Exam 1

Question 1

Kingdom

Answer 1

Animalia

Question 2

Phylum

Answer 2

Chordata

Question 3

Class

Answer 3

Aves

Question 4

Order

Answer 4

-formes

Question 5

Family

Answer 5

-idae

Question 6

Archaeopteryx

Answer 6

• MOST IMPORTANT BIRD FOSSIL
• Ancient “bird”
• Transitional form between theropods and birds
• 150 million years ago

Question 7

Sinosauropteryx

Answer 7

• found in Liaoning China
• dino feathers! flight feathers= exaptation from insulation feathers
• fossilized melanosomes revealed coloration
• discovered in 1996

Question 8

Yi Qi

Answer 8

• showed gliding flight (like a bat)
• tail used as a rudder (and possibly sexual selection coloration)
• long strong back legs

Question 9

Exaptation

Answer 9

When a pre-existing structure evolves for e another purpose

Question 10

Miniaturization

Answer 10

• positive feedback
• new niches (trees)
• escape large predators

Question 11

Songbirds= Passerines

Answer 11

• order: Passeriformes

- monophyletic group- the same common ancestor

Question 12

Flight feathers (AKA remiges)

Answer 12

• asymmetrical vane– for lift

- biggest and stiffest

Question 13

Tail feathers (AKA retrices)

Answer 13

symmetrical vane

Question 14

Semiplume feathers

Answer 14

• insulation

- intermediates between down and contour feathers

Question 15

Contour feathers

Answer 15

body feathers, thermoregulation, streamline body during flight, repel H2O

Question 16

Down feathers

Answer 16

insulation

Question 17

Filoplume feathers

Answer 17

• hairlike feathers
• rachis, but few to no barbs
• sensory information processing (INCLUDING FLIGHT INFO)

Question 18

Bristle feathers

Answer 18

• help detect motion of prey

- ex: rictal bristles of Nightjar for channeling food into mouth

Question 19

Argentavis magnificens

Answer 19

• largest airborne bird
• extinct
• broke the upper limit rule (23 ft wingspan)
• 150lbs
• gliding flight only

Question 20

How did the force of gravity influence bird evolution

Answer 20

• pneumatic bones
• miniaturization
• no serrated teeth (lighter)
• wing surface area
• no bladder
• increased wing rigidity

Question 21

Feet function during flight

Answer 21

• takeoff

- landing

Question 22

Tail function during flight

Answer 22

• stability

- steering

Question 23

Flight evolved 4 times

Answer 23

1. insects 325 mya -wings
2. Pterosaur 225 mya (extinct) - extended pinky finger stretched with skin
3. birds 150 mya - rigid feather wing
4. bats 50 mya - 3 lengthened digits covered in receptors fine-tuned to wind flow