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population based health > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

number of deaths among age 5-14/ numbers of persons who are age 5-14 X100,000

A

Age specific rate

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2
Q

Involves looking at people who differ on one key characteristic at one specific point in time. The data is collected at the same time from people who are similar in other characteristics but different in a key factor of interest such as age, income levels, or geographic location.

A

Cross-sectional Studies

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3
Q

fulfilling society’s interest in assuring conditions in which people can be healthy

A

public health definition according to IOM, 1988

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4
Q

Seven Uses for Epidemiology

A

Study history of the health of populations
Diagnose the health of the community
Examine the working of health services
Estimate the individual risks and chances
Identify syndromes
Complete the clinical picture
Search for causes

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5
Q

Defined as a collection of individuals that have one or more personal or environmental characteristics in common

A

population

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6
Q

Defined as the frequency & pattern of health events in a population

A

Distribution

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7
Q

5 images of public health

A

System at the state or local level

Profession

Approach to improving the health of the public

General statement of the health of a population

Government services for those who cannot pay for private healthcare

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8
Q

mortality / population X100,000

A

cause- specific rate

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9
Q

Can demonstrate the magnitude of a problem – but only if know the size of the total population.

A

proportion

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10
Q

prevalence of a disease is proportional to the _______ times the duration of the disease

A

incidence rate

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11
Q

argued that poverty was a primary contributor to disease

reformed the Poor Laws in London

A

Samuel Chadwick

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12
Q

Modifying the physical, emotional, habitual, and cultural factors that influence health status

A

Behavior Change

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13
Q

The interlocking and mutually supportive strategies and interventions aimed at the deterrence, early detection, and minimization or cessation of disease and injury at a population level.

A

Prevention

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14
Q

Extent to which the study groups are comparable to each other; is the experimental group comparable enough to the control group?

Measures how valid, true, accurate the study is

Reflected by selection/randomization in assignment to study or control group

A

Internal validity

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15
Q

top 5 leading causes of death in 1900

A

TB
pneumonia
diarrhea
heart disease

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16
Q

5 Objectives of Descriptive Epidemiology

A

Provides information about a disease or condition
Identifies the extent of the public health problem
Identifies the population at greatest risk
Assists in planning and resource allocation
Identifies avenues for future research

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17
Q

Prevention that

Utilizing preventive screenings (such mammography, blood pressure and cholesterol monitoring) and health counseling promote early detection of disease

A

secondary

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18
Q

Currently increases are reported for what 3 things

A

Alzheimer’s disease, kidney disease, and hypertension.

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19
Q

public health’s results as measured in terms of what 4 things

A

improved health status
diseases prevented
scarce resources saved
improved quality of life

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20
Q

Are used to identify that a health problem that may exist

Characterize the amount and distribution of disease

Identify trends in health & disease

A

Descriptive studies-

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21
Q

The number of existing cases of a disease or health condition in a population at some designated time.

Describe the burden of a health problem in a population

A

Prevalence

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22
Q

Focuses on the management of chronic illness, improving patient outcomes and lowering healthcare costs through use of evidence-based guidelines and health information technology

A

Patient-Centered Medical Home (PCMH)

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23
Q

factors or events that are capable of bringing about a change in health.

A

Determinants

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24
Q

of persons who die of a disease / # of persons who have the disease

A

Case Fatality Rate

25
Q

smallpox vaccination

A

Edward Jenner

26
Q

refer to a particular subgroup of the population defined in terms of race, age, sex, or single cause of death or illness

A

Specific rates

27
Q

used to identify the cause of the health problem; are more etiologic in nature

A

Analytic studies-

28
Q

a method used to ascertain the epidemic frequency of a disease

A

Surveillance

29
Q

studies the distribution of disease and other health-related states and events in terms of (person)al characteristics, geographical distribution (place), and temporal patterns (time

A

Descriptive epidemiology

30
Q

Occurs during pathogenesis phase

Designed to reduce the progress of disease

Examples are screening programs for cancer and diabetes.

A

Secondary Prevention

31
Q

top 5 leading causes of death in 1997

A

heart disease
cancer
stroke
chronic lung disease

32
Q

Public health is a core element of population health that focuses on what 3 things

A

health determinants
prevention
public health policy.

33
Q

number of deaths in a year / reference population X 1000

A

crude death rate

34
Q

successive re-definings of the unacceptable

A

public health definition according to

35
Q

is concerned with the distribution and determinants of health and diseases, morbidity, injuries, disability, and mortality in populations.

A

Epidemiology

36
Q

Indicates premature mortality or early death

A

Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL)

37
Q

The occurrence in a community or region of cases of an illness (or an outbreak) clearly in excess of expectancy…”

A

Epidemic

38
Q

Extent to which the results of a study can be applied to people not in it

AKA generalizability or representativeness

Key is randomization in selection of the study participants

A

External validity

39
Q

Early influences on public health in America

A

Imperialism and industrialization

British influence: Jenner, Snow, Chadwick

40
Q

7 examples of Determinants

A 
Social determinants
Physical environment (natural or built)
Healthcare
Genetics
Individual behavior (eating/drinking/activity patterns)
Biological (bacteria, viruses)
Environment (chemical exposure, stress)
41
Q

: The distribution of health outcomes within a population, the health determinants that influence distribution, and the policies and interventions that affect those determinants.

A

Population health

42
Q

number of new cases over a time period / total population at risk during the same time period X 100,000

A

incidence rate

43
Q

mapped cholera cases

A

John Snow

44
Q

measures Income inequality

ranges from 0 to 1

A

Gini index

The higher the Gini index number (closer to one), the greater is the level of inequality.

45
Q

The number of new cases of a disease that occur in a group during a certain time period

A

Incidence

46
Q

type of primary prevention that:

Does not require any behavior change at the individual level

Examples: Fluoridation of public water and vitamin fortifications of milk and bread products

A

passive

47
Q

refers to the place of origin of the individual.

Categories are foreign born and native born.

A

Nativity

48
Q

type of primary prevention that:

Necessitates behavior change on the part of the subject or family member

Examples: Vaccinations and wearing protective devices

A

active

49
Q

An approach to providing collaborative and team-based primary care responsible for the ongoing care that is patient centered, accessible, committed to quality/safety and coordinated.

A

Patient-Centered Medical Home (PCMH)

50
Q

prevention that:

Includes targeted health promotion & wellness activities to prevent illness

lifestyle modifications are consistently identified in population-based epidemiological research as most likely to reduce the prevalence of chronic conditions:

1) reducing tobacco use,
2) eating healthy foods,
3) increasing regular physical activity

A

primary

51
Q

number of infant deaths among infants 0-365 days / number of live births during the year X 1,000 live births

A

infant mortality

52
Q

are due to variations in climate, geology, latitude, pollution, and ethnic and racial concentration

A

Within-country variations

53
Q

classifies participants by their exposure status & then follows them over time to determine who become cases of interest; determines disease incidence

A

a cohort study

54
Q

Characterizes a disease that is habitually present in a particular geographical are

A

Endemic

55
Q

The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health and efficiency through organized community effort

A

public health definition according to Winslow

56
Q

Prevention that

Focuses on minimizing disease complications and comorbidities through appropriate evidence-based treatment and continuity of care

A

tertiary

57
Q

starts with a definition of the condition to determine who are the cases and who are the controls

A

A case control study

58
Q

mortality due to specific cause during a time period/ mortality due to all causes during the same time period X100

A

Proportional Mortality Ratio

59
Q

an epidemic on a worldwide scale; large numbers of persons may be affected & a disease may cross international border

A

Pandemic

population based health (2 decks)

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