Exam 1

Question 0

3 major approaches to evolution

Answer 0

Theoretical, experimental, observational.

Question 1

Evolution

Answer 1

Species change over time.

Question 2

Evolution tells us…

Answer 2

What?
When?
Where?
Why?
How?

Question 3

Charles Darwin

Answer 3

“Origin of Species”
Did NOT create theory of evolution
Proposed N.S. & DWM
Alfred Russell Wallace

Question 4

Enlightenment

Answer 4

17-18 centuries
Break in 2000 yrs of western thought
Focus on physical/material world

Question 5

Naturalism

Answer 5

Proposal that natural explanations explain the physical/ mechanical world.

Question 6

Mechanistic universe

Answer 6

Natural laws govern the universe.

Paves way for scientific method.

Question 7

Science

Answer 7

A rigorous and repeatable method for observing and understanding the natural world.

Question 8

Scientific method

Answer 8

Careful observation.
Experimentation.
Uses scientific theory.
Uses hypothesis.

Question 9

Hypothesis

Answer 9

A scientifically testable idea.

Question 10

Thomas Malthus

Answer 10

The Essay on Population.

Human populations are affected by natural phenomena.

Question 11

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

Answer 11

Inheritance of acquired characteristics.

Question 12

James Hutton & Charles Lyles

Answer 12

Uniformitarianism.
Natural phenomena are the result of natural laws over long periods.
Geological time.

Question 13

William Clift

Answer 13

Law of Succession.

Correlation between the organisms living in an area and the (recent) fossil record.

Question 14

George Cuvier

Answer 14

Extinction happens

Question 15

By Darwin’s time:

Answer 15

Fossils exist.
Occur in layers.
Layers correlate to age of Earth.
Extinction happens.

Question 16

Natural selection

Answer 16

Correlation of traits and fitness.

Question 17

Fitness

Answer 17

Ability to survive and reproduce.

Question 18

Postulates

Answer 18

Populations are variable.
Traits are heritable.
There is variation in fitness.
Fitness is not random.

Question 19

Natural selection vs. Evolution

Answer 19

Individuals vs. population
Survive/reproduce vs. next generation
Phenotype vs. change in genotypes and allele frequencies.

Question 20

Adaptation

Answer 20

A trait that increases fitness.

Question 21

Adaptation program

Answer 21

The study of traits and fitness

Question 22

Demonstrating adaptation

Answer 22

Everything must be testable.
Determine what the trait is for.
Determine if the trait increases fitness for the specified reason.

Question 23

Approaches to adaptation

Answer 23

Experimental.
Observational.
Phylogenetic.

Question 24

Phylogeny

Answer 24

Evolutionary relationships of a group of organisms based on patterns of shared derived traits.

Question 25

Explanations for traits

Answer 25

Phylogeny
Drift
Consequence of chemistry orphysies
Genetic hitchhikers

Question 26

Trade offs

Answer 26

The cost of an adaptation.

Question 27

Sexual selection

Answer 27

Correlation between phenotype and reproductive success.

Question 28

Intersexual selection

Answer 28

Female chooses mate.

Question 29

Intrasexual selection

Answer 29

Males fight.

Question 30

Bateman’s Principle

Answer 30

The sex with the largest investment in reproduction becomes the limiting resource.

Question 31

Scientific objections to Darwin

Answer 31

Age of Earth.
Origin of new traits.
Heredity.

Question 32

Hardy

Answer 32

Demonstrates phenotype ratios are a function of all frequencies.
Allele D and R do not cause Fred’s to change.
Population is the base unit of evo.

Question 33

Fischer

Answer 33

Father of statistics.
Continuous traits follow Mendel.
Continuous traits are encoded by more than one locus and many alleles.

Question 34

The Darwinian synthesis

Answer 34

The harmonization of Darwinian NS and Mendelian heredity.