EXAM 1 - 10 Lectures Flashcards

1
Q

health

A

the state of an organism when it functions optimally without evidence of disease or abnormality

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2
Q

disease

A

deviation from normal function of any body part, organ, or system that is manifested by a characteristic set of symptoms and signs

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3
Q

pathogen

A

any disease-producing agent or microorganism

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4
Q

etiology

A

cause of disease

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5
Q

wildlife diseases

A

are multifactorial and can involve complex interactions between the pathogen, host, and environment

vary within and between populations

spectrum of disease

increasing with changing and loss of biodiversity
- increasing interaction
- improved diagnostics and surveillance

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6
Q

one health

A

concept recognizing that the health of humans is connected to the health of wildlife, domestic animals, and the environment

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7
Q

reason to study wildlife diseases

A

wildlife impact and management
- determine the cause of and significance of disease and identify methods to reduce disease and the impacts on wildlife
- endangered species may suffer disastrous losses from disease

disease of human or agricultural significance
- determine role of wildlife as a reservoir or source of disease for domestic animals or humans

environmental health or habitat loss
- can be indicators of contaminated habitats - can be associated with habitat loss

disease of high visibility and/or concern
- public communication

assess the role of humans on wildlife health

to learn

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8
Q

how do we investigate wildlife diseases

A

study the impacts of disease on individuals and/or populations

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9
Q

challenges with wildlife disease investigations

A

detection of sick and dead animals

difficulty obtaining samples for surveillance

difficulty quantifying disease

lack of knowledge

funding

lack of validated test

problems related to science and technology

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10
Q

managing wildlife diseases

A

do we have to?

very challenging and often unsuccessful
- public attitude
- delivery of treatment

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11
Q

prevention

A

prevent disease from occurring or becoming establised

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12
Q

control

A

reduce or maintain the prevalence and impact of disease

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13
Q

eradication

A

eliminate the pathogen or disease

difficult or cannot be done

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14
Q

pathology

A

the study of disease, especially the structural and functional changes produced by them

extremely useful in wildlife diseases
- clinical signs often absent, subtle, nonspecific
- history may not be available

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15
Q

pathogenesis

A

mechanism of disease

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16
Q

morphologic changes

A

structural changes in cells or tissues characteristic of disease

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17
Q

clinical significance

A

how morphologic changes result in clinical signs and disease

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18
Q

clinical pathology

A

more focused on antemortem samples/data

results from lab tests - fluids

cytology

less commonly used for wildlife disease

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19
Q

cytology

A

clinical pathology

microscopic examination/evaluation of cells

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20
Q

anatomic pathology

A

necropsy

histology

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21
Q

necropsy

A

postmortem examination of the body

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22
Q

histology

A

microscopic examination of structure, function, and morphology of tissues

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23
Q

lesions

A

abnormal change in structure of organ, tissue, or cell due to disease

not all abnormal appearing tissues are lesions

distribution provides insight into pathogenesis and potential etiology

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24
Q

focal

A

single lesion

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25
multifocal
numerous lesions
26
locally extensive
one lesion expanding outward
27
effusions
escape of fluid into a space or cavity from tissue or organ beginning - named for composition end - named for location aspirate
28
hemorrhage
escape of blood from damaged or dysfunctional blood vessels due to damage to blood vessels, blood clotting disorders can be primary or secondary may bee seen with edema or musculoskeletal lesions
29
necrosis
death of cells or tissue can look different depending on tissue, cause, and duration of lesion often pale, soft, friable, and demarcated margins can look read if vasculature involved
30
inflammation
protective response to a diversity of cell injuries -itis can be associated with infection acute or chronic
31
acute inflammation
consists of vascular and cellular components - increase blood flow - increase blood vessel permeability - migration of permeability - leukocyte recruitment accumulation of fluid and inflammatory cells - remove cause of injury - healing and repair signs - rubor - red - tumor - swelling - calor - hoot - dolor - pain - laesa - lose of function
32
chronic inflammation
lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells infiltrate injured area tissue destroyed by inflammatory cells repair with fibrosis and angiogenesis
33
peracute
faster than acute lightning, trauma, infection may not have lesions - died too quickly
34
neoplasia
unregulated cell proliferation some are spontaneous uncommon in wildlife - don't live long most often associated with infectious agents other etiologic factors - chemicals - diet - irradiation - hormones - genetic inheritance - pharmacologic agents
35
tumor
any tissue mass benign or malignant
36
benign
ends in - oma slower growth rate not locally invasive not likely to metastasize well differentiated
37
malignant
- carcinoma - if ectodermal or endodermal - sarcoma - if affecting connective or soft tissue fast growth rate locally invasive more likely to metastasize poorly differentiated
38
pathology challenges for wildlife cases
not all abnormal tissues are lesions normal anatomy - extremely diverse - seasonal changes post-mortem change artifact parasites distinguishing between antemortem vs postmortem changes autolysis
39
artifact
changes in tissue that occur right at the time of death or soon after euthanasia
40
autolysis
disintegration of cells or tissues by endogenous enzymes postmortem not necrosis - cell death
41
epidemiology
the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related events in a population utilization of this information for diagnosis, prevention, control of disease
42
distribution
who, what, when, where, why defining disease/health issue understanding circumstances that result in disease event
43
determinants
risk factors
44
types of epidemiology
descriptive analytical
45
descriptive epidemiology
examine and characterize the distribution of disease in a population
46
analytical epidemiology
investigating a hypothesis about the cause of disease by studying how exposures relate to disease modeling
47
interface
a point where two systems can meet and interact share diseases
48
enzootic disease
occurs in a population at a regular, predictable, or expected rate endemic
49
epizootic disease
appears at a time or place where it does not normally occur or with a frequency substantially greater than expected epidemic
50
prevalence
frequency of occurrence of disease within a group at a specific point in time period prevalence - with a period of time
51
incidence rate
number of new cases within a group during a specific period of time
52
mortality rate
frequency of occurrence of death in a defined population during a specific time interval
53
case fatality rate
proportion of persons with a disease that die measure of severity only in infected
54
pathogenesis
development of a disease and the chain of events leading to that disease mechanism
55
risk assessment
process to identify hazards/threats and analyze what could happen if they occur probability of disease/infection occurring consequences of disease/infection can we manage
56
clinical sign
objective evidence of disease observed by a medical professional
57
syndrome
combination of clinical signs resulting from a single cause
58
congenital
disease that is present at or before birth
59
acquired
disease that occurred or was acquired after birth
60
differential diagnosis procedure
systematic diagnostic method t identify the etiology of disease where multiple possibilities exist based on clinical signs or symptoms compile information create a list of possible etiologies - rule outs formulate a diagnostic plan - priority testing sue diagnostic results to remove or add to list
61
diagnostic success is influenced by
well defined objectives detailed history appropriate samples diagnostic assay
62
diagnosotic assays
direct and indirect
63
direct assay
identification of etiology itself
64
indirect assay
identification of measurable response too the etiology
65
ideal diagnostic assay
well-characterized affordable user friendly rapid sensitive and specific minimal equipment widely available works on all species
66
test sensitivity
number of positive samples correctly classified as positive
67
test specificity
number of negative samples correctly classified as negative
68
bloodwork and urinalysis
not used frequently in wildlife requires live or recently dead animals need normal values
69
fecal analysis
presence of parasite does not always indicate disease
70
cytology
microscopic examination/evaluation of cells inexpensive and quick non-invasive can diagnose limited things
71
histopathology
microscopic examination of structure, function, and morphology of tissues can identify lesions and pathogens more invasive an require reagents/equipment for processing staining - special stains
72
diagnostic imaging
radiology +/- ultrasound radiology more common in wildlife
73
culture/isolation
gold standard viruses, bacterial, fungi, protozoa procedures vary greatly bacteria/fungi - artificial media viruses - cells any body fluid, tissues, swabs tissue storage and handling is critical
74
molecular diagnostics
pcr - detects dna sensitive not live pathogen
75
serology
detect antibodies - vaccination impacts, dead population evidence of past exposure easy to perform only detects prior exposure - time to develop immune response challenging to get serum from dead animals
76
rapid tests
for antigen or antibody detection direct or indirect little skill speed portable specific poor sensitivity may not be validated in wildlife
77
immunodiagnostics
uses and antigen-antibody reaction as primary means of directions good for viruses fluorescent antibody test - rabies immunohistochemistry - formal fixed paraffin embedded tissues
78
toxicology
less species specific detect a specific compound in body idea of what you're looking for expensive large amount of sample
79
wildlife management
practical ecology of all vertebrates and their plant and animal associations body of decisions/actions for utilization and welfare of wildlife population and their habitats, balancing their needs with those of people
80
north american model
wildlife as a public trust resource elimination of market hunting allocation by law killing for only legitimate purposes wildlife as an international resource science based policy democracy of hunting
81
direct transmission
direct and immediate transmission physical contact fecal oral ingestion
82
indirect transmission
transfer by intermediate item or oransim fomites environment intermediate host vector
83
host range
all the organisms that a pathogen is capable of infecting
84
infectivity
the ability of microorganism to infect or transmit
85
virulence
the capacity of any infective organism to cause disease
86
chronic sequelae
aftermath of infection long covid
87
endoparasite
live inside the hosts body
88
ectoparasite
lives outside the hosts body
89
definitive host
host in which parasite develops to an adult or sexually mature stage
90
intermediate host
host which contains the immature (non reproducing) stage of parasite but is required to complete life cycle
91
paratenic (transport host)
host in which there is no development and is not required to complete the life cycle
92
aberrant host
host in which the parasite cannot complete its development dead end spillover
93
vector
organism that transmits a parasite or pathogen from one host to another
94
mechanical vector
transport no parasite development
95
biologic vector
necessary for parasite reproduction or development
96
direct life cycle
parasite transmitted from definitive host to definitive host
97
indirect life cycle
requires one or more intermediate hosts
98
pre-patent period
when parasite infects host until shedding is detected
99
incubation period
parasite infects host until clinical signs are detectable
100
protozoa
single celled microscopic high reproductive potential very diverse
101
arthropods
chitin exoskeleton, segmented body, jointed appendages multiple life stages primarily external sexual reproduction
102
arachnids
2 body segments, 4 paired legs, no wings mitees, spiders, ticks
103
insects
3 body segments, 3 paired legs, wings lice, mosquitos
104
flatworms
platyhelminths digestive tract incomplete or absent trematodes - flukes complex life cycles - least 2 hosts cestodes - tapeworms indirect life cycle adults in intestinal tract of host
105
roundworms
unsegmented cylindrical complex digestive system separate sexes direct or indirect life cycles
106
gram stain
positive - blue negative - red
107
bacteria
primary pathogens or opportunistic variety of mechanisms to produce disease - toxins - highly invasive - interference with host metabolism - stimulation of host response
108
common diagnostics for bacteria
culture microscopy diagnostic immunology pcr
109
viruses
microscopic obligate intracellular micrope dependent on host envelope - easier to inactivate classified by - structure/morphology - serology - nucleic acid host range control host machinery variable gross and histologic lesions
110
viral virulence
ability of virus to cause disease in an infected host
111
virus diagnosis
inclusion bodies virus isolation pcr immunofluorescence serology
112
balancing mechanisms of natural systems
limit impact of disease altered by human activities
113
negative outcomes of artificial wildlife activities
increase disease or spread of disease introduction to new host or area novel diseases
114
artificial wildlife activities
supplemental feeding and baiting wildlife rehab translocation of native wildlife captive propagation and release high fence operations vaccination/treatment pets and feral animals
115
bird feeder diseases
songbirds winter months - stress - congregate birds - increased direct/indirect contact implication for human and domestic animal health
116
salmonellosis
platform feeders most commoon s.typhimurium bacteria epizootics high mortality sping and winter fecal oral chronic carriers feeder sanitation important pathogen of poultry identifying strain
117
salmonellosis clinical signs
depressed ruffled feathers labored breathing swollen eyes lesions - swollen liver or splean - yellow nodules or plaques
118
mycoplasmosis
tube feeder bacteria m.gallisepticum disease of poultry - chicken - chronic respiratory disease - turkey - infectious sinusitis distinct strain in finches winter months chronic carrier bird feeder sanitation transmission - bird to bird - inhalation - contaminated surfaces or food how to create a wildlife disease - antibiotics created chronic carriers
119
mycoplasmosis clinical signs
conjuctivitis swollen eyes, discharge weight loss
120
bird feeder diseases
salmonellosis mycoplasmosis asperrgillosis trichomoniasis - baths avian pox
121
bird feeder diseases general recommendations
clean feeders monitor for disease high quality food no sharp edges give space
122
feeding
intentional placement of food in wildlife habitat, seasonally or year round, for use by wildlfie
123
baiting
food or food product intentionally placed for the purpose of attracting fame species to enhance the opportunity to harvest
124
why do people feed and bait
improve condition of individual animals enhance survival reduce agricultural damage enhance recreational opportunities
125
direct causes of disease/harm - feeding and baiting
rumen acidosis clostridial diseases aflatoxicosis
126
indirect causes of disease/harm - feeding and baiting
aggressive behavior degradation of habitat density dependent diseases - cwd - tb - brucellosis
127
rumen acidosis
grain overload abrupt change from high fiber to low fiber diet increased lactic acid production severity varies change in microbial population recumbent, quiet, staggering, diarrhea can be fatal within 1-3 days
128
clostridium enterotoxemia
abrupt change from high fiber to low fiber diet provides environment for c.perfringes to replicate and produce toxin hemorrages on gi tract, muscle, heart, or bloody intestines grain/corn in rumen culture PCR for toxin
129
bovine tb
mycobacterium bovis infect most mammals historically cattle disease primary transmitted through respiratory secretions strong correlation between tb in deer and artificial feeding
130
wild turkeys
captive propagation and release unsuccessful negative impact on wild turkeys
131
translocation
rabies
132
high fenced enclosures and captive cervids
artificial breeding for meat and larger antlers potential risks: - lack of population control - translocation of animals - mixing species - artificial feeding - use of vaccines negative impacts: - disease - genetics - public perception - privatization of wildlife - regulatory authority
133
vaccination of wildlife
use of domestic animal treatment protocols in wildlife without safety or efficacy data can be dangerous black footed ferret
134
wild animal
animal that has a phenotype unaffected by human selection and lives independent of direct human control
135
captive wild animal
animal that has a phenotype not significantly affected by human selecting but that is captive or otherwise lives under human control
136
feral animal
anmial of a domesticated species that now lives without direct human control
137
exotic species
a species, including its seeds, eggs, or other biological material capable of propagating that species, that is not native to a habitat
138
native species
species that, other than as a result of an introduction, historically occurs in a particular habitat
139
invasive species
an exotic species whose introduction into an ecosystem in which the species is not native is likely to cause environmental, economic, or public health harm. – Ecosystem boundary, not political – Do not need to be from another country or region – Not all exotic species are invasive; need to be adapted to do well Native species/communities evolve in an ecosystem with checks and balances that limit growth of any one species Invasive species do not have the same checks and balances and populations can increase dramatically Most invasive species spread through human activities.
140
traits that allow invasive species to outcompete native species
– Rapid growth – High reproductive potential – High dispersal – Human associations – May not have natural predators – Tolerant of a wide-range of environmental conditions – Adaptable
141
direct impacts of inasive species
– Predate upon native species – Competition – Negative effect on reproduction – Source of disease
142
indirect impacts of invasive species
- Change food web – Decrease biodiversity – Alter ecosystem
143
invasive species have negative impacts on
– Resources/Environment – Wildlife – Domestic animals – Economy – Human health
144
avian pox
introduced by invasive species poxvirus - dna - vary in host range and virulence nodular skin lesions on face and legs transmitted though mosquitoes and inhalation/ingestion
145
avian malaria
introduced invasive species protozoan parasites (plasmodium sp) numerous species p. relictum in Hawaii non specific clinical signs - anemia, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly - infected birds weak and inactive transmitted by mosquitoes
146
cats
indoor, outdoor, stray, feral, free roaming most popular pet in us most abundant carnivore in ud invasive indoor live longer
147
why are cats invasive
– Non-native; widespread – High reproductive potential – Predatory behavior – Competition – Quantifying wildlife mortality due to cats is impossible to accurately quantify, but all measures indicate it is very high – Extinctions – Indirect impacts – Disease - rabies, toxoplasmosis, hookworm, toxocariasis, bartonellosis, typhoid, plague, tularemia
148
parthenogenetically
females can produce eggs without males produce only females
149
asian longhorn tick - theileria orientalis ikeda
protozoan parasite cs similar to anaplasmosis - anemia, fever, lethargy virgina no approved treatment in us
150
feral hogs
eurasian wild boar domestic escapes wild born pig or hybrid predator on sheep and goats consume vegetation predatory on wild turkey nests, qual nests, sea turtle nests feeding behavior can have direct impacts on local sensitive species population
151
feral pigs - swine brucellosis
Bacterial infectious disease of animals and humans  Abortions and reproductive organs infections in hogs  Humans – severe flue like symptoms and vary to crippling arthritis or meningitis.  Wildlife- can be passed on and remain as a secondary host, does not cause mortality but may pass to humans.  NO cure, treated with high doses of antibiotics for extended periods to hopefully clear infection  Wide geographic distribution of feral swine
152
feral pigs - pseudorabies - mad itch
Viral disease of central nervous system in swine  Transmission by venereal route in swine, contact route in domestic animals (fatal in secondary hosts).  Control/eradication program in US – PRV free in commercial swine operations  Reservoir in US – feral swine  Occasional outbreaks in swine with outdoor access/access to feral swine  Transmitted – direct contact or indirect on fomites  Also can infect dogs, cats, cattle, goats, sheep. Has caused mortality in wildlife (black bear, coyote, mink, raccoon, Florida panther).
153
feral hogs - e coli 0157
2006 Spinach Outbreak -- 26 states and Canada reporting 205 cases of illness and 3 deaths ($$$$)  5 – 10% exposures develop life-threatening illness  Can affect crops, pastures, and water supply  High potential for contamination of meat while processing
154
feral pigs - leptospira interrogates
Bacteria, infectious to most mammals  Multiple serovars  Multiple transmission routes, often through water  Classified as a re-emerging pathogens  Human cases  domestic animal cases
155
feral hogs - influenza
Influenza- Swine have receptors in common with both birds and mammals  Provide opportunity for mixed infections and genetic reassortment between avian, human, and swine influenza  Feral swine have been documented carrying 4 sub-types of swine influenza  Both human (H3N2) and avian (H1N1) sub-types have been documented in swine  Feral swine habitat brings them in contact with humans and waterfowl
156
feral hogs - foreign animal disease
FAD- disease not currently found in the United States * Nationally reportable disease, highly contagious, economic impacts * FAD status impacts important national export of products * Introduction of FAD could cost US $200-500 billion  Classical Swine Fever (CSF)  Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)  African Swine Fever (ASF)
157
feral hogs - classical swine fever
- Viral Disease swine disease that is highly contagious - It can be transmitted via blood, saliva, nasal discharge, urine, feces or tissues and is easily carried in fomites. - Transmission can occur though direct contact or the consumption of infected tissue - Infection in 214 days, causing high fever, diarrhea, hemorrhages, abortions, and death -swine near landfills, ports, domestic swine facilities are all high risk
158
feral hogs - african swine fever
African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV)  No vaccine/no treatment  High morbidity and high mortality – naïve populations  Never diagnosed in US  Domestic and wild pigs
159
feral hogs - asf signs and symptoms
 Develop 3-15 days after infection  Mimic signs seen with several other swine diseases (Salmonella, PRRS, Erysipelas, CSF)  Include: high fever; decreased appetite; weakness; red, blotchy skin or skin lesions; diarrhea, vomiting, coughing and difficulty breathing
160
feral hogs - asf transmission
Direct contact with infected pigs (oronasal)  Virus shed in all tissues and body fluids  Indirect contact with fomites  Tick vectors (Ornithodoros soft ticks)  Feeding of uncooked/improperly cooked pork scraps
161
lead toxicosis
also called plumbism all birds susceptible - has effected most waterfowl species avian scavengers and raptors result of absorption of lead into the blood most cases due to ingestion - acidic environment joints or inflamed tissue sources vary within avian group waterfowl - lead shot loons - fishing lures albatross - lead paint from buildings
162
lead toxicosis - proventriculus and gizzard
breaks down lead for absorption releases into blood low ph grinding action of gizzard smaller fragments can absorb faster and harder to regurgitate accumulates in body over time
163
lead toxicosis - once absorbed
lead mimics calcium in various biochemical and cellular processes disrupts normal function of multiple organ systems - binds enzymes - neurotoxin and neuphrotoxin - disrupts rbc development - depression of immune system - musculoskeletal system - muscle contraction
164
lead toxicosis - clinical signs
acute, chronic, sub lethal non specific - reluctant or unable to fly - lag behind other birds - unsteady gait - changes in vocalization chronic disease - weak and lethargic - doesn't attempt to escape when captured - emaciated - neurological signs
165
lead toxicosis - clinical signs
very poor nutritional condition esophageal impactions - waterfowl green stain around vent gall bladder distension green stained gizzard finding shot in gizzard myocardial degeneration/necrosis
166
lead toxicosis - dependent on multiple factors
environment - shallow water - sediment host - diet - high carb decreases ph - nutritional status - age - younger - species - sex - underlying disease very low amounts can result in toxicity
167
lead toxicosis - diagnosis
suggestive on lesions/signs and presence of lead in ventriculus - not always present radiographs to identify metal opacity lead testing for confirmation - liver and kidney - whole blood (antemortem) - no concentration in a tissue can be diagnostic by itself
168
lead toxicosis - treatment
possible but challenging - expensive and time consuming - prognosis depends on level of toxicity but often poor - euthanasia or non-releasable status is common outcome gastric lavage or surgery to remove current sources chelation therapy - frequently - form complexes with lead and eliminate in urine supportive care rehab centers are expensive
169
lead toxicosis in eagles
primarily from ammunition in animal carcasses or parts - gut piles - animals shot and not retrieved - animals shot and left in field - groundhogs lead fragmentation - depends on ammunition, if it hits bone - rinsing carcass doesn't remove lead
170
lead toxicosis - prevention
non lead ammunition - copper doesnt fragment lead - proper recovery or disposal of animal carcass or parts - bury or cover carcass parts education and productive discussions
171
lead toxicosis - one health
personal harvest donated venison - ethics education