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Biology 211 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Epidermis

A

epithelium of skin

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2
Q

Tissue type

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

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3
Q

Vascularity

A

Avascular, nutrients must diffuse from deeper connective tissues.

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4
Q

Cells of the Epidermis

A

Keratinocytes, stem cells, melanocytes, tactile, dendritic.

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5
Q

Keratinocytes Function

A

Synthesize fibrous protein keratin.

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6
Q

Keratinocytes Location

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, going to arise from the stratum Basale

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7
Q

Melanocytes Function

A

Make melanin, a brown to black pigment. Melanin is taken up by keratinocytes and used to protect their DNA from UV radiation.

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8
Q

Melanocytes Location

A

found in the deepest layer, stratum Basale.

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9
Q

Dendritic cells Function

A

Immune surveillance.

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10
Q

Dendritic Cells

A

Found in stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum (two middle layers of epidermis).

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11
Q

Tactile Cells Function

A

Touch receptors that join with nerves, sensory receptor for touch.

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12
Q

Tactile Cells Location

A

Only found in stratum Basale.

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13
Q

Layers of the Epidermis: Stratum Basale Cells

A

occasional melanocytes and epidermal dendritic cells.

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14
Q

Layers of Epidermis: Stratum Basale Function

A

regenerates new basal cells.

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15
Q

Layers of Epidermis: Stratum Spinosum Cells

A

Keratinocytes and Langerhans cells.

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16
Q

Layers of Epidermis: Stratum Spinosum Function

A

its cells are going to contain thick filaments of pre-keratin.

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17
Q

Layers of Epidermis: Stratum Granulosum Cells

A

Keratinocytes. originate in the deepest layer of the epidermis, the stratum Basale and move up to the final barrier layer of the skin, the stratum corneum.

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18
Q

Layers of Epidermis: Stratum Lucidum Cells

A

2-3 rolls of dead, flat keratinocytes.

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19
Q

Layers of Epidermis: Stratum lucidum function

A

helps to provide protection, and to stick the corneum to the granulosum better.

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20
Q

Stratum Lucidum: Thick Skin

A

consists of five layers or five strata and a thicker stratum corneum.

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21
Q

Stratum Lucidum: Thin Skin

A

Found covering the rest of the body, four layers or strata.

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22
Q

Layers of Epidermis: Stratum Corneum Cells

A

Dead keratinocytes.

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23
Q

Layers of Epidermis: Stratum Corneum Function

A

Protects us from abrasion, penetration, and dehydration.

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24
Q

Dermis

A

Contains nerve fibers, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, hair follicles, and oil and sweat glands.

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25
Q

Dermis Vascularity

A

Vascular, meaning it contains blood vessels

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26
Q

Dermal Layers

A

Dermis is composed of two layers; the papillary layer and the reticular dermis

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27
Q

Papillary Layer

A

Thin and superficial layer. Tissue type is areolar connective tissue.

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28
Q

Dermal Papillae

A

Peg-like projections; contain capillary loops and free nerve endings.

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29
Q

Dermal Ridges

A

Thick skin, large mounds found under the papillae.

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30
Q

Epidermal Ridges

A

Formed on the overlying epidermis, due to the Collectively, these skin ridges are referred to as friction ridges.

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31
Q

Capillary Loops

A

Blood-carrying vessels, allow for exchange to occur

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32
Q

Free nerve endings

A

Serve as pain receptors.

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33
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles

A

serve as touch receptors

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34
Q

Reticular Layer: Tissue Type

A

Irregular dense fibrous connective tissue.

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35
Q

Reticular Layer: Cutaneous Plexus

A

Network of blood vessels which nourishes this layer.

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36
Q

Reticular Layer: Flexure Lines

A

Dermal folds that are going to occur at or near our joints, allowing for flexibility.

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37
Q

Hypodermis

A

Subcutaneous tissues found just deep to the skin.

38
Q

Hypodermis: Tissue Type

A

Adipose connective tissue

39
Q

Hypodermis: Function

A

Stores fat and it also anchors skin to muscle loosely so skin can move.

40
Q

Skin Color: Melanin

A

Produced by melanocytes. Eumelanin is brownish black, pheomelanin is reddish yellow.

41
Q

Skin Color: Carotene

A

Yellow orange pigment, concentrates in stratum corneum.

42
Q

Skin Color: Hemoglobin

A

Red pigment of blood

43
Q

Hairs and Hair Follicles Locations on Body

A

distributed over out body’s surface, except for our lips, palms, soles of our feet, nipples, distal segments of fingers, and parts of the external genitalia.

44
Q

Hairs and Hair Follicles Functions

A

helps to sense insects, guard against physical trauma, guards against heat loss, and it protects us against the sun.

45
Q

Structure of Hair Cell Types

A

Dead keratinized cells

46
Q

Structure of Hair: Shaft

A

area that projects from the skin, and extends about half way down in the follicle.

47
Q

Structure of Hair: Root

A

Down to the bulb area.

48
Q

Structure of Hair: Medulla

A

Internal layer, loosely arranged cells and air spaces

49
Q

Structure of Hair: Cortex

A

Bulk of hair, several layers of long cells

50
Q

Structure of Hair: Cuticle

A

Outer layer, overlapping scaly cells

51
Q

Hair Follicles Structure

A

Follicle wall contains connective tissue root sheath, the glassy membrane, external epithelial root sheath, and the internal epithelial root sheath.

52
Q

Hair Follicles Locations

A

Located in the epidermis and dermis.

53
Q

Hair Follicles Wall: Peripheral C.T. Sheath

A

Fibrous heath, derived from the dermis

54
Q

Hair Follicles Wall: Glassy Membrane

A

Thickened basal lamina. Clear connective tissue sheath covering the hair root, connecting it to the tissue of the dermis

55
Q

Hair Follicles Wall: Epithelial Root Sheath

A

Divided up into external and internal root sheath.

56
Q

External Epithelial Root Sheath

A

An extension of the epidermal basal layer which envelopes the entire hair follicle.

57
Q

Internal Epithelial Root Sheath

A

Lower part of the hair follicle that surrounds and protects the growing hair.

58
Q

Hair Bulb: Hair Follicle Receptor

A

Knot of sensory nerve endings, that wrap basket-like around each hair bulb. Detect the bending of hairs.

59
Q

Hair Papilla

A

Nipple like bit of dermal tissue that protrudes up to the hair bulb.

60
Q

Hair Matrix

A

Actively dividing area of the bulb that produces the hair and we can see lots of melanocytes as well.

61
Q

Arrector Pili

A

Bundle of smooth muscle cell that are associated with each hair follicle. Responsible for goosebumps.

62
Q

Types of Hair: Vellus Hair

A

Fine, wispy hair that covers most of the body.

63
Q

Types of Hair: Terminal Hair

A

Thick, long, pigmented hair found on the scalp, face, armpits, and pubic area. Growth is influenced by hormones.

64
Q

Nails: Location

A

Distal dorsal fingers and toes.

65
Q

Nails: Functions

A

Function as tools.

66
Q

Nails: Free Edge

A

The free part of the nail bed and protrudes beyond the end of the finger.

67
Q

Nails: Body

A

Composed of densely packed dead keratinocytes

68
Q

Nails: Root

A

Also known as the germinal matrix. Its edge appears as a white crescent, known as the lunula.

69
Q

Nails: Nail Matrix

A

Area where your fingernails and toenails start to grow, past the germinal matrix.

70
Q

Nails: Cuticle

A

Layer of clear skin located along the bottom edge of your finger or toe.

71
Q

Nails: Hyponychium

A

The skin just under the free edge of your nail.

72
Q

Eccrine Sweat Glands

A

Major sweat glands of the human body.

73
Q

Eccrine Sweat Glands: Locations

A

Found in the palms, soles of the feet, and forehead, but widely distributed over.

74
Q

Eccrine Sweat Glands: Locations within Integument

A

Found in the dermis, sometimes hypodermis.

75
Q

Eccrine Sweat Glands: Functions

A

Secrete sweat, sodium chloride, vitamin c, antibodies, metabolic waste, and even certain drugs. Mainly for thermal regulation.

76
Q

Apocrine Sweat Glands: Locations on Body

A

Axillar, anal genital areas, groin, aerial, and beard area in mature males.

77
Q

Apocrine Sweat Glands: Locations within Integument

A

Deep dermis and hypodermis.

78
Q

Apocrine Sweat Glands: Functions

A

Unknown, believed to also be for thermal regulation.

79
Q

Ceruminous Glands: Locations on Body

A

Lining of the external ear canal.

80
Q

Ceruminous Glands: Functions

A

Secrete secretions that mix with sebum that are from our sebaceous gland, and form a sticky substance called cerumen, or ear wax.

81
Q

Mammary Glands: Locations

A

Breasts

82
Q

Mammary Glands: Functions

A

Produce milk.

83
Q

Sebaceous Glands: Locations on Body

A

Found all over the body except for thick skin found on the palms and soles of feet.

84
Q

Sebaceous Glands: Locations within Integument

A

Found next to a follicle or near a pore.

85
Q

Sebaceous Glands: Functions

A

To produce/release sebum.

86
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System: Protection

A

Resistance to trauma and infection, water retention, synthesis of vitamin D, sensation, thermoregulation, nonverbal communication.

87
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System: Body Temperature Regulation

A

Heat is released via sweat, and cold is battled via dermal blood vessel restriction.

88
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System: Metabolic Functions

A

Vitamin D synthesis, and chemical conversions.

89
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System: Blood Reservoir

A

Dermis holds about 5% of our body’s blood.

90
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System: Excretion

A

Skin will excrete in the form of sweat.

Biology 211 (1 decks)

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