Exam 1 Flashcards by josh geidel

The nervous system is divided functionally into the

somatic and autonomic, or efferent and afferent

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Name the structural and functional unit of the nervous system.

Neurons

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Name the structure which carries impulses away from the nerve cell body

axons

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Neurons communicate with each other at the

synapse

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Which is a correct description of neuroglia?
A. They are less than the neurons in number.
C. They support the neurons.
B. They are excitable cells.
D. They are supported by the neurons.

C. They support the neurons.

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The nervous communication occurs by means of chemical reagents called

neurotransmitter

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In the PNS, neuroglia includes
A. ependymal cells. C. astrocytes.
B. neurolemma cells. D. oligodendroglia.

B. neurolemma cells

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Schwann cell is also called as;
A. satellite cell. C. neurolemma cell.
B. Neuroglia cell. D. ependymal cell.

C. neurolemma cell

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The cranial ventricles are lined by
A. oligodendroglia cells. C. astrocytes
B. ependymal cells. D. satellite cells.

B. ependymal cells

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A collection of nerve cells in the CNS is known as
A. nucleus. C. ganglion.
B. plexus. D. tract.

nucleus

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2. The white matter in the CNS includes
A. cranial nucleus. 
B. dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
 C. cranial tract.
D. ventral horn of the spinal cord.

cranial tract

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The meninges include

pia, arachnoid, dura

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Name the layer which provides an effective barrier of the nerve fibers.

perineurium

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The Endoneurium surrounds the axon and _________ cell.

neurolemma

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Name two types of ganglia in function:

motor and sensory

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. In the PNS the sensory nerve fibers is also known as

afferent

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How many cranial nerves arise from the brain?

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What is the descriptive name of the cranial nerve which arise from the upper cervical spinal
cord?

spinal accessory nerve

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4. Spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord as
A. anterior and posterior roots. 
B. mixed spinal nerves.
C. anterior and posterior rootlets. 
D. ventral and dorsal rami.

C. anterior and posterior rootlets.

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The unilateral area of skin innervated by the fibers of a single spinal nerve is called a

dermatome

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Which of the following is a correct description of proprioceptive sensations?
A. Proprioceptive sensations are usually conscious.
B. Proprioceptive sensation is related with visual input.
C. Proprioceptive sensation is concerning distension of stomach.
D. Proprioceptive sensation concerns the spacial orientation of the body and limbs.

D. Proprioceptive sensation concerns the spacial orientation of the body and limbs.

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Visceral motor fibers transmit impulses to

glands, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle

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Branchial motor fibers innervate
A. masseter. B. sternohyoid.
C. thyrohyoid. D. levator scapula.

A. masseter

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The lower motor neurons are embedded in the _______________ forming the nuclei of the origin.

anterior gray horn

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7. Tertiary sensory neurons are in the _____ _____ ______.

ventral thalamic nucleus

9. Branchial Efferent cranial nerves arise from __________

nuclei of origin

1. Name three functionally different modalities of the nerve fibers which innervate the skeletal Muscles somatic motor, branchial motor, and visceral motor

somatic motor, branchial motor, and visceral motor

11. Name the patent openings for the four visceral efferent cranial nerves.

3 superior orbital fissure 7 internal acoustic meatus of temporal bone 9 jugular foramen 10 jugular foramen

somatic efferent contains what cranial nerves?

3, 4, 6, 6, 12

visceral afferent contains what cranial nerves?

9 and 10

2. Name four functional modalities of the nerve fibers which are carried by the facial nerve.

Branchial efferent, special sensory, visceral efferent, and general sensory

1. In general how many neurons are involved in a consecutive somatic motor pathway?

3. The lower motor neuronal bodies are located in the ________&__________ of the spinal cord as the nuclei of origin.

brain stem and upper cervical region

4. Which of the following symptoms is related with lower motor neuron lesion? a. Spastic paralysis b. hyper tonicity c. clonus d. atrophy

d. atrophy

5. In general where are the secondary sensory cranial nuclei of termination?

Dorsal grey matter of the brain stem

6. The secondary neurons decussate and project to the ______.

thalamus

8. What part of the internal capsule carries the tertiary sensory neuronal axons to the postcentral gyrus?

Posterior limb

10. What neuronal type is for the primary sensory neurons?

pseudounipolar

what are the 6 (5) modalities?

1. somatic efferent & viceral efferent 2. branchial efferent 3. general afferent 4. visceral afferent 5. special sensory

branchial efferent contains what cranial nerves?

5(3), 7, 9, 10, 11

visceral efferent contains what cranial nerves?

3, 7, 9, 10

general afferent contains what cranial nerves?

5, 7, 9, 10

special sensory contains what cranial nerves?

1, 2, 7, 9, 10

the cranial nerves exit through what openings?

``` 1 - cribriform plate 2 - optic canal 3, 4, 6, 5a (opthalmic) - superior orbital fissure 5b (maxillary) - foramen rotundum 5c (mandibular) - foramen ovale 7, 8 - internal acoustic meatus (IAM) 9, 10, 11 - jugular foramen 12 - hypoglossal canal ```

11. The optic nerve enters the cranial cavity through the ___________ of the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone.

optic canal

2. All of the following are descriptions of the primary olfactory neurons, EXCEPT a. The primary olfactory neurons are located on the superior nasal concha. b. The primary olfactory neurons are multipolar neurons. c. Numerous olfactory cilia attached to the olfactory vesicle of the primary olfactory neuron. d. Axons of the primary olfactory neuron gathered into 20 fila olfactoria.

b. The primary olfactory neurons are multipolar neurons

3. Name the neurons that are continually replace throughout life.

Olfactory receptor neurons

4. The synapses between the primary & secondary olfactory neurons form the _______layer in the olfactory bulb

glomerular

5. Name the laminar structure of the olfactory bulb from the surface inward.

Inside  nerve fiber tract  granule layer  internal plexiform  mitral layer  external plexiform  glomerular layer  olfactory nerve layer  outside

6. Name the layer of the olfactory bulb where the incoming olfactory axons synapse with dendrites of the secondary olfactory neuron.

Glomerular

7. Name the layer of the olfactory bulb, which become the anterior olfactory nucleus in the olfactory tract.

Granule layer

11. The medial stria of the olfactory nerve ends to the subcallosal area, which consists of

Paraolfactory and paraterminal areas

12. The subcallosal area connected with _________gyrus by way of the cingular gyrus.

parahippocampal

13. All of the following are connected by the lateral stria of the olfactory nerves, EXCEPT; A. gyrus semilunaris. B. amigdaloid body. C. entorhinal area. D. subcallosal area.

D. subcallosal area.

14. The olfactory nerve fibers are extremely minute and unmyelinated. True/False

true

15. Damage to any part of the olfactory system may result in

hyposmia or anosmia

16. Damage to the olfactory system may cause total lost of smell, which known as __________

anosmia

1. All the neuronal elements of the eye are derived from the _______

optic vesicle of prosencephalon

2. The optic nerves are composed of axons of the ____________ in the olfactory ganglion

multipolar ganglion

3. The layer of the optic nerve in the retina is formed by the axons of ganglionic neurons. 4. Name the three layers of the eyeball. (3)

Fibrous, vascular, and sensory tunic

5. The uvea is formed by the_________ (3)

ciliary body, iris, choroidea

7. Name the vertical cells, which mark the internal & external limiting membranes.

Glial cells of muller

8. Name the retinal layer where the horizontal cells are located. also the amacrine cells

Horizontal cells = outer plexiform | Amacrine cells = inner plexiform

9. Name the out most layer of the retina.

Pigmented epithelium

10. Name the very thin choroid and sclera layers, which are penetrated by the optic nerve fibers at the optic disc.

Lamina cribrosa

11. The optic nerve enters the cranial cavity through the ___________ of the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone.

optic canal

12. At the optic chiasma the optic nerve fibers from (medial/lateral) half of both eyes decussate.

medial

13. The left optic tract carries optic nerve fibers only from the left half of both eyes. True/False

true

14. The axons of the primary optic neurons end at the __________ _________ layer of the retina to synapse with the secondary neurons.

outer plexiform

15. Name the principle nucleus of termination of the optic nerves.

Lateral geniculate body

16. Name the nucleus of origin of the reflex movement of the sphincter pupillae.

Edinger westphal

17. The right and left cortical centers of vision are interconnected by________

forceps posticus of corpus callosum

18. Optic tract lesion might cause _________ or ___________

hemianopsia or hemianopia

1. Name the visceral nucleus of origin of the oculomotor nerve for parasympathetic nervous system.

Edinger westphal

2. All of the following describe the passage of the oculomotor nerve, EXCEPT A. passes through the tegmentum and red nucleus. B. passes medial part of the substance nigra. C. emerges in the interpeduncular sulcus. D. passes through the pontine cistern.

D. passes through the pontine cistern.

3. Name the nerves that pass through the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus.

3, 4, 5 (maxillary and mandibular)

4. On the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus, the oculomotor nerve communicates with the __________ nerve for the proprioceptive information from the five extrinsic eye muscles.

trigeminal (ophthalmic)

5. Name two muscles which are innervated by the superior ramus of the oculomotor nerve.

Rectus superiosis and Levator palpebrae superioris

6. The inferior ramus of the oculomotor nerve innervates all of the following, EXCEPT A. medial rectus. B. superior rectus. C. inferior rectus. D. Inferior obliquus.

B. superior rectus.

7. Name the ganglion where the most presynaptic neurons of theEedinger-Westphal’s nucleus synapse with the postganglionic fibers.

Ciliary

8. Name the nerve, which receives the proprioceptive fibers from the five extrinsic eye muscles.

Ophthalmic division of trigeminal

9. Name the nerve, which controls the vasomotor of the extrinsic muscles.

Internal carotid nerve

10. The cortical center of the oculomotor nerve is the Brodmann area____?

11. Name the cortical center for the eye movement.

Superior frontal gyrus

12. Name the visceral muscle which is not controlled by the sympathetic nervous system.

Constrictor pupullaie

13. The major sympathetic nerves for the head are carried by the internal carotid nerve from the __________?

superior ganglion.

1. The trochlear nerve decussates in the A. tectum. B. tegmentum. C. pons. D. mesencephalon

A. tectum.

2. Name the nerve that enters the dura mater at the anterior margin of the cerebellar tentorium.

Trochlear

3. Name the nerve that communicates with the trochlear nerve for the proprioceptive fiber from the superior obliqus.

Ophthalmic

4. Name the nerve that communicates with the trochlear nerve for the vasomotor fibers.

Internal carotid plexus

5. A lesion, which affects the cranial nerve ___ could not cause the eye to look down & medially.

1. Name four primary mastication muscles which are innervated by the somatic (branchial) motor nerve of the mandibular nerve of the trigeminal nerve.

Temporalis, pterygoid internus, pterygoid externus, masseter

2. Name two deglutinating muscles which are innervated by the trigeminal nerve.

Anterior belly of the digastric and mylohyoid muscle

3. The sensory root of the trigeminal nerve is smaller than the motor root. True/False

False

4. The trigeminal ganglion is located in the dura mater fold on the_____ _____ of the petrosal portion of the temporal bone.

trigeminal impression

5. The cell bodies of primary sensory neurons of the trigeminal nerve lie in the _______ ganglion.

gasserian

6. Three nuclei of termination of the trigeminal nerve are...? (3)

mesencephalic, motor, and spinal

7. The central process of the trigeminal ganglion synapses within all of the following nuclei of termination except a. mesencephalic nucleus b. pontine nucleus. c. spinal nucleus. d. ambiguous nucleus.

d. ambiguous nucleus.

8. All of the following cranial nerves send their primary sensory neuron from their sensory ganglia to the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal, except a. trochlear nerve. b. facial nerve. c. glossopharyngeal nerve. d. vagus nerve

a. trochlear nerve

9. The spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve in the medulla oblongata is continuous in the spinal cord as ________ ________?

substantia gelatinosa

1. The ophthalmic nerve communicates with the _________ (3) nerves for the proprioceptive sensory nerves.

occulomotor, trochlear and abducent

2. Name the nerve which carries the recurrent meningeal nerve of the ophthalmic nerve to the tentorium cerebelli. a. oculomotor nerve b. trochlear nerve c. abducent nerve d. maxillary nerve

b. trochlear nerve

3. The ophthalmic nerve exits the cranial cavity through the superior orbital fissure. True/False

True

4. At the superior orbital fissure, the ophthalmic nerve divides into the ______ (3) nerves.

lacrimal, frontal, and nasociliary

5. Name the nerve which enters the orbit through the lateral part of the superior orbital fissure and receives a branch from the zygomaticotemporal nerve of the maxillary nerve.

Lacrimal

6. All of the following nerves pass through the superior orbital fissure, except a. lacrimal nerve. b. frontal nerve. c. nasociliary nerve. d. ophthalmic nerve.

d. ophthalmic nerve.

7. Name the nerve which lies above the levator palpebra superioris. Frontal nerve

Frontal nerve

8. Which nerve receives fibers from the zygomaticotemporal nerve of the zygomatic nerve? a. ophthalmic nerve b. abducens nerve c. lacrimal nerve d. nasociliary nerve

c. lacrimal nerve

9. Name the nerve which innervates the skin of the forehead, the scalp & frontal sinus mucosa.

Supraorbital nerve

10. Name all the sensory nerves which involve transmitting the itching sense from the apex of the nose to the trigeminal ganglion in sequence.

External nasal nerve, anterior ethmoidal to the nasal ciliary, to the ophthalmic-gasserian ganglion

11. All of the following nerves pass through the common tendinous ring of the extrinsic eye muscles,except a. nasociliary nerve. b. lacrimal nerve. c. oculomotor nerve. d. abducens nerve.

b. lacrimal nerve.

12. Name the nerve which enters the nasal cavity through a slit in the lateral side of the crista galli. a. nasociliary nerve b. anterior ethmoidal nerve c. posterior ethmoidal nerve d. anterior meningeal nerve

b. anterior ethmoidal nerve

13. The nasociliary nerve communicates with the ciliary ganglion mainly for the fibers of a. somatic sensory nerve. b. parasympathetic nerve. c. somatic efferent nerve d. sympathetic nerve.

a. somatic sensory nerve

14. The ciliary ganglion gives off the ___ nerves to the ciliary body, iris & corneal.

Short ciliary nerve

``` 15. Name the nerve which runs anteriorly in the eyeball between the sclera and the choroid to the ciliary body, iris and cornea. a. nasociliary nerve b. long ciliary nerve c. optic nerve d. anterior ethmoidal nerve ```

b. long ciliary nerve

16. The short ciliary nerve includes all of the following fibers, except a. sympathetic fibers. b. parasympathetic fibers. c. somatic sensory fibers. d. somatic motor fibers

d. somatic motor fibers

17. The sphenoid sinuses are innervated by a. posterior ethmoidal nerve. b. anterior ethmoidal nerve. c. pharyngeal branch of the nasal nerve. d. palatine branch of the pterygopalatine ganglion.

a. posterior ethmoidal nerve.

1. Name the nerve which passes horizontally forward along the lower part of the lateral wall of the cavernous dura venous sinus. a. ophthalmic nerve b. oculomotor nerve c. maxillary nerve d. mandibular nerve

c. maxillary nerve

2. All of the following nerves enter the orbit through the inferior orbital fissure, except a. zygomatic nerve of the maxillary nerve. b. maxillary nerve. c. orbital nerve of the pterygopalatine ganglion. d. mandibular nerve.

d. mandibular nerve.

3. Name the nerve which branches off the maxillary nerve in the pterygopalatine fossa. a. meningeal nerve b. posterior superior alveolar nerve c. middle superior alveolar nerve d. palpebral nerve.

b. posterior superior alveolar nerve

4. Name the nerve which accompanies the frontal branch of the middle meningeal artery. a. tentorial nerve b. zygomatic nerve c. middle meningeal nerve d. nervus spinosus

c. middle meningeal nerve

5. The ganglionic nerves of the maxillary nerve connect to a. ciliary ganglion. b. pterygopalatine ganglion. c. otic ganglion. d. trigeminal ganglion.

b. pterygopalatine ganglion.

6. Name the nerve which innervates the skin on the prominence of the cheek. a. zygomaticotemporal nerve b. zygomaticofacial nerve c. zygomatic nerve d. maxillary nerve

b. zygomaticofacial nerve

7. The middle superior alveolar nerve arises from the a. ophthalmic nerve. b. infraorbital nerve. c. zygomatic nerve. d. supraorbital nerve.

b. infraorbital nerve

8. Name the largest peripheral ganglion of the parasympathetic nervous system. a. ciliary ganglion b. trigeminal ganglion c. pterygopalatine ganglion d. submandibular ganglion

c. pterygopalatine ganglion

9. The pterygopalatine ganglion receives three roots including all of the following except a. sympathetic visceral root of the superior cervical ganglion. b. parasympathetic visceral root from the facial nerve. c. somatic sensory root of the mandibular ganglionic nerve. d. somatic sensory root of the maxillary ganglionic nerve.

c. somatic sensory root of the mandibular ganglionic nerve.

10. Name the nerve lying in the vomer groove of the nasal septum. a. nasopalatine nerve b. nasal nerve c. greater palatine nerve d. lateral internal nasal nerve

a. nasopalatine nerve

11. Name the nerve which innervates the mucous membrane on the torus tubaris. a. orbital nerve of pterygopalatine ganglion b. palatine nerve of pterygopalatine ganglion c. greater palatine nerve of nasal nerve d. pharyngeal nerve of nasal nerve

d. pharyngeal nerve of nasal nerve

12. Name the nerve which innervates the palatine tonsil. a. palatine nerve of pterygopalatine ganglion b. pharyngeal nerve of nasal nerve c. greater palatine nerve of pterygopalatine nerve d. lesser palatine nerve of pterygopalatine n.

d. lesser palatine nerve of pterygopalatine n.

13. Name the pathway of the taste impulse from the palate to the tractus solitarius in sequence.

Palatine nerve  pterygopalatine ganglion  nerve of the pterygoid canal  great petrosal nerve  geniculate ganglion  nervous intermedius  tractus solitarious

1. The sensory root of the mandibular nerve emerges from the cranial cavity through the

foramen ovale

2. Name the nerve which locates between the tensor veli palatini medially and the lateral pterygoid laterally just outside of the foramen ovale in the infratemporal region. a. Ophthalmic nerve b. Mandibular nerve c. maxillary nerve d. abducens nerve

b. Mandibular nerve

3. Name the branch from the posterior trunk of the mandibular nerve. a. Nervus spinosus b. Deep temporal nerve c. auriculotemporal nerve d. lingual nerve

c. auriculotemporal nerve | d. lingual nerve

4. All of the following might innervate the temporalis except the a. buccal nerve of mandibular nerve. b. masseteric nerve. c. deep temporal nerve. d. superficial temporal nerve.

d. superficial temporal nerve.

5. The meningeal nerve of the mandibular nerve enters the skull through the____?

foramen spinosum of the sphenoid bone

6. The tensor veli palatini is innervated by the a. buccal nerve. b. masseteric nerve. c. nerve to the medial pterygoid d. nerve to the lateral pterygoid.

c. nerve to the medial pterygoid

7. Name the nerve which encircles the middle meningeal artery. a. auriculotemporal nerve b. lingual nerve c. buccal nerve d. masseteric nerve

a. auriculotemporal nerve

8. Name the nerve, which passes between the sphenomandibular ligament and the neck of the mandible.

Auriculotemporal nerve

9. Name the nerve, which passes between the sphenomandibular ligament and the ramus of the mandible. a. Masseteric nerve b. Inferior alveolar nerve c. auriculotemporal nerve d. deep temporal nerve

b. Inferior alveolar nerve

10. Name the nerve which innervates the temporomandibular joint. a. Deep temporal nerve b. Auriculotemporal nerve c. lingual nerve d. masseteric nerve

b. Auriculotemporal nerve

11. The chorda tympani nerve of the facial nerve carries the parasympathetic efferent fibers to the submandibular ganglion through the a. Auriculotemporal nerve. b. Glossopharyngeal nerve c. lingual nerve of the mandibular nerve. d. oculomotor nerve.

c. lingual nerve of the mandibular nerve.

12. The secretomotor fibers to the parotid gland are carried by the parotid branches of a. Auriculotemporal nerve . b. Lingual nerve. c. facial nerve. d. buccal nerve

a. Auriculotemporal nerve .

13. Name the nerve which is closely related with the submandibular ganglion. a. Auriculotemporal nerve b. Deep temporal nerve c. lingual nerve d. buccal nerve

c. lingual nerve

14. The postganglionic fibers from the submandibular ganglion distribute all of the following except a. Sublingual gland. b. Submandibular gland c. anterior lingual gland. d. parotid gland.

d. parotid gland.

16. Pain from an ulcer of the tongue can radiate to the ear and temporal fossa over the distribution of a. Masseteric nerve. c. buccal nerve. b. Inferior alveolar nerve. d. auriculotemporal nerve

d. auriculotemporal nerve

17. Name the artery, which accompanies the inferior alveolar nerve in the mandibular canal.

Inferior alveolar artery of internal maxillary nerve

18. The mylohyoid nerve is located in the _______sulcus that is under the line of the mandible.

mylohyoid

19. The trigeminal neuralgia is known as....?

Tic douloureux

3. Name the nerve which runs upwards, forwards and laterally through the pontine cistern, and pierces the dura mater lateral to the dorsum sellae.

Abducent

4. Name the nerve which travels through the cavernous sinus lying inferolateral to the internal carotid artery. a. Mandibular nerve b. Oculomotor nerve c. maxillary nerve d. abducens nerve

d. abducens nerve

5. Name the nerve which passes through the common tendinous ring. a. frontal nerve b. trochlear nerve c. abducent nerve d. lacrimal nerve

c. abducent nerve

Describe the superficial or apparent origin of the cranial nerve VI.

Anterior to the inferior pontine sulcus