
A
- Hair/Skin/Nails
- Nervous System
- Tooth Enamel
- Pharynx
21
Q
The neural tube further develops into what three primary vesicles?
A
- Prosencephalon
- Mesencephalon
- Rhombencephalon
22
Q
What do those three primary vesicles ultimately develop into?
A
- Prosencephalon –> telencephalon
- Mesencephalon –> mesencephalon
- Rhombencephalon –> metencephalon
23
Q
True or False: The notochord becomes the spinal cord.
A
- False
- Becomes fleshy material between adult vertebral discs.
24
Q
The cranial bone that is markedly shaped like a bat is called the…
A
-Sphenoid Bone
25
What is the name of the gross representation of the body that spans the primary motor and sensory cortices?
-Homunculus
26
What is CNX (Cranial Nerve 10). Is it sensory, or both? Name a function.
- CNX is the vagus nerve
- It is BOTH sensory and motor.
- It supplies motor innervation to the velum, larynx, and pharynx (think about the VOCAL FOLDS). It supplies sensory innervation to the viscera (AKA internal organs).
27
Anterior
nearer the front
28
Posterior
further back in position; of or nearer the rear or hind end
29
Dorsal
relating to the upper side or back of an animal
30
Ventral
relating to the underside of an animal
31
Caudal/Caudad
at or near the tail or the posterior part of the body.
32
Rostral/Cranial
situated or occurring near the front end of the body, especially in the region of the nose and mouth or (in an embryo) near the hypophyseal region.
33
Cephalad
toward the head or anterior end of the body.
34
Inferior
low or lower in position.
35
Superior
toward the head end of the body
36
Infra
below, beneath, INFERIOR to.
37
Supra
Above
38
Central
At or near the center
39
Peripheral
Away from the center
40
Lateral
to the side of, or away from, the middle of the body
41
Medial
toward the middle or center
42
Contra
Prefix meaning opposed, against
43
Ipsi
same, self
44
Deep
away from the surface or further into the body
45
Superficial
on the surface or shallow
46
Ecto
“outer,” “outside,” “external,
47
Endo
"within, inner, absorbing, or containing"
48
External
Situated or occurring on the outside
49
Internal
existing or situated within the limits or surface
50
Extra
Prefix meaning without, outside of.
51
Intra
Prefix meaning inside, within
52
Extrinsic
Coming from the outside
53
Intrinsic
An essential or inherent part of a something such as a structure.
54
Distal
refers to sites located away from a specific area, most often the center of the body
55
Proximal
nearer to the center (trunk of the body) or to the point of attachment to the body
56
Post
Prefix meaning after, behind, posterior
57
Pre
Combining form meaning anterior; before (in time or space)
58
Prone
With the front (or ventral) surface downward
59
Supine
With the back or dorsal surface downward (lying face up)
60
Axial
Relating to or situated in the central part of the body, in the head and trunk as distinguished from the limbs,
61
Appendicular
relating to the arms or legs or a part of the body that is joined to another part, such as the appendix: an appendicular joint/muscle
62
anatomy of the structural changes of an individual from fertilization to adulthood; includes embryology, fetology, and postnatal development
Developmental Anatomy
63
the anatomy of the nervous system.
Neuroanatomy
64
The application of anatomical knowledge to the diagnosis and treatment of disease.
Applied Anatomy
65
the branch of anatomy that deals with the structure of organs and tissues that are visible to the naked eye.
Gross Anatomy
66
the normal flexibility in the topography and morphology of body structures
Anatomic Variability
67
the branch of biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their parts.
Physiology
68
the science of the causes and effects of diseases, especially the branch of medicine that deals with the laboratory examination of samples of body tissue for diagnostic or forensic purposes.
Pathology
69
The position with the body erect with the arms at the sides and the palms forward.
Anatomical Position
70
relating to the crown of the head.
Coronal
71
of or in a plane parallel to the sagittal suture, especially that dividing the body into left and right halves.
Sagittal
72
It vertically splits any object or organism into two relatively equal halves – left and right.
Midsagittal
73
a horizontal plane passing through the standing body so that the transverse plane is parallel to the floor.
Transverse/Horizontal
74
A group of independent but interrelated elements
| comprising a unified whole
System
75
overriding system that controls all aspects of speech (perception and production), language hearing, swallowing, and phonation
Nervous System
76
responsible for speech perception
Auditory System
77
What are the subsystem or phases of speech production?
Respiratory System
Phonatory System
Articulatory System
Resonatory System
78
Group/layers of similar cells that preform a specific function
Tissues
79
What are organelles are involved in?
Genetic control, ribosome synthesis: nucleus
• Energy production: mitochondria
• Other organelles: protein production, storage, enzyme release, cell cleanup, intracellular transport
80
What are the three types of epithelial tissue?
1. Epithelial Tissue Proper
2. Endothelial Tissue
3. Mesothelial
81
Skin, internal membranes, reproductive tract, and digestive tract.
Epithelial Tissue Proper
82
Blood vessels and lymph (arteries and veins)
Endothelial Tissue
83
Surrounds connective tissue, smooth muscles
| Single lay of fat cells
Mesothelial Tissue
84
formed by protein fibers
Matrix
85
Loose Tissue
space filling, "packing material"
86
Dense Tissue
Tightly packed bundles of extracellular fibers
87
What are some dense tissue figures?
1. Tendons
2. Ligaments
3. Fascia
88
Tough; non-elastic cords; muscle to bone; muscle to cartilage; muscle to muscle
Tendons
89
Tough cords with elastic fibers; bone to bone; bone to cartilage; cartilage to cartilage
Ligaments
90
Fibrous tissue that underlines the skin and helps separates muscles into functional lips
Fascia
91
Specialized Connective Tissue
cartilage and bone
92
Coarse in appearance; slightly compressible; Cartilage between vertebrae
Fibrous Cartilage
93
Most abundant; Blueish/whiteish/ strong with some flexibility; rib cage, nose, and larynx
Hyaline
94
Opaque; yellow; most flexible; outer ear and epiglottis
Elastic
95
- Composed of collagen and matrix intermixed with minerals (calcium)
- Dense outer compact layer covered by periosteum, inner porous region (with marrow)
- provides skeletal support for the body
- rigid
- protects vital organs
Bone
96
How many bones are in the body?
+200
97
What are the Flat Bones?
Cranium and Skull
98
What are the Long Bones?
Extremeties
99
What are the Short and Irregular Bones?
Hands, feet, vertebral column
100
Provide mobility to bones
Joints
101
What are the 3 types of Joints?
1. Synarthrodial
2. Amphiarthrodial
3. Diarthrodial
102
Bones articulate or come together but no movement (cranium)
Immoveable (fibrous)= Synarthrodial
103
Vertebrae can move slightly, but not extreme movement (Vertebral column)
Yielding (cartilaginous)= Amphiarthrodial
104
Serous fluid is secreted so you can have smooth movement between the bones (Elbows, hands, fingers)
Movable (synovial)= Diarthrodial
105
- Involved in all movements and voluntary behaviors, controlled by neural stimulation
- formed by muscle fibers
- 40% of body weight
Muscle Tissue
106
Enables movement of bone or other structures
Contractility
107
What are the three types of muscle tissues?
1. Striated (voluntary)
2. Cardiac (voluntary)
3. Smooth (involuntary)
108
-surrounded by endomysium
Striated Muscles (Skeletal Muscles)
109
-bundles of muscle fibers called..
fasciculi
110
-each fasiculus is surrounded by..
Perimysium
111
-groups of fasciculi encased by...
Epimysium (coarse connective tissue)
112
-entire muscle is encased by...
Fascia (Connective Tissue)
113
Where the muscle projects to and usually more moveable structure
Insertion of the muscle
114
Effect of the muscle has on that movement when it contracts
Action of the muscle
115
Flexion
Brings 2 pts together
116
Extension
Brings 2 pts apart
117
What are the Division of Muscle Groups?
1. Agonistic
| 2. Antagonistic
118
-consists of specialized tissues whose electrochemical composition is modified in response to environmental changes
Nervous tissue
119
Chemical
Neurotransmitter
120
Electrical
Neuron
121
Communicating signal sending cells
Neurons
122
Glial cells
Helper Cells
123
Cell body and dendrites
| Axon and terminal endings
Structure of the Neuron
124
Sensory
Afferent
125
Motor
Efferent
126
Integrative
Afferent and Efferent
127
Individual neural fibers (axons) in the peripheral nervous system are coved by...
Endoneurium
128
Bundles of nerve fibers run in facicles encased in...
Perineurium
129
Bundles of fascicles form nerve, wrapped in...
Epineurium
130
- 10% of body weight
| - "fluid tissues"
Vascular Tissue
131
What is considered Connective tissues ?
Blood, plasma, platelets, gases, and lymph
132
Two or more tissue types combined that form a functional unit.
Organs
133
Vascular and connective tissue
Lungs
134
Vascular, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue
Larynx
135
Two or more organs combined to form a functional unit.
Systems
136
Circulatory, Digestive, Muscular, Nervous, Respiratory, and Skeletal
Body systems
137
Involves the entire human body with the exception of the upper and lower extremities
Speech Perception and Production
138
Consists of:
Respiratory function (lungs)
Sound Generator (Vocal Folds)
Resonant Chambers (Oral, nasal, and other cavities)
Articulators (velum, tongue, lips, and teeth)
Vocal Tract
139
Ossicles/Bone, Muscle (striated and smooth), cartilage, nervous (afferent and efferent)
Vocal Tract Tissues
140
The process of speech production is regulated by the...
Nervous System
141
Respiration and Phonation
Respiratory System
142
Respiration, phonation, articulation/resonance
Muscular System/Skeletal System/ Vascular/Nervous System
143
Articulation/resonance
Digestive System
144
- Neural impulses tell muscles of respiration to inspire->controlled exhalation by adducting vocal folds
- Pressure builds and air eventually blows apart vocal folds causing them to rapidly abduct and adduct.
Respiration
145
- Vocal folds open and close causing a buzzing
| - Length and tension of vocal folds neurologically controlled by impulses to muscles.
Phonation (vibration -> sound production)
146
- Particular sounds produced depend on configuration of oral cavity, flow of air, location of resonance (oral vs. nasal), phonation, etc.
- Configuration relies on neural impulse sent to muscles
Articulation/Resonance (Sound modification)
147
- Acoustic energy to pinna to EAM (ear canal) to Tympanic membrane
- Mechanical energy to ossicular chain movement (modulated by the acoustic reflex) to oval window of the cochlea
- Vibration of small membrane to hydraulic wave in fluid filled chambers of cochlea to moves organ of Corti and hair cells to nerve impulses sent to 8th cranial nerve
Auditory System of Speech Perception
148
- Impulses from cranial nerve 3 enters central nervous system and synapse in three brainstem structures: 1st, cochlear nucleus then superior olivary nuclei then lastly to the inferior colliculi
- Ascends to medial geniculate nucleus (in the thalamus) to the primary auditory cortex (Heschels Gyrus)
- Ascents to Heschel's Gyrus (primary auditory cortex) then to the auditory association areas (including Wernicke's area)
Nervous System of Speech Perception
149
Wernicke's Area is
Crucial for language comprehension
150
Embryology is the
first two months of development
151
Fertilization
Cellular mitosis (cells divide)
Mitosis
1st state of embryology/development
152
in days ___ and ___ cells mutate from 4 to 8.
Day 2-3
153
in days ____ and _____ the
blastocyst forms two distinct sections
1. Inner Cell Mass (body)
2. Outer Cell Mass (placenta)
Days 5-6
154
In day _____ bilaminar embryo; future amniotic sac above, yolk sac below
Day 9
155
In day _____ Stem cells "assigned" to a particular cell type
Day 14
156
In day ____ Nerve cells begin to form
Day 15
157
At week _____
- The embryo is 3-4mm long
- Has a prosencephalon, oral groove, nasal pits, and inner ear is beginning to develop
- Notochord is developing
Week 3
158
In month _____
| -Six pharyngeal/ branchial arches
1-1.5 Months
159
1. Meckel's (mandibular) arch
2. Hyoid arch
3. 3rd arch
4. 4th arch
5. 5th arch
6. Caudal Arch
Six Pharyngeal/ Brachial Arches
160
Mandible, malleus, and incus
Meckel's (mandibular) arch
161
Hyoid bone, part of tongue, and some of laryngeal cartilage
Hyoid arch
162
Hyoid Bone and part of the tongue
3rd arch
163
Larynx (thyroid cartilage)
4th arch
164
Cricoid cartilage and arytenoid cartilage of larynx
5th arch
165
Palatine muscles and pharyngeal constructors
Caudal Arch
166
In week ____
- Neural folds pinch inward and fuse
- neuroectodermal tissue breaks away and forms sides of neural tube and neural crest
- nasal pits formed
- pharynx formed
- heart is forming
Week 4
167
Neural crest is...
Cells of Peripheral Nervous Systems
168
Neural Tube is...
Cells of the Central Nervous system
169
In week ____
- unfused palate
- epiglottis is forming
- teeth begin to grow
- brain development
- spinal cord development
Week 5
170
Vertebral Cortex/basal ganglia
Telencephalon
171
Thalmus and hypothalamus
Diencephalon
172
Ponds and Cerebellum
Metencephalon
173
Medulla Oblongata
Myelencephalon
174
Houses neural tissue involved in sensory function
Alar Plate
175
Houses neural tissue involved in motor function within the spinal cord.
Basal Plate
176
The spinal cord develops into two plates those two plates are ____ and ______
Alar Plate and Basal Plate
177
In week ____
- Oral and nasal cavities differentiate
- Alveoli of lungs begin to form
- Further development of outer ear cartilage
- face/neck divided into four distinct areas
Week 6
178
1. frontonasal process (forehead/nose)
2. maxillary process (upper Jaw)
3. mandibular arch (lower jaw)
4. hyoid arch (neck)
face/neck divided into four distinct areas
179
In week ____
- palate is fused
- arytenoid swellings form larynx
- nasal prominence
Week 7
180
In week ______
- there is vertical head growth
- upper lip
- tongue fills oral cavity
- eyeballs are complete
Week 8
181
In week _____
- millions of neurons are proliferating in the brain
- body is able to twitch involuntary
Week 9
182
Why is the body able to twitch involuntary in week 9?
Neurons are further developing and reflexive spasms help stimulate grown of muscles and strengthen joints.
183
In week ____
| -uvula forms
Week 10
184
- Brain and spinal cord
| - Covered by meninges, including three layers the dura, arachnoid, and pia.
Central Nervous System
185
The spinal cord exits from the cranium through the ______
Foramen Magnum
186
-Consists of cranial nerves and spinal nerves, which connect it to the central nervous system.
Peripheral Nervous System
187
The peripheral nervous system divides into the ___________ and ____________
Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System
188
Motor and Sensory function carries info via cranial nerves and spinal nerves to skeletal muscles.
Somatic Nervous System
189
Involuntarily carries all info about organs and blood vessels.
Autonomic/Visceral Nervous System
190
The Autonomic nervous system further breaks down into ___________ and ____________.
Sympathetic Division and Parasympathetic Division
191
Expends energy during stressful situation "fight or flight"
Sympathetic Division
192
Conserves energy; calms the body
Parasympathetic Division
193
- Bony Shell (cranium and Vertebral Column)
- Meninges
- Cerebrospinal Fluid
Central Nervous System Protection
194
- Eight Cranial Nerves
(1) Frontal
(1) Ethmoid
(1) Sphenoid
(2) Temporal
(2) Parietal
(1) Occipital
Bony Shell: Eight Cranial Bones
195
Frontal Bone
Forehead
196
Ethmoid
Cranial Floor
197
Sphenoid
Base of the skull
198
Temporal
Either side of the skull
199
Parietal
Either side of the cranium
200
Occipital
Back of the Cranium
201
- 30 Skeletal Divisions
- 12 Thoracic
- 5 Lumbar
- 5 Sacral
- 1 Coccygeal
Bony Shell: Vertebral Column
202
- Outermost, tough, thick, fibrous and attaches to inner surface of bone
- Potential spaces above and below can fill with blood if blood vessel ruptures.
Dura Mater
203
What are the two spaces above and below the dura mater?
Epidural Space and Subdural Space
204
- very thin
| - houses the subarachnoid space
Arachnoid Membrane
205
- appears similar to a spider web
- filled with cerebral spinal fluid
- with rupture of blood vessel --> fill with blood
Subarachnoid space
206
rupture of blood vessel that leads to filling with blood
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
207
- Thin and transparent
| - adjacent to brain/spinal cord surface
Pia Mater
208
-Colorless, clear fluid
Cerebrospinal Fluid
209
- Cushion on the central nervous system
| - Remove harmful substances or waste
Function of Cerebrospinal Fluid
210
Cerebral Spinal fluid is produced by __________
Choroid Plexus
211
Cerebral Spinal fluid is produced by choroid plexus in the ____________
Ventricles
212
produced in ventricle to the 3rd ventricle to the 4th ventricle to draining out of the subarachnoid space.
Flow of Cerebrospinal fluid
213
Superior sagittal sinus through the arachnoid granulations to the veins run through the sinuses and reabsorb old CSF
Reabsorption of Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow
214
Venous System
System of veins
215
Removes deoxygenated blood from brain/spinal cord and returns it to the heart
Venous System Function
216
__________ and __________ veins drain into inferior and superior sagittal sinus (where it mixes with CSF)
Deep and Superficial
217
From these sinuses, fluid dumps into ________________________ and returns to heart and lugs for deoxygenation
Internal Jugular Veins
218
Arterial System
System of Arteries
219
- Brings oxygenated blood to brain
| - Oxygenated blood pumped from the aorta
Arterial System Function
220
From the aorta to the subclavian artery up the back up the neck to the vertebral arteries to the basilar artery to the Peripheral Cerebral artery in the Circle of Willis.
Where oxygenated blood flows
221
Gray Matter
Dendrites (neuronal cell bodies)
222
White Matter
Axons
223
- Outermost layer of cerebral hemisphere (cerebral cortex)
| - Left and Right: divided by longitudinal fissure
Telencephalon
224
Deep/large sulci are called ______
fissures
225
1. Frontal (anterior most)
2. Parietal (posterior to frontal)
3. Occipital (posterior and inferior to parietal)
4. Temporal (anterior to occipital)
Four lobes of the telencephalon
226
- Precentral Gyrus (Primary Motor Cortex)
- Premotor area
- Prefrontal Area
- Inferior frontal gyrus/Broca's area
Frontal Lobe
227
Postcentral Gyrus (Primary Somatosensory Cortex);sensory homunculus
- Sensory association areas
- Supramarginal gyrus and angular gyrus
Parietal Lobe
228
- Superior temporal gyrus/primary auditory cortex (Heschel's Gyrus)
- Auditory association areas (including Wenicke's)
- Hippocampus (memory)
Temporal Lobe
229
- Primary Visual Cortex (sense of vision)
| - Visual association areas
Occipital Lobe
230
Deep white matter tracts
Bundles of axons
231
course L to R and R to L
Commissural
232
Projection
Descending and ascending
233
connect cortical gray to subcortical gray
Striatal Tracts
234
Association
eg Arcuate fasciculus
235
Collection of Gray matter
Basal Ganglia
236
Globus Pallidus
Striatum (Caudate nucleus, putamen)
Amygdaloid nucleus
Claustrum
Structures in Basal Ganglia
237
- Thalamus
- Hypothalamus
- Subthalamus
Diencephalaon
238
- Paired nuclei
- functional subdivisions
- on either side of the third ventricle
Thalamus
239
Midline anterior and inferior to thalami
Hypothalamus
240
located ventrally to the thalamus; dorsolateral to the hypothalamus
Subthalamus
241
- Mesencephalon
- Metencephalon
- Pons
Brainstem and Cerebellum
242
-Midbrain; lies below thalamus at superior/caudal stalk of brainstem
Mesencephalon
243
- Cerebellum
- Finely convoluted cortex
- two hemispheres
- attached to the brainstem via the cerebellar peduncles
Metencephalon
244
located posterior cranial space, surrounded by meningeal layers
Cerebellum
245
situated inferior to the midbrain; superior to the medulla
Pons
246
most caudal aspect of the brainstem; rostral to the spin cord and foramen magnum
Medulla Oblongata
247
-Medulla oblongata
Myelencephalon
248
- Houses cranial nerve nuclei important for speech, hearing, and swallowing.
- Vital life functions
Medulla Oblongata
249
location of pyramidal decussation of motor information
Pyramids in the Medulla Oblongata
250
- Provide motor and sensory innervation to the muscles and structures of head and neck
- Innervate special sensory systems (vision/audition)
- Involved in ANS
Cranial Nerves
251
All but two cranial nerves have nuclei in the brainstem-which ones do not?
Cranial Nerve 1 (Olfactory Nerve)
| Cranial Nerve 2 (Optic Nerve)
252
Cranial Nerve 1
Olfactory
253
Cranial Nerve 2
Optic
254
Cranial Nerve 3
Oculomotor
255
Cranial Nerve 4
Trochlear
256
Cranial Nerve 5
Trigeminal
257
Cranial Nerve 6
Abducens
258
Cranial Nerve 7
Facial
259
Cranial Nerve 8
Vestibulocochlear
260
Cranial Nerve 9
Glossopharyngeal
261
Cranial Nerve 10
Vagus
262
Cranial Nerve 11
Spinal Accessory
263
Cranial Nerve 12
Hypoglossal
264
- Motor
| - Muscles of the tongue
Hypoglossal
265
- Motor
| - Neck and Shoulders
Spinal Accessory
266
- Sensory and Motor
| - Larynx, Pharynx, and Vocal Folds
Vagus
267
- Sensory and Motor
| - Taste/Secretion
Glossopharyngeal
268
- Sensory but on occasion can be both
| - Hearing, balance, positioning
Vestibulocochlear
269
- Sensory and motor
| - Facial expression
Facial
270
- Motor
| - Eye movement
Abducens
271
- Sensory and Motor
| - Jaw movement
Trigeminal
272
- Motor
| - Eyes
Trochlear
273
- Motor
| - Eyes
Oculomotor
274
- Sensory
| - Vision
Optic
275
- Sensory
| - Smell
Olfactory
276
- Stretches from foramen magnum (rostral) to conus medullaris (caudal); cauda equina
- Five segmental portions: 31 Paired Nerves
- Carries afferent and efferent information
- Gray and white matter
- Central canal: filled with CSF
Spinal Cord
277
Spinal nerves; base to tail; how the nerves stretch
Cauda Equina
278
Paired cervical nerves
8
279
Paired thoracic nerves
12
280
Paired lumbar nerves
5
281
Paired sacral nerves
5
282
Paired coccygeal nerves
1
283
Five segmented portions of the Spinal Cord
1. Cervical
2. Thoracic
3. Lumbar
4. Sacral
5. Coccygeal
284
Enters in dorsal root
Afferent
285
Exits from ventral root
Efferent
286
- Nerve Cell
- Synapse
- Glial Cells: Helper Cells
Cells of the Nervous System
287
```
Comprised of:
Cell body/stoma
Dendrites
Axon, hillock
Terminal Boutons
```
Nerve Cell (Neuron)
288
- Terminal Boutons, gap, neighboring receptor cite
| - Neurotransmitters released
Synapse
289
Glial Cells
Helper Cells
290
- Astrocytes (astroglia)
- Contribute to the blood-brain barrier
- Neural recovery
- Oligodendrocytes (oligodendroglia)
- Microglia
- Ependymal Cells
- Schwann Cells
Glia Cells
291
- Fill interneuronal space in central nervous system
- Separate neurons from each other except at synaptic cleft
- Provide stiffness and overall support
Astrocytes/Astroglia Structure
292
-Seal cavity and forming a cyst (in large areas) or filling the space with a glial scar.
Neural Recovery
293
- Myelinate neurons in the central nervous system
| - One _________ can myelinate several axons insulates and speeds up action potential conduction
Oligodendrocytes/Oligodendroglia
294
- Small cells with smallest percentage of glia population in the central nervous system
- Activate when antigens are present in the central nervous system
- Travel to site of neuronal insult/injury and phagocytose cellular debris leaving a cavity
Microglia
295
- Form inner surface of ventricles
| - Contribute to composition of choroid plexus
Ependymal Cells
296
Choroid plexus is involved in what?
Producing CSF
297
- ONLY support in Peripheral nervous system
- Accomplish same functions as glia cells in central nervous system
- Surrounds myelinated and unmyelinated neurons in peripheral nervous system to separate from extracellular environment
Schwann Cells
298
How do nervous system cells communicate?
- The action potential
| - Cerebral Function
299
What releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft?
Synaptic knobs
300
What does not cross the synapse?
the electrical impulse itself
301
What crosses the synapse?
The neurotransmitter itself
302
- Polarized state
- Positive and negative ions unequally distributed on each side of the membrane.
- More potassium inside and sodium outside
- Membrane channels gated by electric potential and neurotransmitters
Resting Membrane Potential
303
- Ion channel opens and Na+ flows into an axon cell when the membrane potential reaches threshold
- Reverses polarity of axon turning into more positive state
Depolarization or Action Potential
304
- Headed back to a normal state
- Sodium channels close
- Potassium channels open making the positive ion leave
- Membrane becomes more negatively charged and outward movement of K+ ions
- More Na+ inside and K+ outside
Repolarization
305
- Cell interior becoming extremely negative (-80mV)
- Absolute refractory period
- K+ channels close (no more outward flow of K+)
- Sodium Potassium pumps turn on, Na+ ions are pumped out and K+ ions are pumped back in
Hyperpolarization
306
Cell is way too negative and cannot initiate another action potential
Absolute Refractory Period
307
Goal is for the neurotransmitter to make cell reach threshold and fire an action potential
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)
308
Goal is for neurotransmitter to make cell less able to fire an action potential
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)
309
- Faster in myelinated axons (saltatory conduction)
| - Larger diameter of axon high velocity of impulse conduction
Impulse Conduction
310
What must happen to the axon before another action potential can be generated?
- Action potential can only be generated once the axon is back to normal resting state.
- Higher concentration of K+ (potassium) on the inside, Na+ (sodium) on the outside, and that -65 to -70mV
311
- Refers to cellular makeup of the cortex
| - It can vary
Cytoarchitecture
312
-Scientist who found differences between these areas of the brain based on cytoarchitecture
Broadmann
313
- Cytoarchitecture, Broadmann's areas
- direct communication with motor/sensory functions
- association areas
- Limbic: Cingulate, parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, amygdala (and others)
- ALL areas must be interconnected by white matter fibers
Cerebral Function
314
Motor commands are initiated in _____
Primary Motor Area (frontal Lobe)
315
Primary Motor Area
Frontal Lobe
316
Touch, Pain, Temperature
Primary Somatosensory Area (parietal lobe)
317
Primary Somatosensory Area
Parietal Lobe
318
Sight
Primary Visual Area (Occipital Lobe)
319
Hearing
Primar Auditory Area (temporal lobe)
320
Primary Auditory Area
Temporal Lobe
321
What is the first corticle region that receives information for the respective sense?
1. Primary somatosensory area
2. Primary visual area
3. Primary auditory area
322
- Unimodal
| - Multimodal
Association Areas
323
- Lie adjacent to primary cortex
| - Specific in processing and identifying something of that specific modality
Unimodal
324
- Receive multiple inputs from unimodal associated areas
- From multiple inputs of our sensory function
- Somatosensory cortex and visual cortex
Multimodal
325
Regulating emotional/motivational aspects of behavior, memory, learning
-not just one area
Limbic
326
- Sensorimotor control for the right side of the body
- Language! (production/comprehension)
- Rapidly changing information (speech signal)
- Detailed analysis
Left Hemisphere
327
- Sensorimotor control for the left side of the body
- Melody/Prosody (intonation/stress)
- Holistic Processing
- Formulaic language/metaphor/nonliteral language
- Emotional processing and face recognition
Right Hemisphere
328
What is resting membrane voltage?
-65 to -70 mV
329
Potassium flows out of the cell during which stage of the action potential?
-Repolarization
330
Name a function of the right hemisphere.
- Sensory motor control for the left side of the body
- Melody/Prosody (makes us not sound like robots)
- Emotional Processing
- Formulaic Language
331
What nerve innervates the diaphragm and where is it located??
-Phrenic Nerve (C3-C5)
332
Is the phrenic nerve a cranial nerve or spinal nerve?
-Spinal Nerve
333
What are the cranial nerves involved in motor speech?
- Cranial Nerve 5: Trigeminal Nerve
- Cranial nerve 7:Facial
- Cranial Nerve 9: Glossopharyngeal Nerve
- Cranial Nerve 10: Vagus Nerve
- Cranial Nerve 11: Spinal Accessory Nerve
- Cranial Nerve 12: Hypoglossal Nerve
334
What developmental abnormality is characterized by an overproduction of CSF?
Hydrocephalus
335
What is the difference between a thrombosis and an embolism?
- Thrombosis is localized build up
| - Embolism is a traveling clot
336
What disease is an autoimmune condition characterized by a loss of myelin?
Multiple Sclerosis
337
Which glial cell produces myelin?
-Oligodendrocytes
338
True or False: Guillan-Barre is a recoverable condition that attacks the central nervous system.
- False
| - It is recoverable, but it is a disease of the peripheral nervous system
339
Name the disease that is caused by degeneration of substantia nigra and is marked by hypokinetic dysarthria.
-Parkinson’s Disease
340
Name the disease that has Hyper dysarthria.
-Huntington’s Disease
341
Anomia
- inability to recall names for things
| - initial symptom of Alzheimer’s
342
Aphasia
-Loss of language
343
Dysphagia
-Difficulty of swallowing
344
Dysarthria
- lost ability of speech
| - actual muscle coordination required
345
- Alpha motor neuron and the muscle cells
| - Many nerve cells innervate a given muscles
Motor Unit
346
Degree of muscle contraction
Tone
347
Determined by the number of individual muscle cells that are contracted vs relaxed
Degree of muscle contraction
348
Cells of a muscle are excessively contracted (extremely high tone)
Spasticity
349
- cells of a muscle are excessively relaxed
| - lower motor neuron damage
Flaccidity
350
Speech starts with a _________
Cognitive Function
351
Cognitive function is the same as
frontal lobe function
352
What content do we want to convey?
Wernicke's area
353
Where is the language production zone?
Broca's (and premotor, basal ganglia, cerebellum, primary sensory)
354
direct motor (speech) act
Primary Motor Area
355
muscles of speech production
Corticobulbar Tracts
356
cortex to different areas of the spinal cord
Corticospinal Tracts
357
Cortex to bulbar nuclei in brain stem
Corticobulbar Tracts
358
(pyramidal tracts) transmit signal to cranial and spinal nerves
Corticobulbar and Corticospinal Tracts
359
_______ are typically named from where they start to where they end.
Pathways
360
descending efferent pathway to spinal nerves (cortex to spinal cord)
Corticospinal Tract
361
descending efferent pathway to cranial nerves (cortex to bulbar nuclei in the brain stem)
Corticobulbar Tract
362
Motor command initiated at precentral gyrus and sent via corticospinal tract and phrenic nerve
Respiration
363
crosses midline at caudal medulla and spinal cord
Corticospinal Tract
364
innervates diaphragm (C3-C5)
Phrenic Nerve
365
-Transmits sensory information from head, face, teeth, including mucous membranes, proprioceptive information about facial and lingual muscles
Trigeminal Nerve (Cranial Neve 5)
366
-Motor Function: Jaw movement (open/close), mastication; innervates soft palate muscle (tensor veli palatini) innervates muscle in inner ear space that controls movement of the tympanic membrane (tensor tympani)
Motor function of Trigeminal Cranial Nerve 5
367
Mandibular (sensory and motor)
Trigeminal Nerve Cranial Nerve 5
368
Sensory function: taste from anterior two thirds of tongue
Facial Nerve Cranial Nerve 7
369
Innervates muscles of lip movement, innervates eyelid depressors, stapedius muscle (attaches to staples in middle ear)
Facial Nerve Cranial Nerve 7
370
Autonomic function: Salivary nuclei --> glandular secretions
Facial Nerve Cranial Nerve 7
371
-Sensory: from pharynx, posterior one third taste
Glossopharyngeal Nerve Cranial Nerve 9
372
Motor: pharyngeal (innervates stylopharyngeus)
Glossopharyngeal Nerve Cranial Nerve 9
373
Autonomic: Saliva Production
Glossopharyngeal Nerve Cranial Nerve 9
374
Sensory: muscosal surfaces of lower pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, esophagus, stomach, taste buds around epiglottis
Vagus Nerve Cranial Nerve 10
375
Motor: innervates intrinsic muscles of larynx; pharyngeal muscles (except stylopharyngeus) velar muscles (except tensor veli palatini), palatoglossus/palatopharyngeus
Vagus Nerve Cranial Nerve 10
376
Innervates the velar and pharyngeal constrictor muscles
Pharyngeal Branch
377
Innervating pharyngeal and circothyroid muscles (phonation and swallowing)
Superior Laryngeal branch
378
Innervates muscles in the larynx (phonation)
Recurrent laryngeal branch
379
Autonomic: innervates glands, cardiac muscles, smooth muscle of viscera
Vagus Nerve Cranial Nerve 10
380
Motor: innervates neck and shoulder muscles
assists vagus nerve to innervate muscles of the velum, pharynx, and larynx
Sternocleidomastoid (turn head)
Trapezius (shrug shoulders)
-Muscles of respiration
Spinal Accessory Nerve Cranial Nerve 11
381
Motor: tongue movement
extrinsic muscles of larynx
motor nucleus in medulla (hypoglossal nucleus) -innervates contralateral tongue
Hypoglossas Nerve Cranial Nerve 12
382
```
Defect in fusion of neural tube
1 in 1000 deliveries
no optic
very severe
no skull covering
```
Anencephaly
383
bone fusion prevented in posterior midline of skull or dorsal part of the neural tube in future vertebral column
Cranium Bifidum/Spina Bifida
384
Ventricles severely enlarged because excessive productions of CSF and or obstruction of CSF drainage pathways.
Hydrocephalus
385
brain, calvaria, faces are small
Microcephaly
386
part of the brain protruding
Cranium Bifidum
387
part of the spinal cord is protruding
Spina Bifida
388
neuronal cell death due to blockage of blood flow or bleed
Stroke (CVA)
389
Blockage of blood flow
Ischemia
390
hemorrhage; hematoma
Bleed
391
football shaped
Hematoma
392
-arteries and veins are tangled
Arteriovenous malformation
393
wall balloons out
Aneurysm
394
Blood vessels can tear
Traumatic Brain injury
395
language disorder
aphasia
396
middle cerebral artery affects brocas area utterence length is reduced
Nonfluent aphasia
397
Wernicke's area comprehension is a problem
Fluent aphasia
398
closer to sylvian fissure
perisylvian
399
further away from sylvian fissure
extraperisylvian
400
some language comprehension deficits; some production deficits; repetition may be affected
Mixed aphasia
401
occurs in the primary motor cortex and motor speech disorder
Dysarthria
402
high toned state (upper motor neuron pathways) Cortex to brainstem nuclei
Spastic
403
(lower motor neurons) cranial nerves
Flaccid
404
Reduced movements
| -caused by subcortical motor circuts (Ex basal ganglia pathways)
Hypokinetic
405
excessive movements
| --caused by subcortical motor circuts (Ex basal ganglia pathways)
Hyperkinetic
406
uncoordinated movements (damage to the cerebellum)
Ataxic
407
runs the gamet; can be upper and lower injuries
Mixed
408
cognitive deficits
prefrontal
409
sensory integration deficits
parietal
410
dysprosodia, flat speech, suprasegmantals affected
frontal/parietal
411
Visual deficits
Occipital Lobe
412
- antibodies attack myelin
- myelin degenerates but initially spares axon
- glial proliferation and myelin debris contribute to dense plaque formation in CNS
- ultimately plaques may cause axon to degenerate to more severe, progressive disability
- spastic dysarthria (high toned state)
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
413
- Peripheral myelin- demyelinating auto-immune condition
- Slows speed of nerve conduction
- recoverable
- ascending deficits in sensoineural information (starts in fingers, toes, feet and moves upward in the body)
Guillain-Barré Syndrome
414
- Basal ganglia dysfunction
- Degneration of substantia nigra dopamine producing cells (loosing dopamine)
- Hypokinetic dysarthria
- Resting Tremor
Parkinson's Disease
415
Hyperkinetic dysarthria
| psychiatric component
Huntington's Disease
416
Mixed spastic, flaccid dysarthria
ALS
417
ataxis dysarthria
Friedrich's ataxia
418
- Tempero-parietal dementia
- Plaques and neurofibrillary tangles
- Memory for recent past worse than distant past
- Anomia may be initial system
- Syntax spared! Formulaic language is spared!
- Progresses frontally in late stages
- Semantic impariment
Alzheimer's Disease
419
Specific degeneration of areas related to language (especially when in the left hemisphere)
Primary Progressive Aphasia
420
Researches believe that primary progressive aphasia could be ______________
Fronto-temporal dementia
421
```
Speech and swallow may be impaired
respiratory support
nerves controlling laryngeal and pharyngeal function may be affected
head and neck movement
tracheostomy tubes
```
Spinal Cord Injury
