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Biology 1610 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Which of the following is true of a scientific theory?

A

It generates testable hypotheses, is supported by a large body of evidence, and is broad in scope.

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2
Q

Which of the following statements is true about chemical nutrients in an ecosystem?

A

They recycle within the ecosystem, being constantly reused

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3
Q

Which of the following is an example of “unity in diversity”?

A

The forelimbs of all mammals have the same basic structure, modified for different environments.

All organisms, including prokaryotes and eukaryotes, use essentially the same genetic code.

The structure of DNA is the same in all organisms.

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4
Q

Protists and bacteria are grouped into different domains because

A

protists have a membrane-bounded nucleus, which bacterial cells lack.

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5
Q

Which of the following best describes the logic of scientific inquiry?

A

If my hypothesis is correct, I can expect certain test results.

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6
Q

Which of the following statements best distinguishes hypotheses from theories in science?

A

Hypotheses usually are relatively narrow in scope; theories have broad explanatory power.

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7
Q

Which of the following best demonstrates the unity among all organisms?

A

DNA structure and function

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8
Q

The universal genetic language of DNA is common to virtually all organisms on Earth, however diverse. What is the best explanation for this fact?

A

All living things share a common genetic language of DNA because they share a common ancestry.

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9
Q

Which of these examples illustrates deductive reasoning?

A

You learned in elementary school that as temperature drops, liquids change into solid form. You are given an unfamiliar liquid and predict that it will become solid if you put it in the freezer.

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10
Q

What is the correct order for the hierarchy of biological organization from the least to the most complex?

A

molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem

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11
Q

All of the individuals of the same species living within a specified area is known as a

A

population

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12
Q

All of the living things on Earth along with all of the places where life exists is known as

A

the biosphere.

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13
Q

All of the living things in a particular area along with all of the nonliving aspects of the environment with which organisms interact is known as

A

an ecosystem.

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14
Q

All of the organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem are known as

A

a biological community.

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15
Q

Which of the following types of cells lack a nucleus?

A

archaea

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16
Q

Which taxonomic domain includes multicellular photosynthetic organisms?

A

Eukarya

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17
Q

Living things are divided into three different domains. Which of these domains are classified as prokaryotes?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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18
Q

Which of the following is a requirement for a good scientific hypothesis?

A

It must lead to testable predictions.

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19
Q

Which of the following is an example of inductive reasoning?

A

Hundreds of cultures of a unicellular alga are incubated in the presence of light, and in all of the samples the cells congregate on the side of the culture toward the light. Therefore, the alga is phototactic (attracted to light).

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20
Q

All the organisms on your campus make up _______

A

a community

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21
Q

The process of science involves testing which of the following?

A

a hypothesis

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22
Q

In order for a hypothesis to be used in science, which of the following must be true?

A

The hypothesis is testable and falsifiable.

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23
Q

Which of the following was Charles Darwin’s most significant original contribution to understanding both the unity and diversity of life?

A

He proposed a mechanism to explain the process of evolution

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24
Q

Charles Darwin proposed that “descent with modification” resulted when organisms of a particular species become adapted to their environment because they possess

A

heritable traits that enhance their survival and reproductive success in the local environment.

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25
Q

What is the appropriate term for an interacting group of individuals of a single type occupying a defined area?

A

population

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26
Q

Which series of terms is in the correct sequence of biological organization, from the simplest to the most complex?

A

cell, tissue, organ, organisms, population, community

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27
Q

Emergent properties of living systems are defined as properties that _______

A

are due to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases

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28
Q

Which of the following can be considered a biological system?

A

the biosphere

a salmon’s cardiovascular system

a pond

a single liver cell

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29
Q

Sequencing a protein to discover the sequence of amino acids that make it up is an example of __________. Understanding how that protein works with other proteins in a cell is an example of __________.

A

reductionism … systems biology

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30
Q

In an ecosystem, nutrients __________ and energy __________.

A

cycle … flows through

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31
Q

The energy used by most organisms for metabolism and growth ultimately comes from ________

A

the sun

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32
Q

Which of the following is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living organisms?

A

cell

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33
Q

What is the molecule that can account for both the unity and the diversity of life?

A

DNA

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34
Q

How is the information encoded in DNA actually used by organisms?

A

The information in DNA is transcribed to mRNA and then translated into protein.

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35
Q

Which of the following domains is prokaryotic?

A

Archaea

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36
Q

Which kingdom within the domain Eukarya is composed of organisms that are generally unicellular (single-celled)?

A

Protista

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37
Q

Eukaryotic organisms that decompose dead organisms and absorb the nutrients are generally found in which kingdom?

A

Fungi

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38
Q

Natural selection tends to act at which of the following levels?

A

population

39
Q

Which of the following observations and inferences led Charles Darwin to his theory of natural selection as a mechanism for evolution?

A

Darwin synthesized his theory of natural selection from all of the above observations and inferences.

40
Q

With evolution as the core theme of biology, we can explain traits shared by organisms as evidence of __________ and traits that differ among organisms as evidence of __________.

A

descent from a common ancestor … adaptation through natural selection

41
Q

Experimentation is only one part of the process of scientific inquiry, but it is a very important step because it __________

A

allows rejection of a hypotheses

42
Q

Radon is a radioactive gas that seeps into homes from the soil. It is thought to be a cause of lung cancer. A research team investigates this theory. They gather large amounts of data on basement radon concentrations and lung cancer rates and conclude that the more radon there is in a home, the more likely that people living in those homes will develop lung cancer. After the study is published, other researchers criticize it by asserting that the studied neighborhoods with higher radon concentrations also have a higher percentage of older people and a higher percentage of cigarette smokers than the low-radon neighborhoods. Both advanced age and cigarette smoking increase the risk of lung cancer. This criticism, if correct, shows that the radon study suffered from __________.

A

uncontrolled variables

43
Q

Which of the following statements is most clearly inductively derived?

A

If the animals observed require organic molecules as nutrients, then it can be concluded that all animals require organic molecules as nutrients.

44
Q

Two garden plots were planted with corn. The soil was similar in each, and equal amounts of water were applied to each plot. One plot was fertilized, and the other was not. The experimenters measured the yield as bushels of corn from each plot. The plot that did not receive the fertilizer was the __________.

A

control plot

45
Q

At which point is a scientific investigator most likely to use deductive reasoning?

A

in establishing a test of a hypothesis

46
Q

A company was testing a new drug it thought would help decrease the risk of transmission of viruses from mother to fetus. In an experiment to test the compound, an investigator gave 400 pregnant female rats a small dose of the experimental drug and inoculated each with a type of virus known to cause disease in rats. At the same time, 400 other pregnant rats were given only the virus. Of the rat pups born to the females that received both the virus and the drug, 203 showed no symptoms of the disease; 205 rat pups born to the virus-only females showed symptoms. From these data, we can best conclude __________.

A

hat the drug seems to have little effect on viral transmission at the dosage given

47
Q

Which of the following is outside the realm of scientific inquiry?

A

addressing ethical dilemmas

48
Q

The best method for determining whether bean plants require sodium is to __________.

A

grow bean plants with and without sodium

49
Q

In experimental procedures, repetition of the procedures ______

A

is necessary before concluding that a given set of results is correct

50
Q

Should an experiment test only one variable at a time? Why or why not?

A

Yes, an experiment should only test one variable at a time. This ensures that the experimental outcome is clearly due to one identifiable factor.

51
Q

A theory is _____

A

a well-supported concept that has broad explanatory power

52
Q

Which of the following is true when talking about scientific theories?

A

It is general enough to spin off many new, testable hypothesis

It is much broader in scope than a hypothesis

It is supported by a much greater body of evidence

53
Q

Many of water’s emergent properties, such as its cohesion, its high specific heat, and its high heat of vaporization, result from the fact that water molecules _____.

A

are attracted to each other by partial negative and positive charges on the oxygen and hydrogen atoms, respectively

54
Q

Water molecules have a polarity, which allows them to be electrically attracted to other water molecules and other polar molecules by weak chemical bonds known as _____.

A

hydrogen bonds

55
Q

The amount of energy that must be absorbed or lost to raise or lower the temperature of 1 g of liquid water by 1°C _____.

A

is 1 calorie

56
Q

In a single molecule of water, two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen atom by

A

polar covalent bonds

57
Q

The slight negative charge at one end of one water molecule is attracted to the slight positive charge of another water molecule. What is this attraction called?

A

a hydrogen bond

58
Q

Which of these is the correct equation for the dissociation of water?

A

H2O + H2O <==> H3O+ + OH-

59
Q

About _____ molecules in a glass of water are dissociated.

A

1 in 500,000,000

60
Q

What is the charge on a hydroxide ion?

A

1-

61
Q

What is the charge on a hydronium ion?

A

1+

62
Q

Select the statement that best describes a buffer.

A

A buffer resists change in pH by accepting hydrogen ions when acids are added to the solution and donating hydrogen ions when bases are added.

63
Q

Why does ice float in liquid water?

A

Hydrogen bonds stabilize and keep the molecules of ice farther apart than the water molecules of liquid water.

64
Q

Which property of water allows a paper towel to pick up a puddle of water?

A

adhesion of water molecules to other kinds of molecules

65
Q

A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical procedures is a(n) _____.

A

element

66
Q

Which of these refers to atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic masses?

A

These atoms are isotopes

67
Q

An ionic bond involves _____.

A

an attraction between ions of opposite charge

68
Q

What results from an unequal sharing of electrons between atoms?

A

a polar covalent bond

69
Q

A covalent bond is likely to be polar when

A

one of the atoms sharing electrons is much more electronegative than the other atom.

70
Q

What is the difference between covalent bonds and ionic bonds?

A

Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms; ionic bonds involve the electrical attraction between atoms.

71
Q

A covalent bond is formed by

A

sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms

72
Q

An ionic bond is formed by

A

transfer of an electron from one atom to another.

73
Q

Which of the following would be regarded as compounds?

A

H2O and CH4, but not O2

74
Q

What is the atomic number of an atom?

A

it is the number of protons

75
Q

What is the mass number of an atom?

A

It is the sum of protons plus neutrons

76
Q

In the dissociation of water, the following reaction takes place:

2H2O → H3O+ + OH-

   The product OH-  is best described as a(n):
A

hydroxide ion

77
Q

You dissolve a cup of sucrose in a quart of water. Which term best describes the sucrose in this example?

A

solute

78
Q

Which of these is not one of the four main elements of life?

A

Ca

79
Q

By strict definition, the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of any substance by one degree Celsius is:

A

Specific heat

80
Q

We saw that as ionic compounds were dissolved in an aqueous solution, water molecules surrounded the cations and anions of the ionic compound. What was formed by the water molecules as this occurred?

A

hydration shells

81
Q

In the molecule CH4, there are four single covalent bonds. In each covalent bond, the electron pair is shared equally between the carbon and hydrogen atoms. Which term best describes these covalent bonds?

A

nonpolar covalent bonds

82
Q

A substance that increases [H+] is called a(n):

A

Acid

83
Q

Which is the correct statement?

A

heat is not the same as tempature

84
Q

The chemical properties of an atom are determined by which subatomic particle?

A 
.proton. (wrong?)
neutrons
hadrons
tachyons
electrons
85
Q

This type of chemical bond occurs as one atom relinquishes an electron to another atom:

A

ionic bond

86
Q

Which of the following substances presented here has the highest [H+]?

A

Gastric fluid at pH 2

87
Q

Chapter 3

A

Chapter 3

88
Q

hydrocarbon

A

C3H8

89
Q

Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids?

A

carboxyl and amino

90
Q

Which of the following functional groups may be used to form polymers via dehydration reactions?

A

either hydroxyl or carboxyl groups

91
Q

Which of the following chemical equations describes a hydrolysis reaction?

A

disaccharide + H2O → monosaccharide + monosaccharide

92
Q

If one strand of a DNA molecule has the sequence of bases 5’-ATTGCA-3’, the other complementary strand would have the sequence

A

5’-TGCAAT-3’.

93
Q

A nucleotide is composed of

A

a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a pentose sugar.

94
Q

There are 20 different amino acids. What makes one amino acid different from another?

A

different side chains (R groups) attached to an α carbon

Biology 1610 (2 decks)

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