EXAM 1 - 10 Lectures Flashcards
health
the state of an organism when it functions optimally without evidence of disease or abnormality
disease
deviation from normal function of any body part, organ, or system that is manifested by a characteristic set of symptoms and signs
pathogen
any disease-producing agent or microorganism
etiology
cause of disease
wildlife diseases
are multifactorial and can involve complex interactions between the pathogen, host, and environment
vary within and between populations
spectrum of disease
increasing with changing and loss of biodiversity
- increasing interaction
- improved diagnostics and surveillance
one health
concept recognizing that the health of humans is connected to the health of wildlife, domestic animals, and the environment
reason to study wildlife diseases
wildlife impact and management
- determine the cause of and significance of disease and identify methods to reduce disease and the impacts on wildlife
- endangered species may suffer disastrous losses from disease
disease of human or agricultural significance
- determine role of wildlife as a reservoir or source of disease for domestic animals or humans
environmental health or habitat loss
- can be indicators of contaminated habitats - can be associated with habitat loss
disease of high visibility and/or concern
- public communication
assess the role of humans on wildlife health
to learn
how do we investigate wildlife diseases
study the impacts of disease on individuals and/or populations
challenges with wildlife disease investigations
detection of sick and dead animals
difficulty obtaining samples for surveillance
difficulty quantifying disease
lack of knowledge
funding
lack of validated test
problems related to science and technology
managing wildlife diseases
do we have to?
very challenging and often unsuccessful
- public attitude
- delivery of treatment
prevention
prevent disease from occurring or becoming establised
control
reduce or maintain the prevalence and impact of disease
eradication
eliminate the pathogen or disease
difficult or cannot be done
pathology
the study of disease, especially the structural and functional changes produced by them
extremely useful in wildlife diseases
- clinical signs often absent, subtle, nonspecific
- history may not be available
pathogenesis
mechanism of disease
morphologic changes
structural changes in cells or tissues characteristic of disease
clinical significance
how morphologic changes result in clinical signs and disease
clinical pathology
more focused on antemortem samples/data
results from lab tests - fluids
cytology
less commonly used for wildlife disease
cytology
clinical pathology
microscopic examination/evaluation of cells
anatomic pathology
necropsy
histology
necropsy
postmortem examination of the body
histology
microscopic examination of structure, function, and morphology of tissues
lesions
abnormal change in structure of organ, tissue, or cell due to disease
not all abnormal appearing tissues are lesions
distribution provides insight into pathogenesis and potential etiology
focal
single lesion