Exam 1 (1,2,4) Flashcards
1
Q
structuralism
A
study of the structure of the mind
2
Q
who keyed the term structuralism
A
Edward Titchener
3
Q
functionalism
A
study of the function of the brain
4
Q
who keyed the term functionalism
A
William Jones
5
Q
Gesalt Psychology
A
the whole is greater than the parts
belief that psychological events cannot be broken down AND understood
6
Q
psychoanalysis
A
proposed unconscious mind controls conscious
7
Q
who keyed the term psychoanalysis
A
Sigmund Freud
8
Q
What did Sigmund Freud do?
A
proposed psychoanalysis
9
Q
behavioralism
A
science of behavior
reflex can be in response to unrelated stimuli
10
Q
who keyed the term behavioralism
A
Ivan Watson
11
Q
psychodynamic perspective
A
focuses on unconscious mind and it’s influence on conscious behvaior
12
Q
behavioral perspective
A
explains voluntary behaviors are learned
13
Q
humanistic perspective
A
free will (freedom to choose destiny)
14
Q
which perspective believes in free will?
A
humanistic perspective
15
Q
cognitive perspective
A
study of memory, intelligence, perspective
16
Q
sociocultural perspective
A
study of social norms, values, and expectations
17
Q
biopsychological perspective
A
study of the biological bases of behavior
18
Q
evolutionary perspective
A
biological bases for universal mental characteristics
19
Q
psychologist
A
counselor, teacher, researcher
doctorate degree
20
Q
psychiatrist
A
psychian
diagnoses and treats psychological disorders
can prescribe medication
21
Q
psychiatric social work
A
trained in social work
22
Q
critical thinking
A
means making reasons judgements
23
Q
basic criteria for critical thinking
A
1.) everything needs evidence
2.) requires open mind
3.) not all authority = always correct/true
4.) not all evidence are in quality
24
Q
goals of psychology
A
1.) description
2.) explanation
3.) prediction
4.) control
25
naturalistic observation
observed in a natural setting
26
laboratory observation
observed in a lab setting
27
case studies
individual is studied in great detail
28
surveys
to get representative samples
29
correlation
measure of relationship between 2 variables
30
what does correlation prove
represents direction and strength of relationship
predicts relationship
cannot prove cause and effect
31
correlation coefficient
r
+ = both increase in same direction
- inverse relationship
32
placebo effect
expectations of participants in study can influence behavior
33
experimenter effect
experimenter bias
34
operationalization
turning concepts into observations
35
single-blind study
participants are blind to experiment
36
double-blind study
participants AND experimenter are blind to experiment
37
a theory
a tentative explanation of a phenomenon based on observations
38
a hypothesis
tentative explanation of phenon
39
psychology
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
40
Theory
a general explanation of a set of observations/facts
41
Hypothesis
a tentative explanation of a phenomenon based on observations
42
Soma
neuron cell body
43
Dendrites
receive messages from other neurons
44
axons
transmits messages from cell body to another neuron
45
axon terminals
ends of axons
46
oligodendrocytes
type of glial cells
produce myelin for neurons in CNS
47
myelin
layer of fatty substance wraps around axons
insulate/protect and speed up messages traveling down axons
48
shwann cells
type of glial cells
produce myelin for neurons in PNS
49
glial cells
partner/support cells to neurons
50
nerves
bundles of axons coated in myelin
51
nodes
places on axon not covered in myelin
52
when is a neuron electrically charged
at rest
53
charge inside a neuron cell
relatively negative
54
charge outside a neuron cell
positive
55
resting potential
neuron at rest
56
action potential
neuron firing up
57
what happens during action potential
neuron receives stimulus
inside turns + and outside turns -
message gets transmitted to another cell
58
strong vs weak stimulation of a neuron
strong = multiple fires
weak = one fire
59
agonist
enhances neurotransmitter effect
60
antagonist
blocks/reduces neurotransmitter effect
61
synapse
fluid filled space between an axon termina and dendrite
part of postsynaptic cell
62
synaptic vesicles
in presynaptic terminal
(axon of signaling neruron)
where neurotransmitters are
63
synaptic cleft
gap that separates two neurons
part of pre synaptic cell
64
reuptake
process where neurotransmitters taken back into receptor sites
65
enzymatic degradation
when reuptake does not occur
enzymes break down neurotransmitters
66
CT scan
computer controlled x rays
show stroke damage, tumors, injuries, abnormal brain structure
67
MRI
radiowaves/magnetic fields to produce images
shows more detail than CT scan
68
EEG
records electrical activity of cortex
small metal disks on scalp conduct electrical signals from cortex
show stages of sleep, seizures, tumors
69
MEG
shows direct identification of areas of brain activation
70
PET
radioactive glucose injected
detects activity of brain cells by looking to see which cells use the sugar
71
fMRI
computer tracks changes in Oxygen levels of blood
shows which areas most active during certain tasks
clearer than PET
72
ERPs
shows different stages of cognitive processesing
73
NIRs
non-invasive
uses infrared light to measure cortical changes in blood oxygen levels
74
3 main brain structures
1.) forebrain
2.) midbrain
3.) hindbrain
75
medulla
part of hindbrain
top of spinal colum
controls life sustaining functions (heartbeat/breathing)
76
Pons
part of hindbrain
above medulla
influences sleep, dreams, arousal
bridge between cerebellum and upper brain
77
cerebellum
controls all involuntary movement
stores learned reflex skills
78
reticular formation
network of neurons through the medulla and pons
responsible for ability to ignore constant unchanging information
79
limbic system
structures between the upper brain and stem
80
structures of limbic system
thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate cortex
81
thalalmus
part of limbic system
center of the brain
relays senroy info from lower brain to cortex
82
hypothalamus
part of limbic system
regulates body temp, thirst, hunger, sleep, walk, emotions
83
hippocampus
part of limbic system
responsible for forming long-term decorative memories
84
amygdala
part of limbic system
involved in fear response / memory of fear
85
cingulate cortex
part of limbic system
in cortex
involved in emotion / cognitive processesing
86
cortex
outermost part of brain
on top of cerebrum
87
cerebrum
upper part of brain
divided into 2 hemispheres
88
corpus callosum
band of axons
allows left and right cerebrum hemispheres to communicate
89
4 lobes of brain
occipital
temporal
frontal
parietal
90
occipital lobe
bottom rear
contains primary visual centers
91
frontal lobe
near forhead
responsible for higher mental processes and decision making
speech planning
personality abstract
judging
92
parietal lobe
top rear
contains center for touch, temperature, and body position
93
temporal lobe
near temples
responsible for hearing, meaningful speech and comprehension
94
CNS
brain & spinal cord
command center
95
neuroplasticity
ability to change in response to trauma
96
neurogenesis
formation of new neurons
97
afferent neurons
carries information TO CNS
98
efferent neurons
carries information FROM CNS
99
interneuron
neurons in center of spinal cord
recieves information from afferent and sends to efferent
100
stem cells
cells capable of becoming other cell types
101
epigenetics
interaction between genes and environment
102
PNS
peripheral NS
gathers information for CNS
103
2 parts of PNS
1.) somatic nervous system
2.) Autonomic nervous system
104
somatic NS
controls voluntary muscles
105
sensory pathway
nerves carrying messages to CNS
106
motor pathway
nerves carrying messages from CNS to voluntary muscle
107
Autonomic nervous system
controls involuntary muscles
108
ANS divisons
1.) sympathetic
2.) parasympathetic
109
sympathetic division
division of ANS
"fight or flight"
110
parasynthetic division
division of ANS
"eat-drink-and-rest"
111
chemical messengers in endocrine system
hormones
112
synaptic of endocrine communication slower?
endocrine
113
how do hormones travel
trough blood
114
pituitary gland
master gland
influences all other hormone glands
115
what gland is the master gland
pituitary gland
116
hormones secreted by pituitary
GH
oxytocin
reproductive hormones
117
pineal gland
in brain
rear/above brain stem
secretes melatonin
(tracks day length/seasons)
118
thyroid gland
in neck
secretes thyroxin (growth/metabolism)
119
thyroxin
aids in growth and metabolism
secreted by thyroid
120
the pancreas
controls levels of blood sugar
secretes insulin and glucagon
121
hypoglycemia
low blood sugar
122
diabetes is too little or too much insulin
too little
123
gonads
sex glands
124
adrenal glands
1 on each kidney
125
2 sections of adrenal glands
1.) adrenal medulla
2.) adrenal cortex
126
adrenal medulla
epinephrine / nonepinephrine
127
adrenal cortex
30+ hormones called corticoids
128
unobtrusive observations
experimenters are unaware
129
obtrusive observations
experimenters are aware
130
consciousness
your awareness of everything going around you
131
2 kinds of thought processes
1.) controlled processes
2.) automatic processes
132
controlled processes
requires conscious attention
133
automatic processes
requires less attention
ex: brushing teeth
134
altered state of consciousness
shift in quality/pattern of consciousness
135
sleep-wake cycle
circadian rhythm
136
microsleeps
mini uncontrollable naps
137
SCN
tells glands to secrete melatonin
138
melatonins role in sleep
- Increasing melatonin suppresses brain neurons that keep us awake
- (makes us sleepy)
139
adaptive theory of sleep
people/animals evolved different sleep patterns to avoid being present during predator's hunting times
140
restorative theory of sleep
sleep needed to restore physical health
141
beta waves
present when patient is awake / alert
142
alpha waves
present at state of relaxation
143
theta waves
present when patient getting drowsy
144
delta waves
deep sleep
145
REM
rapid eye movement
voluntary muscles inhibited
146
nREM
non-rapid eye movement
voluntary muscles free
deeper sleep
147
nightmares
bad dreams in REM sleep
148
night terrors
bad dreams in deep sleep
149
somnambulism
sleep walking
150
insomnia
inability to get sleep, stay asleep, or get quality sleep
151
sleep apnea
person stops breathing during sleep for around a minute
152
narcolepsy
person slips into REM during the day
153
hypnotic susceptibility
degree to which person is a good participant
154
cognitive theory of dreaming
dreams are another type of thinking
proposed by Calvin Hall
155
What did Calvin Hall produce
cognitive theory of dreaming
156
2 ways hypnosis works
1.) dissociation
2.) social role-playing
157
psychoactive drugs
drugs that alter thinking, perception, and memory
158
2 types of drug dependences
1.) physical
2.) psychological
159
drug tolerance
decrease of response to a drug after many exposures
leads to need for higher doses to experience same effect
160
3 major drug categories
stimulants
depressants
hallucinogenics
161
stimulants
speed UP NS
162
depressants
slow DOWN NS
163
hallucinogenics
alter perceptions / hallucinations
164
stimulants synthesized in lab
amphetamines
165
found in coca plant leaves
cocaine
166
cocaine effect
deadens pain
decreases appetite
167
nicotine effect
stimulates release of adrenalin and dopamine
168
found in coffee beans
caffeine
169
caffeine effect
increases alertness
170
major tranquilizer
barbiturates
171
minor tranquilizer
benzodiazepines
172
barbiturates
drugs with sedative effect
173
benzodiazepines
decrease anxiety/stress
174
chemical resulting from fermentation/distillation of veggies
alcohol
175
opiates
stimulates opioid receptors (receptor sites for endorphines)
176
opiates effect
suppresses pain
177
what is as a result of dissolving opium in acid
morphine
178
derived from opium
heroin
179
LSD
synthetic
effects person ability to perceive reality
180
PCP
synthetic
hallucinogen, stimulant, depressent or painkiller
181
analgesic
pain killing drug
182
paradoxical sleep
aka REM sleep
