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Intro to ortho > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what provides joint stability

A
  • bones and joints
  • ligaments and joint capsule
  • neuromuscular activity
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2
Q

How do bones act as levers and shock absorbers

A
  • Intrinsic strength resists external forces
  • Designed for:
    • Shock absorption
    • External stress distribution
    • Muscle attachments
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3
Q

what is proprioception

A

it is sense of self

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4
Q

what provides conscious and unconscious proprioception

A

conscious: dorsal columns
unconscious: cerebellar

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5
Q

difference bw muscle spindle, golgi tendon, and pacinian corpsucle

A

muscle spindle: muscle length

golgi tendon: muscle tension

pacinian corpuscle: pressure

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6
Q

what makes up the stance phase

A

contact: loading response/mobile adaptor/shock aborption
midstance: convert to rigid lever
propulsion: terminal

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7
Q

when is the foot “loading”

A

loading during contact phase

  • getting foot flat on ground
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8
Q

what is the contact phase of gait

A
  • foot getting flat on ground
  • foot strike to full forefoot load
  • limb extending at hip
  • ends at full forefoot load
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9
Q

what occurs during midstance

A
  • converting to rigid lever
  • full forefoot load to heel off
  • hip and knee extensors
  • supinators of subtalar
  • plantarflexors of first ray
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10
Q

what happens during propulsion

A
  • heel off to toe off
  • foward movement of limb
  • hip and knee flexors
  • dorsiflexion and inversion of foot and ankle
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11
Q

what are the movements of propulsion

A
  • pre-swing
    • heel off
    • toe off
    • foot off loaded
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12
Q

what are the parts of swing phase

A
  • Initial swing-limb is accelerating
  • Mid swing
  • Late or terminal swing
    • Limb is decelerating
    • Extending the limb for contact
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13
Q

what are the 6 elements of gait

A
  1. Pelvic rotation
  2. pelvic twist
  3. knee flexion in stance phase
  4. and 5 heel contact and heel rise
  5. lateral displacement of body
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14
Q

supination vs pronation open kinetic chain

A
  • supination
    • plantarflexion
    • inversion
    • adduction
  • pronation
    • dorsiflexion
    • eversion
    • abduction
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15
Q

supination and pronation: what everts or inverts?

A

supination: inversion
pronation: everion

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16
Q

What is potential energy vs kinetic energy?

A
  • Potential energy
    • Stored energy
    • Depends on gravity
    • PE=mgh
  • Kinetic energy
    • Energy from motion
    • Requires that object is moving and its energy is dependent upon its mass and velocity
    • KE=1/2mv^2
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17
Q

What is the law of conservation of energy?

A

energy cant be created nor destroyed

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18
Q

characteristics of bone

A

Bones are made of calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate

60-70% of all minerals

Water

25-30%

Collagen

Provides flexibility and strength

Loss of collagen with aging

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19
Q

what is Wolfe’s law

A

Any changes in form/function come from changes in the internal structure of bone

20
Q

strain vs stress

A
  • strain: reaction of bone when load is applied
    • deformation of tissue
  • stress: force applied to outside of structure
    • ground reactive force
21
Q

compression vs tension vs torsional forces

A
  • Compression= force in matter that resists being pushed together
    • can be observed as pressure
  • Tension= force in matter that resists being pulled apart or stretched
    • tendo achilles ruptrue
  • Torsional forces= rotational or twisting forces
    • ankle fracture from inversion ankle sprain
22
Q

What is a sesamoid and what does it do?

A

Sesamoids possess special angulations and curvatures

Resist compression, tension, and torsion

Shape: mechanical loading and modeling during growth

23
Q

What is brittleness

A

measure of length of the plastic portion of stress-strain curve compared to elastic portion

24
Q

brittle vs ductile

A
  • Brittle- short plastic region
    • Endures limited amount of energy loss and deformation
    • Bone is brittle
  • Ductile- long plastic region
    • Can handle greater amount of deformation
    • Metals are ductile
25
Q

what happens to brittle bones

A

less energy is required for a fracture

inverse relationship bw bone stiffness and ultimate strain

26
Q

agonist vs antatognist

A
  • agonist
    • prime mover
    • concentric
  • antagonist
    • eccentric
    • located on opposite side of joint of prime mover
27
Q

what are synergists, stabilizers, and neutralizers

A
  • synergists
    • compliments actions of prime mover
    • guiding muscles
  • stabilizers
    • isometric contraction
    • steadies proximal parts while distal movement occurs
  • neutralizers
    • neutralize actions of other muscles
28
Q

isometric vs isotonic contraction

A
  • isometric: static
    • no movement as tension develops in muscle as it resists gravity
    • length is constant
  • isotonic: dynamic
    • active tension in muscles
    • concentric: shorten
    • eccentric: lengthens antagonizes prime mover
      • acts as a brake
29
Q

concentric vs eccentric muscle contraction

A
  • concentric
    • shortening of muscle
    • force generated is less than max
  • eccentric
    • external force on muscle is greater than maximum
    • lengthens under active tension
30
Q

what is a pulley system

A

provides directional advantage

-change direction of force

31
Q

class 1 vs class 2 lever

A
  • class 1
    • fulcrum located bw input force and output force
  • class 2
    • output force bw fulcrum and input force
32
Q

hip joint

A
  • ball and socket joint
  • 3 degrees of movement
    • all 3 cardinal planes
  • stability by anatomical shape and soft tissue attachments
33
Q

knee joint

A
  • 2 degrees of freedom
  • horizontal frontal
    • sagittal plane motion: flexion and extension
  • vertical
    • transverse plane
      • movement in final degrees of knee extension
  • horizontal sagittal
    • frontal plane
34
Q

ankle joint

A
  • hinge joint
  • flexion and extension in sagittal plane
35
Q

ligaments of knee

A
  • medial and lateral collateral
    • resist varus/valgus
  • anteror cruciate
    • resist excess sagittal plane movement
    • resist anterior movement of tibia
  • posterior cruciate
    • resist excess sagittal plane movement
    • resists posterior movement of tibia
36
Q

most commonly injured ankle

A

anterior talofibular ligament

inversion-plantarflexion

37
Q

different types of ankle sprains

A
  • Inversion-plantarflexion
    • Most common
    • Anterior talo-fibular ligament
  • Inversion-dorsiflexion
    • Calcaneal-fibular ligament
    • Evaluate cervical and interosseous ligament of subtalar joint
  • High ankle sprains
    • Involve syndesmosis- uncommon
38
Q

Anterior drawer test

A

Anterior talo-fibular ligament rupture

Performed with ankle in 10-20 degrees plantarflexion

Anterior displacement of talus relative to tibial plafond

39
Q

Talar tilt

A
  • Calcaneal-fibular ligament rupture
  • Inversion-stress test
  • Compare to contralateral limb
    • More than 10 degrees significant
    • Subtalar tilt
40
Q

What is an uniplanar axis, biplanar, triplanar?

A
  • Axis parallel to cardinal plane:
    • Motion in one plane (uniplanar axis)
      • Hinge joints have movements in one plane
  • Axis 45 from 2 cardinal planes
    • Motion is equidistant from each cardinal plane (biplanar)
  • Axis deviated from all 3 cardinal planes
    • Triplanar
    • Motions: pronation and supination
41
Q

what movements are triplanar

A

pronation and supination

42
Q

what movements happen in the frontal, sagittal, transverse plane

A
  • frontal
    • inversion
    • eversion
  • sagittal
    • flexion
    • extension
  • transverse
    • adduction
    • abduction
43
Q

varus vs valgus

A
  • Varus: inversion of foot
    • Inverted position of distal end of a limb segment
  • Valgus: eversion of foot
44
Q

toe walker vs heel walker

A
  • Equinus: fixed plantarflexion
    • “toe walker”
  • Calcaneous: fixed dorsiflexion
    • “heel walker”
45
Q

abductus vs adductus

A

Adductus: fixed adduction of foot

Abductus: fixed abduction of foot

46
Q
A

Intro to ortho (2 decks)

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