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Biology 211 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Epidermis

A

epithelium of skin

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2
Q

Tissue type

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

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3
Q

Vascularity

A

Avascular, nutrients must diffuse from deeper connective tissues.

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4
Q

Cells of the Epidermis

A

Keratinocytes, stem cells, melanocytes, tactile, dendritic.

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5
Q

Keratinocytes Function

A

Synthesize fibrous protein keratin.

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6
Q

Keratinocytes Location

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, going to arise from the stratum Basale

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7
Q

Melanocytes Function

A

Make melanin, a brown to black pigment. Melanin is taken up by keratinocytes and used to protect their DNA from UV radiation.

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8
Q

Melanocytes Location

A

found in the deepest layer, stratum Basale.

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9
Q

Dendritic cells Function

A

Immune surveillance.

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10
Q

Dendritic Cells

A

Found in stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum (two middle layers of epidermis).

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11
Q

Tactile Cells Function

A

Touch receptors that join with nerves, sensory receptor for touch.

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12
Q

Tactile Cells Location

A

Only found in stratum Basale.

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13
Q

Layers of the Epidermis: Stratum Basale Cells

A

occasional melanocytes and epidermal dendritic cells.

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14
Q

Layers of Epidermis: Stratum Basale Function

A

regenerates new basal cells.

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15
Q

Layers of Epidermis: Stratum Spinosum Cells

A

Keratinocytes and Langerhans cells.

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16
Q

Layers of Epidermis: Stratum Spinosum Function

A

its cells are going to contain thick filaments of pre-keratin.

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17
Q

Layers of Epidermis: Stratum Granulosum Cells

A

Keratinocytes. originate in the deepest layer of the epidermis, the stratum Basale and move up to the final barrier layer of the skin, the stratum corneum.

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18
Q

Layers of Epidermis: Stratum Lucidum Cells

A

2-3 rolls of dead, flat keratinocytes.

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19
Q

Layers of Epidermis: Stratum lucidum function

A

helps to provide protection, and to stick the corneum to the granulosum better.

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20
Q

Stratum Lucidum: Thick Skin

A

consists of five layers or five strata and a thicker stratum corneum.

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21
Q

Stratum Lucidum: Thin Skin

A

Found covering the rest of the body, four layers or strata.

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22
Q

Layers of Epidermis: Stratum Corneum Cells

A

Dead keratinocytes.

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23
Q

Layers of Epidermis: Stratum Corneum Function

A

Protects us from abrasion, penetration, and dehydration.

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24
Q

Dermis

A

Contains nerve fibers, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, hair follicles, and oil and sweat glands.

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25
Dermis Vascularity
Vascular, meaning it contains blood vessels
26
Dermal Layers
Dermis is composed of two layers; the papillary layer and the reticular dermis
27
Papillary Layer
Thin and superficial layer. Tissue type is areolar connective tissue.
28
Dermal Papillae
Peg-like projections; contain capillary loops and free nerve endings.
29
Dermal Ridges
Thick skin, large mounds found under the papillae.
30
Epidermal Ridges
Formed on the overlying epidermis, due to the Collectively, these skin ridges are referred to as friction ridges.
31
Capillary Loops
Blood-carrying vessels, allow for exchange to occur
32
Free nerve endings
Serve as pain receptors.
33
Meissner’s corpuscles
serve as touch receptors
34
Reticular Layer: Tissue Type
Irregular dense fibrous connective tissue.
35
Reticular Layer: Cutaneous Plexus
Network of blood vessels which nourishes this layer.
36
Reticular Layer: Flexure Lines
Dermal folds that are going to occur at or near our joints, allowing for flexibility.
37
Hypodermis
Subcutaneous tissues found just deep to the skin.
38
Hypodermis: Tissue Type
Adipose connective tissue
39
Hypodermis: Function
Stores fat and it also anchors skin to muscle loosely so skin can move.
40
Skin Color: Melanin
Produced by melanocytes. Eumelanin is brownish black, pheomelanin is reddish yellow.
41
Skin Color: Carotene
Yellow orange pigment, concentrates in stratum corneum.
42
Skin Color: Hemoglobin
Red pigment of blood
43
Hairs and Hair Follicles Locations on Body
distributed over out body's surface, except for our lips, palms, soles of our feet, nipples, distal segments of fingers, and parts of the external genitalia.
44
Hairs and Hair Follicles Functions
helps to sense insects, guard against physical trauma, guards against heat loss, and it protects us against the sun.
45
Structure of Hair Cell Types
Dead keratinized cells
46
Structure of Hair: Shaft
area that projects from the skin, and extends about half way down in the follicle.
47
Structure of Hair: Root
Down to the bulb area.
48
Structure of Hair: Medulla
Internal layer, loosely arranged cells and air spaces
49
Structure of Hair: Cortex
Bulk of hair, several layers of long cells
50
Structure of Hair: Cuticle
Outer layer, overlapping scaly cells
51
Hair Follicles Structure
Follicle wall contains connective tissue root sheath, the glassy membrane, external epithelial root sheath, and the internal epithelial root sheath.
52
Hair Follicles Locations
Located in the epidermis and dermis.
53
Hair Follicles Wall: Peripheral C.T. Sheath
Fibrous heath, derived from the dermis
54
Hair Follicles Wall: Glassy Membrane
Thickened basal lamina. Clear connective tissue sheath covering the hair root, connecting it to the tissue of the dermis
55
Hair Follicles Wall: Epithelial Root Sheath
Divided up into external and internal root sheath.
56
External Epithelial Root Sheath
An extension of the epidermal basal layer which envelopes the entire hair follicle.
57
Internal Epithelial Root Sheath
Lower part of the hair follicle that surrounds and protects the growing hair.
58
Hair Bulb: Hair Follicle Receptor
Knot of sensory nerve endings, that wrap basket-like around each hair bulb. Detect the bending of hairs.
59
Hair Papilla
Nipple like bit of dermal tissue that protrudes up to the hair bulb.
60
Hair Matrix
Actively dividing area of the bulb that produces the hair and we can see lots of melanocytes as well.
61
Arrector Pili
Bundle of smooth muscle cell that are associated with each hair follicle. Responsible for goosebumps.
62
Types of Hair: Vellus Hair
Fine, wispy hair that covers most of the body.
63
Types of Hair: Terminal Hair
Thick, long, pigmented hair found on the scalp, face, armpits, and pubic area. Growth is influenced by hormones.
64
Nails: Location
Distal dorsal fingers and toes.
65
Nails: Functions
Function as tools.
66
Nails: Free Edge
The free part of the nail bed and protrudes beyond the end of the finger.
67
Nails: Body
Composed of densely packed dead keratinocytes
68
Nails: Root
Also known as the germinal matrix. Its edge appears as a white crescent, known as the lunula.
69
Nails: Nail Matrix
Area where your fingernails and toenails start to grow, past the germinal matrix.
70
Nails: Cuticle
Layer of clear skin located along the bottom edge of your finger or toe.
71
Nails: Hyponychium
The skin just under the free edge of your nail.
72
Eccrine Sweat Glands
Major sweat glands of the human body.
73
Eccrine Sweat Glands: Locations
Found in the palms, soles of the feet, and forehead, but widely distributed over.
74
Eccrine Sweat Glands: Locations within Integument
Found in the dermis, sometimes hypodermis.
75
Eccrine Sweat Glands: Functions
Secrete sweat, sodium chloride, vitamin c, antibodies, metabolic waste, and even certain drugs. Mainly for thermal regulation.
76
Apocrine Sweat Glands: Locations on Body
Axillar, anal genital areas, groin, aerial, and beard area in mature males.
77
Apocrine Sweat Glands: Locations within Integument
Deep dermis and hypodermis.
78
Apocrine Sweat Glands: Functions
Unknown, believed to also be for thermal regulation.
79
Ceruminous Glands: Locations on Body
Lining of the external ear canal.
80
Ceruminous Glands: Functions
Secrete secretions that mix with sebum that are from our sebaceous gland, and form a sticky substance called cerumen, or ear wax.
81
Mammary Glands: Locations
Breasts
82
Mammary Glands: Functions
Produce milk.
83
Sebaceous Glands: Locations on Body
Found all over the body except for thick skin found on the palms and soles of feet.
84
Sebaceous Glands: Locations within Integument
Found next to a follicle or near a pore.
85
Sebaceous Glands: Functions
To produce/release sebum.
86
Functions of the Integumentary System: Protection
Resistance to trauma and infection, water retention, synthesis of vitamin D, sensation, thermoregulation, nonverbal communication.
87
Functions of the Integumentary System: Body Temperature Regulation
Heat is released via sweat, and cold is battled via dermal blood vessel restriction.
88
Functions of the Integumentary System: Metabolic Functions
Vitamin D synthesis, and chemical conversions.
89
Functions of the Integumentary System: Blood Reservoir
Dermis holds about 5% of our body's blood.
90
Functions of the Integumentary System: Excretion
Skin will excrete in the form of sweat.

Biology 211 (1 decks)

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