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Human Development > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Science of Human Development

A

seeks to understand how and why people of all ages and circumstances change or remain the same over time

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2
Q

developmental psychology

A

focuses on how people grow and change over the course of a lifetime

*physical, social, emotional, and cognitive development

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3
Q

scientific method

A

answer questions using empirical evidence

*science-based effort to collect data and establish facts

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4
Q

Five basic steps of the scientific method

A
  1. begin with curiosity: pose a research question
  2. develop a hypothesis
  3. test the hypothesis
  4. draw conclusions
  5. report the results
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5
Q

empirical evidence

A

based on observation, experience or experiment, not just theory or opinion

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6
Q

replication

A

repeating the exact same study with different participants, in a different setting

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7
Q

nature

A

influence of genes we inherit; traits, capacities, and limitations inherited at conception

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8
Q

nurture

A

all environmental influences that occur after conception, that affects the development

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9
Q

environmental influences

A

health and diet of the embryo’s mother, school, family, community, society

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10
Q

what do most psychologists believe

A

development is the result of nature and nurture working together

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11
Q

epigenetics

A

how environmental factors affect genes and genetic expression (enhancing, halting, shaping, or altering the expression of genes)

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12
Q

differential susceptibility

A

people vary in how sensitive they are to particular experience (genes or past experiences)

  • diverse development trajectories, despite similar environmental influences
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13
Q

life-span perspective

A

all phases, from conception to death

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14
Q

development is multidirectional

A

human characteristics change in every directioon

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15
Q

critical period

A

the time when particular development must occur for normal development

*if toxic substances prevent growth, it cannot develop later

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16
Q

sensitive period

A

time when a particular development is most likely to occur easily

  • may still happen later
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17
Q

ecological systems

A

effects of climate, noise, population density, family size, and multiethnic communities on development

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18
Q

chronosystem

A

“time system” emphasize the importance of historical time

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19
Q

macrosystem

A

cultural patterns of values, political philosophies, economic policies, and social conditions

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20
Q

exosystem

A

external networks, local institutions that influence the microsystems

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21
Q

mesosystem

A

connections between and among the other systems

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22
Q

microsystem

A

intimately shape human development

*family, peer groups, classroom, neighborhood, house of worship

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23
Q

cohort

A

all persons born within a few years of one another

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24
Q

socioeconomic status

A

income, wealth, occupation, education, and neighborhood

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25
Q

how does this affect a person’s career prospects? (SES)

A

determines if who is more likely to be a part-time worker and an attorney

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26
Q

culture

A

system of share beliefs, normas, behaviors, and expectations that persist over time and prescribe social behavior and assumptions

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27
Q

social construct

A

an idea that is based upon shared perceptions, not on objective reality

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28
Q

utilizing american subgroups

A

native americans, latin americans, and some asians are raised to rarely talk, avoid eye contact, and seem very shy/introverted

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29
Q

difference-equals-deficit error

A

the mistaken belief that a deviation from some norm is necessarily inferior

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30
Q

lev vygotsky

A

theory of sociocultural development

*guided participation: mentors to teach cultural knowledge, skills, and habits

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31
Q

ethnicity

A

affected by social context, not a direct outcome of biology

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32
Q

ethnic group

A

certain attributes, almost always including ancestral heritage and usually national origin, religion, and language

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33
Q

race

A

group of people regarded as distinct from other groups on the basis of appearance

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34
Q

plasticity

A

idea that abilities, personality, and other human characteristics are moldable, and thus can change

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35
Q

dynamic systems approach

A

highlights how developmental change has always occured

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36
Q

in the first half of the twentieth century, which two opposing theories dominated the discipline of psychology

A

Sigmund and Erickson

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37
Q

Sigmund Freud (18-56-1939)

A

5 stages

- early conflict resolution determines personality patterns

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38
Q

Erik Erikson (1902-1994)

A

8 stages

- genes and biological impulses are powerfully influenced by the social environement

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39
Q

developmental crisis

A

particular challenge in each stage

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40
Q

conditioning

A

learning takes place through processes by which responses become linked to particular stimuli

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41
Q

classical conditioning

A

learning through association

  • neutral stimulus becomes conditioned response
  • Ivan Pavlov
42
Q

operant conditioning

A

learning occurs through reinforcement and punishment

- B.F. Skinner

43
Q

albert bandura (1925)

A

observational learning: learning through watching others, retaining the information, and then later replicating the observed behaviors

44
Q

modeling

A

observe the actions of others and copies them

45
Q

with regard to children’s cognitive development, what did Piaget argue

A

how children think is more revealing that what they know

46
Q

cognitive theory

A

new experience can be jarring and incomprehensible

47
Q

evolutionary theory

A

charles darwin

48
Q

experiments

A

the researcher adds one variable and then observes the effect on another variable, in order to establish if there is a causal relationship among variables

49
Q

independent variable

A

what is being added

50
Q

dependent variable

A

what shows effect

51
Q

cross-sectional research

A

compares people who differ in age but not in other important characteristics

52
Q

quantitative research

A

numbers

53
Q

qualitative research

A

cultural and contextual diversity, but is also more vulnerable to bias and harder to replicate

54
Q

the universal

A

proteins that promote growth, development, and sustain life according to instructions in their DNA

55
Q

gene

A

instruct the cell to manufacture the proteins needed to sustain life and development

56
Q

approximately how many genes does a human have

A

20,000- 23,000

57
Q

allele

A

variation that makes a gene different in some way from other genes for the same characteristic

58
Q

epigenetic factors

A

determines if the gene is expressed or silence (genes and environment)

59
Q

genotype

A

organism’s entiire genetic inheritance or genetic potential

60
Q

phenotype

A

observable characteristics of an organism (appearance, personality, intelligence)

61
Q

genome

A

full set of genes that are the instructions to make an individual member of living organisms

62
Q

human genome project

A

(1990-2003)

  • almost all genes are present in every human
  • humans have far fewer genes than had previously been thought
63
Q

sex ratio

A

boys to girls 104:100

64
Q

monozygotic/identical twins

A

originate from on zygote that splits apart very early in development
- best possible match for organ donation

65
Q

dizygotic/fraternal twins

A

result from fertilization of two separate ova by two separate sperm

66
Q

polygenic

A

so many genes make me who i am

67
Q

multifactorial

A

influence by many factors involved in causing a potential birth defect

68
Q

additive genes

A

when the effects of genes combine to create the phenotype

69
Q

carrier

A

a person whose genotype includes a gene that is not expressed in the phenotype

70
Q

X-linked traits

A

female are more likely to be carriers of X-linked traits, males are more likely to express them

71
Q

germinal period

A

first two weeks after conception, rapid cell division beginning of cell differentiation

72
Q

embryonic period

A

third through the eighth week after conception, distinct as a human

73
Q

fetal period

A

9th week until birth, grow in size and mature in functioning

74
Q

primitive streak

A

down the middle of the cell mass become a neural tube and later forms the brain and spine of the CNS

75
Q

age of viability

A

age at which a preterm newborn may survive outside of the mother’s uterus (22 weeks)

76
Q

down syndrome

A

21st chromosome

77
Q

huntington’s disease

A

dominant gene disorder

- 3 gene disorders, progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain

78
Q

Fragile X syndrome

A

mild to severe intellectual disability

- recessive gene disorder

79
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

lungs and digestive system, body produces thick and sticky mucus that can clog the lungs and obstruct the pancreas

80
Q

thalassemia

A

blood disorder, body makes abnormal form or inadequate hemoglobin

81
Q

sickle-cell disease

A

red blood cess contort into sickle shape

82
Q

genetic counseling

A

consultation and testing by trained experts that enable individuals to learn about their heritability

83
Q

teratogens

A

any agent or condition that increases the risk for prenatal abnormalities

84
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome

A

embryo exposed t mother’s heavy drinking

85
Q

dizygotic twins

A

alleles from the enzyme that metabolizes alcohol may differing FAS

86
Q

preterm

A

birth that occurs at 36 weeks

87
Q

small for gestational age

A

birthweight is significantly lower than expected given the time since conception

88
Q

low birth weight in the U.S.

A

steady increase in LBW over the past 25 years

89
Q

very low birthweight

A

under 1,500 g (3lbs 5 oz)

90
Q

extremely low birth weight

A

under 1,000 g (2 lbs 3 oz)

91
Q

maternal behavior and low birth weight

A
  1. health and illness
  2. drug use before and during pregnancy
  3. malnutrition
92
Q

immigrant paradox

A

newborns born to migrants are generally healthier in every way (birth weight) than US

93
Q

fetal brain

A

signals the release of hormones prepares the fetus for delivery and starts labor by triggering the female’s uterine muscles

94
Q

labor begins

A

average duration for firstborn babies (12 hours)

95
Q

apgar scale

A

evaluate health of newborn

- 4 means emergency care

96
Q

induced labor

A

labor that is started, speeded, or strengthened with a drug

97
Q

cesarean section

A

surgical birth

- increase the risk of complications after birth

98
Q

brazelton neonatal behavioral assessment scale

A

measure responsiveness and records 46 behaviors including 20 reflexes

99
Q

postpartum depression

A

physical problems after birth

- baby blues to psychosis

100
Q

breast-feeding

A

studies indicate this may mitigate maternal depression

101
Q

couvade

A

paternal experiences of pregnancy and birth

  • weight gain, indigestion, pain during birth

Human Development (2 decks)

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