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Microbiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Which classic Gram (+) cause disease in humans?

A

Cocci:

  1. Staphylococcus
  2. Streptococcus
  3. Enterococcus

Bacilli:

  • Spore-forming
  1. Bacillus
  2. Clostridium
  • Non spore-forming
  1. Corynebacterium
  2. Listeria
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2
Q

What determines virulence?

A

Virulence factors

  • Cell structures
  • Bacterial endotoxins
  • Bacterial exotoxins
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3
Q

What are the cell structures?

A

Flagella - movement

Pili - shorter hair-like filaments for attachment

Capsules - polysaccharide outer layer for adherence & protection

Endospores - dormant form

Biofilms (glycocalyx, slime layer) - extracellular polysaccharide network

Endotoxin - piece of LPS (gram -)

Exotoxin - protein secretion

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4
Q

Which group of bacteria can hemolyze? How are they classified?

A

Gram positive Streptococcus

  1. Alpha hemolytic streptococci partially lyse RBC
  2. Beta hemolytic streptococci completely lyse RBC
  3. Gamma-hemolytic streptococci are non-hemolytic
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5
Q

What are the 5 species of pathogenic Streptocci?

A
  1. Group A strep - Streptococcus pyogenes
  2. Group B strep - Streptococcus agalactiae
  3. Group D strep - Enterococci & Streptococcus bovis
  4. Streptococcus pneumoniae
  5. Viridans strep
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6
Q

What is the RADT test used for? What does it detect?

A

Test for streptococcal pharyngitis. It can detect group A carbohydrate antigen

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7
Q

Where is Streptococcus agalactiae found?

A

women’s vagina

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8
Q

What are the 3 major pathogenic species of Gram (+) staphylococci?

A
  • Staphylococcus aureus*
  • Staphylococcus epidermidis*
  • Staphylococcus saprophyticus*
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9
Q

What is catalase? What is its significance in bacteria?

A

It is an enzyme that decomposes hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. It allows bacterias to survive attacks by neutrophils.

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10
Q

What is a coagulase test? What does it help identify?

A

Help identify species of Staphylococci that cause blood to clot. Only Staphylococcus aureus is coagulase-positive.

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11
Q

Penicillin disturbs cell walls by inhibiting what?

A

Transpeptidase

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12
Q

When are endospores formed?

A

Formed by two Gram + rods: Bacillus & Clostridium

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13
Q
A
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14
Q

Bacteria frequently associated with infections of catheters or prosthetics?

A
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15
Q

Which of the bacterias catalase-positive?

A
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16
Q

Which of the following is group A strep?

A
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17
Q

Which of the following is group B strep?

A
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18
Q

Which of the following is group D strep?

A
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19
Q

Toxic shock syndrome is associated with what organism?

A
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20
Q

What type of infection is associated with Staphylococcus saprophyticus?

A
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21
Q

Source of infection associated with Bacillus cereus?

A
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22
Q

Which of the following is the causative organism for gas gangrene?

A
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23
Q

Which of the following is associated with “traveler’s diarrhea?”

A
24
Q

Currant jelly sputum is associated with which of the following organisms?

A
25
Q

Diarrhea with bright red blood is associated with which of the following organisms?

A
26
Q

Chronic carriers of Salmonella typhi carry the organism in what organ?

A
27
Q

Which of the following organisms are associated with community acquired pneumonia transmitted by contaminated water source?

A
28
Q

Which of the following organisms causes an infection associated with cat and dog bites?

A
29
Q

Which of the following organisms causes Lyme disease?

A
30
Q

Which of the following is an obligate intracellular bacteria?

A
31
Q

What infection does Staphylococcus epidermidis?

A

Bacteremia, catheter-related sepsis, and infection of prostheses

32
Q

What toxin is secreted by Clostridium? What disease can it cause?

A

Neurotoxin causes paralysis or contraction

33
Q

What kind of toxin is secreted by Vibrio cholera? What disease can it cause?

A

Enterotoxin causes massive diarrhea in cholera

34
Q

Commential Flora: Skin

A
  1. Coagulase-negative staphylococci
  2. Corynebacterium
  3. Bacillus
  4. S. aureus
35
Q

Identify the physical and biological properties of viral agents

A

H

36
Q

Identify the transmission, replication processes, signs and symptoms of disease, disease prevention
and control, and diagnostic procedures associated with viral infections

A
37
Q

Recognize the way in which viruses are replicated, including how host cells and tissues are infected.

A
38
Q
  1. Identify the infectious agents, transmission, signs and symptoms, complications, and control of:
A
39
Q
  1. Identify the infectious agents, transmission, signs and symptoms, complications, and control of:
A

H

40
Q
  1. Identify the infectious agents, transmission, signs and symptoms, complications, and control of:
A

H

41
Q

DNA Viruses - enveloped

A

Herpesvirus
• Herpes simplex virus 1 & 2
• Varicella-zoster virus
• Cytomegalovirus
• Epstein-Barr virus
• Human herpesvirus 6, 7, 8

  • Hepadnavirus
  • Hepatitis B
  • Poxvirus
  • Smallpox
  • Molluscum contagiosum

DNA Viruses – Nonenveloped

  • Adenovirus
  • Respiratory diseases and gastroenteritis
  • Papillomavirus
  • Parvovirus – SINGLE STRANDED
42
Q

DNA Viruses “naked” - nonenveloped

A
  • Adenovirus
  • Respiratory diseases and gastroenteritis
  • Papillomavirus
  • Parvovirus – SINGLE STRANDED
43
Q

Prions

A

• Exception to the basic viral
structure
• Composed entirely of protein

• Normal, misconfigured human
proteins

• Disrupts neuron function

• Causes transmissible spongiform
encephalopathies
• Mad cow disease

  • Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
  • Kuru
44
Q

Viral Transmission & Replication – Early steps

A

Attachment to host cell
• Penetration/Entry
• Virion surface proteins attach to
• Naked viruses engulfed by vesicle
receptor proteins on the cell
• Enveloped viruses undergo fusion
surface

Uncoating to release the
genome
• Low vesicle pH uncoats virion • Rupture or fusion

45
Q

Viral Transmission & Replication – Middle step

A

Gene expression
• Virus specific mRNA synthesis • Synthesis of viral proteins
• Genome replication
• DNA viruses replicate in the nucleus using host cell DNA-dependent RNA
polymerase
• Exception = poxviruses – cytoplasm
• RNA viruses replicate in the cytoplasm
• Exception = retroviruses and influenza viruses – nucleus

46
Q

Viral Transmission & Replication – Late steps

A

• Assembly
• Viral nucleic acid packaged within
capsid proteins • Release from cell
• Rupture of cell membrane
releasing assembled virions
(usually naked viruses) OR • Budding process (enveloped
viruses)

47
Q

Infected cells

A
  • Death
  • Host cell protein synthesis inhibited • Fusion of cells to form multinucleated cells
  • Due to cell membrane changes • Malignant transformation
  • Unrestrained growth
  • Prolonged survival
  • Morphologic changes • No effect - rare
48
Q

Infection stages

A
  • Incubation
  • Asymptomatic • Prodromal
  • Non-specific symptoms • Specific-illness
  • Characteristic symptoms and signs • Recovery
  • Illness wanes
49
Q

Cell culture

A

• Monitor for characteristic cytopathic
effect – provides presumptive diagnosis
• Can arrive at definitive identification
by using known antibody with a variety of tests
• Complement fixation,
• Hemagluttination inhibition
• CPE neutralization
• Fluorescent antibody
• Radioimmunoassay
• ELISA
• Immunoelectron microscopy

50
Q

Microscopic identification

A

Identified by microscopic exam of
clinical specimen
• Light microscopy – characteristic
inclusion bodies or multinucleated giant cells
• Tzanck smear – shows herpesvirus-
induced multinucleated giant cells • UV microscopy – fluorescent antibody
staining of virus • Electron microscopy – detects virus
particles characterized by size and
shape

51
Q

Serology

A

Antibody to the virus is measured
• Acute and convalescent phase
samples

52
Q

Viral antigen detection

A

• Enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay (ELISA)

53
Q

Viral nucleic acid detection

A

Test for viral genome or viral
mRNA by using complementary DNA or RNA
• Can use polymerase chain reaction
(PCR) to amplify small amounts of viral nucleic acids

54
Q

Disease prevention

A

Active immunity
• Attenuated live virus – greater, longer lasting protection
• Killed virus
• Subunit vaccines – contain purified viral proteins • Passive immunity
• Preformed antibody administered in immune globulins • Herd immunity – “community immunity”

55
Q

Disease control

A

Challenges: • Difficult to obtain selective toxicity
against the virus since replication
so closely involved with normal
synthetic processes of the cell
• Extensive viral replication occurs
during the incubation period
• Drug-resistant viral mutants

56
Q
A

Microbiology (11 decks)

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