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Intro to ortho > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what provides joint stability

A
  • bones and joints
  • ligaments and joint capsule
  • neuromuscular activity
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2
Q

How do bones act as levers and shock absorbers

A
  • Intrinsic strength resists external forces
  • Designed for:
    • Shock absorption
    • External stress distribution
    • Muscle attachments
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3
Q

what is proprioception

A

it is sense of self

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4
Q

what provides conscious and unconscious proprioception

A

conscious: dorsal columns
unconscious: cerebellar

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5
Q

difference bw muscle spindle, golgi tendon, and pacinian corpsucle

A

muscle spindle: muscle length

golgi tendon: muscle tension

pacinian corpuscle: pressure

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6
Q

what makes up the stance phase

A

contact: loading response/mobile adaptor/shock aborption
midstance: convert to rigid lever
propulsion: terminal

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7
Q

when is the foot “loading”

A

loading during contact phase

  • getting foot flat on ground
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8
Q

what is the contact phase of gait

A
  • foot getting flat on ground
  • foot strike to full forefoot load
  • limb extending at hip
  • ends at full forefoot load
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9
Q

what occurs during midstance

A
  • converting to rigid lever
  • full forefoot load to heel off
  • hip and knee extensors
  • supinators of subtalar
  • plantarflexors of first ray
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10
Q

what happens during propulsion

A
  • heel off to toe off
  • foward movement of limb
  • hip and knee flexors
  • dorsiflexion and inversion of foot and ankle
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11
Q

what are the movements of propulsion

A
  • pre-swing
    • heel off
    • toe off
    • foot off loaded
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12
Q

what are the parts of swing phase

A
  • Initial swing-limb is accelerating
  • Mid swing
  • Late or terminal swing
    • Limb is decelerating
    • Extending the limb for contact
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13
Q

what are the 6 elements of gait

A
  1. Pelvic rotation
  2. pelvic twist
  3. knee flexion in stance phase
  4. and 5 heel contact and heel rise
  5. lateral displacement of body
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14
Q

supination vs pronation open kinetic chain

A
  • supination
    • plantarflexion
    • inversion
    • adduction
  • pronation
    • dorsiflexion
    • eversion
    • abduction
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15
Q

supination and pronation: what everts or inverts?

A

supination: inversion
pronation: everion

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16
Q

What is potential energy vs kinetic energy?

A
  • Potential energy
    • Stored energy
    • Depends on gravity
    • PE=mgh
  • Kinetic energy
    • Energy from motion
    • Requires that object is moving and its energy is dependent upon its mass and velocity
    • KE=1/2mv^2
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17
Q

What is the law of conservation of energy?

A

energy cant be created nor destroyed

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18
Q

characteristics of bone

A

Bones are made of calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate

60-70% of all minerals

Water

25-30%

Collagen

Provides flexibility and strength

Loss of collagen with aging

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19
Q

what is Wolfe’s law

Study These Flashcards
A

Any changes in form/function come from changes in the internal structure of bone

20
Q

strain vs stress

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A
  • strain: reaction of bone when load is applied
    • deformation of tissue
  • stress: force applied to outside of structure
    • ground reactive force
21
Q

compression vs tension vs torsional forces

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A
  • Compression= force in matter that resists being pushed together
    • can be observed as pressure
  • Tension= force in matter that resists being pulled apart or stretched
    • tendo achilles ruptrue
  • Torsional forces= rotational or twisting forces
    • ankle fracture from inversion ankle sprain
22
Q

What is a sesamoid and what does it do?

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A

Sesamoids possess special angulations and curvatures

Resist compression, tension, and torsion

Shape: mechanical loading and modeling during growth

23
Q

What is brittleness

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A

measure of length of the plastic portion of stress-strain curve compared to elastic portion

24
Q

brittle vs ductile

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Brittle- short plastic region
    • Endures limited amount of energy loss and deformation
    • Bone is brittle
  • Ductile- long plastic region
    • Can handle greater amount of deformation
    • Metals are ductile
25
what happens to brittle bones
less energy is required for a fracture inverse relationship bw bone stiffness and ultimate strain
26
agonist vs antatognist
* agonist * prime mover * concentric * antagonist * eccentric * located on opposite side of joint of prime mover
27
what are synergists, stabilizers, and neutralizers
* synergists * compliments actions of prime mover * guiding muscles * stabilizers * isometric contraction * steadies proximal parts while distal movement occurs * neutralizers * neutralize actions of other muscles
28
isometric vs isotonic contraction
* isometric: static * no movement as tension develops in muscle as it resists gravity * length is constant * isotonic: dynamic * active tension in muscles * concentric: shorten * eccentric: lengthens antagonizes prime mover * acts as a brake
29
concentric vs eccentric muscle contraction
* concentric * shortening of muscle * force generated is less than max * eccentric * external force on muscle is greater than maximum * lengthens under active tension
30
what is a pulley system
provides directional advantage -change direction of force
31
class 1 vs class 2 lever
* class 1 * fulcrum located bw input force and output force * class 2 * output force bw fulcrum and input force
32
hip joint
* ball and socket joint * 3 degrees of movement * all 3 cardinal planes * stability by anatomical shape and soft tissue attachments
33
knee joint
* 2 degrees of freedom * horizontal frontal * sagittal plane motion: flexion and extension * vertical * transverse plane * movement in final degrees of knee extension * horizontal sagittal * frontal plane
34
ankle joint
* hinge joint * flexion and extension in sagittal plane
35
ligaments of knee
* medial and lateral collateral * resist varus/valgus * anteror cruciate * resist excess sagittal plane movement * resist anterior movement of tibia * posterior cruciate * resist excess sagittal plane movement * resists posterior movement of tibia
36
most commonly injured ankle
anterior talofibular ligament inversion-plantarflexion
37
different types of ankle sprains
* Inversion-plantarflexion * Most common * Anterior talo-fibular ligament * Inversion-dorsiflexion * Calcaneal-fibular ligament * Evaluate cervical and interosseous ligament of subtalar joint * High ankle sprains * Involve syndesmosis- uncommon
38
Anterior drawer test
Anterior talo-fibular ligament rupture Performed with ankle in 10-20 degrees plantarflexion Anterior displacement of talus relative to tibial plafond
39
Talar tilt
* Calcaneal-fibular ligament rupture * Inversion-stress test * Compare to contralateral limb * More than 10 degrees significant * Subtalar tilt
40
What is an uniplanar axis, biplanar, triplanar?
* Axis parallel to cardinal plane: * Motion in one plane (uniplanar axis) * Hinge joints have movements in one plane * Axis 45 from 2 cardinal planes * Motion is equidistant from each cardinal plane (biplanar) * Axis deviated from all 3 cardinal planes * Triplanar * Motions: pronation and supination
41
what movements are triplanar
pronation and supination
42
what movements happen in the frontal, sagittal, transverse plane
* frontal * inversion * eversion * sagittal * flexion * extension * transverse * adduction * abduction
43
varus vs valgus
* Varus: inversion of foot * Inverted position of distal end of a limb segment * Valgus: eversion of foot
44
toe walker vs heel walker
* Equinus: fixed plantarflexion * “toe walker” * Calcaneous: fixed dorsiflexion * “heel walker”
45
abductus vs adductus
Adductus: fixed adduction of foot Abductus: fixed abduction of foot
46

Intro to ortho (2 decks)

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