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Psych 101 > Exam 1 (1,2,4) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (1,2,4) Flashcards

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1
Q

structuralism

A

study of the structure of the mind

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2
Q

who keyed the term structuralism

A

Edward Titchener

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3
Q

functionalism

A

study of the function of the brain

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4
Q

who keyed the term functionalism

A

William Jones

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5
Q

Gesalt Psychology

A

the whole is greater than the parts

belief that psychological events cannot be broken down AND understood

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6
Q

psychoanalysis

A

proposed unconscious mind controls conscious

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7
Q

who keyed the term psychoanalysis

A

Sigmund Freud

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8
Q

What did Sigmund Freud do?

A

proposed psychoanalysis

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9
Q

behavioralism

A

science of behavior
reflex can be in response to unrelated stimuli

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10
Q

who keyed the term behavioralism

A

Ivan Watson

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11
Q

psychodynamic perspective

A

focuses on unconscious mind and it’s influence on conscious behvaior

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12
Q

behavioral perspective

A

explains voluntary behaviors are learned

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13
Q

humanistic perspective

A

free will (freedom to choose destiny)

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14
Q

which perspective believes in free will?

A

humanistic perspective

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15
Q

cognitive perspective

A

study of memory, intelligence, perspective

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16
Q

sociocultural perspective

A

study of social norms, values, and expectations

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17
Q

biopsychological perspective

A

study of the biological bases of behavior

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18
Q

evolutionary perspective

A

biological bases for universal mental characteristics

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19
Q

psychologist

A

counselor, teacher, researcher
doctorate degree

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20
Q

psychiatrist

A

psychian
diagnoses and treats psychological disorders
can prescribe medication

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21
Q

psychiatric social work

A

trained in social work

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22
Q

critical thinking

A

means making reasons judgements

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23
Q

basic criteria for critical thinking

A

1.) everything needs evidence
2.) requires open mind
3.) not all authority = always correct/true
4.) not all evidence are in quality

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24
Q

goals of psychology

A

1.) description
2.) explanation
3.) prediction
4.) control

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25
Q

naturalistic observation

A

observed in a natural setting

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26
Q

laboratory observation

A

observed in a lab setting

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27
Q

case studies

A

individual is studied in great detail

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28
Q

surveys

A

to get representative samples

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29
Q

correlation

A

measure of relationship between 2 variables

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30
Q

what does correlation prove

A

represents direction and strength of relationship

predicts relationship
cannot prove cause and effect

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31
Q

correlation coefficient

A

r
+ = both increase in same direction
- inverse relationship

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32
Q

placebo effect

A

expectations of participants in study can influence behavior

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33
Q

experimenter effect

A

experimenter bias

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34
Q

operationalization

A

turning concepts into observations

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35
Q

single-blind study

A

participants are blind to experiment

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36
Q

double-blind study

A

participants AND experimenter are blind to experiment

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37
Q

a theory

A

a tentative explanation of a phenomenon based on observations

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38
Q

a hypothesis

A

tentative explanation of phenon

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39
Q

psychology

A

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

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40
Q

Theory

A

a general explanation of a set of observations/facts

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41
Q

Hypothesis

A

a tentative explanation of a phenomenon based on observations

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42
Q

Soma

A

neuron cell body

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43
Q

Dendrites

A

receive messages from other neurons

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44
Q

axons

A

transmits messages from cell body to another neuron

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45
Q

axon terminals

A

ends of axons

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46
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

type of glial cells
produce myelin for neurons in CNS

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47
Q

myelin

A

layer of fatty substance wraps around axons
insulate/protect and speed up messages traveling down axons

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48
Q

shwann cells

A

type of glial cells
produce myelin for neurons in PNS

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49
Q

glial cells

A

partner/support cells to neurons

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50
Q

nerves

A

bundles of axons coated in myelin

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51
Q

nodes

A

places on axon not covered in myelin

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52
Q

when is a neuron electrically charged

A

at rest

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53
Q

charge inside a neuron cell

A

relatively negative

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54
Q

charge outside a neuron cell

A

positive

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55
Q

resting potential

A

neuron at rest

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56
Q

action potential

A

neuron firing up

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57
Q

what happens during action potential

A

neuron receives stimulus
inside turns + and outside turns -
message gets transmitted to another cell

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58
Q

strong vs weak stimulation of a neuron

A

strong = multiple fires
weak = one fire

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59
Q

agonist

A

enhances neurotransmitter effect

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60
Q

antagonist

A

blocks/reduces neurotransmitter effect

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61
Q

synapse

A

fluid filled space between an axon termina and dendrite
part of postsynaptic cell

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62
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

in presynaptic terminal
(axon of signaling neruron)
where neurotransmitters are

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63
Q

synaptic cleft

A

gap that separates two neurons
part of pre synaptic cell

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64
Q

reuptake

A

process where neurotransmitters taken back into receptor sites

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65
Q

enzymatic degradation

A

when reuptake does not occur
enzymes break down neurotransmitters

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66
Q

CT scan

A

computer controlled x rays
show stroke damage, tumors, injuries, abnormal brain structure

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67
Q

MRI

A

radiowaves/magnetic fields to produce images
shows more detail than CT scan

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68
Q

EEG

A

records electrical activity of cortex
small metal disks on scalp conduct electrical signals from cortex
show stages of sleep, seizures, tumors

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69
Q

MEG

A

shows direct identification of areas of brain activation

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70
Q

PET

A

radioactive glucose injected
detects activity of brain cells by looking to see which cells use the sugar

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71
Q

fMRI

A

computer tracks changes in Oxygen levels of blood
shows which areas most active during certain tasks
clearer than PET

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72
Q

ERPs

A

shows different stages of cognitive processesing

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73
Q

NIRs

A

non-invasive
uses infrared light to measure cortical changes in blood oxygen levels

74
Q

3 main brain structures

A

1.) forebrain
2.) midbrain
3.) hindbrain

75
Q

medulla

A

part of hindbrain
top of spinal colum
controls life sustaining functions (heartbeat/breathing)

76
Q

Pons

A

part of hindbrain
above medulla
influences sleep, dreams, arousal
bridge between cerebellum and upper brain

77
Q

cerebellum

A

controls all involuntary movement
stores learned reflex skills

78
Q

reticular formation

A

network of neurons through the medulla and pons
responsible for ability to ignore constant unchanging information

79
Q

limbic system

A

structures between the upper brain and stem

80
Q

structures of limbic system

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate cortex

81
Q

thalalmus

A

part of limbic system
center of the brain
relays senroy info from lower brain to cortex

82
Q

hypothalamus

A

part of limbic system
regulates body temp, thirst, hunger, sleep, walk, emotions

83
Q

hippocampus

A

part of limbic system
responsible for forming long-term decorative memories

84
Q

amygdala

A

part of limbic system
involved in fear response / memory of fear

85
Q

cingulate cortex

A

part of limbic system
in cortex
involved in emotion / cognitive processesing

86
Q

cortex

A

outermost part of brain
on top of cerebrum

87
Q

cerebrum

A

upper part of brain
divided into 2 hemispheres

88
Q

corpus callosum

A

band of axons
allows left and right cerebrum hemispheres to communicate

89
Q

4 lobes of brain

A

occipital
temporal
frontal
parietal

90
Q

occipital lobe

A

bottom rear
contains primary visual centers

91
Q

frontal lobe

A

near forhead
responsible for higher mental processes and decision making
speech planning
personality abstract
judging

92
Q

parietal lobe

A

top rear
contains center for touch, temperature, and body position

93
Q

temporal lobe

A

near temples
responsible for hearing, meaningful speech and comprehension

94
Q

CNS

A

brain & spinal cord
command center

95
Q

neuroplasticity

A

ability to change in response to trauma

96
Q

neurogenesis

A

formation of new neurons

97
Q

afferent neurons

A

carries information TO CNS

98
Q

efferent neurons

A

carries information FROM CNS

99
Q

interneuron

A

neurons in center of spinal cord
recieves information from afferent and sends to efferent

100
Q

stem cells

A

cells capable of becoming other cell types

101
Q

epigenetics

A

interaction between genes and environment

102
Q

PNS

A

peripheral NS
gathers information for CNS

103
Q

2 parts of PNS

A

1.) somatic nervous system
2.) Autonomic nervous system

104
Q

somatic NS

A

controls voluntary muscles

105
Q

sensory pathway

A

nerves carrying messages to CNS

106
Q

motor pathway

A

nerves carrying messages from CNS to voluntary muscle

107
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

controls involuntary muscles

108
Q

ANS divisons

A

1.) sympathetic
2.) parasympathetic

109
Q

sympathetic division

A

division of ANS
“fight or flight”

110
Q

parasynthetic division

A

division of ANS
“eat-drink-and-rest”

111
Q

chemical messengers in endocrine system

A

hormones

112
Q

synaptic of endocrine communication slower?

A

endocrine

113
Q

how do hormones travel

A

trough blood

114
Q

pituitary gland

A

master gland
influences all other hormone glands

115
Q

what gland is the master gland

A

pituitary gland

116
Q

hormones secreted by pituitary

A

GH
oxytocin
reproductive hormones

117
Q

pineal gland

A

in brain
rear/above brain stem
secretes melatonin
(tracks day length/seasons)

118
Q

thyroid gland

A

in neck
secretes thyroxin (growth/metabolism)

119
Q

thyroxin

A

aids in growth and metabolism
secreted by thyroid

120
Q

the pancreas

A

controls levels of blood sugar
secretes insulin and glucagon

121
Q

hypoglycemia

A

low blood sugar

122
Q

diabetes is too little or too much insulin

A

too little

123
Q

gonads

A

sex glands

124
Q

adrenal glands

A

1 on each kidney

125
Q

2 sections of adrenal glands

A

1.) adrenal medulla
2.) adrenal cortex

126
Q

adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine / nonepinephrine

127
Q

adrenal cortex

A

30+ hormones called corticoids

128
Q

unobtrusive observations

A

experimenters are unaware

129
Q

obtrusive observations

A

experimenters are aware

130
Q

consciousness

A

your awareness of everything going around you

131
Q

2 kinds of thought processes

A

1.) controlled processes
2.) automatic processes

132
Q

controlled processes

A

requires conscious attention

133
Q

automatic processes

A

requires less attention
ex: brushing teeth

134
Q

altered state of consciousness

A

shift in quality/pattern of consciousness

135
Q

sleep-wake cycle

A

circadian rhythm

136
Q

microsleeps

A

mini uncontrollable naps

137
Q

SCN

A

tells glands to secrete melatonin

138
Q

melatonins role in sleep

A
  • Increasing melatonin suppresses brain neurons that keep us awake
  • (makes us sleepy)
139
Q

adaptive theory of sleep

A

people/animals evolved different sleep patterns to avoid being present during predator’s hunting times

140
Q

restorative theory of sleep

A

sleep needed to restore physical health

141
Q

beta waves

A

present when patient is awake / alert

142
Q

alpha waves

A

present at state of relaxation

143
Q

theta waves

A

present when patient getting drowsy

144
Q

delta waves

A

deep sleep

145
Q

REM

A

rapid eye movement
voluntary muscles inhibited

146
Q

nREM

A

non-rapid eye movement
voluntary muscles free
deeper sleep

147
Q

nightmares

A

bad dreams in REM sleep

148
Q

night terrors

A

bad dreams in deep sleep

149
Q

somnambulism

A

sleep walking

150
Q

insomnia

A

inability to get sleep, stay asleep, or get quality sleep

151
Q

sleep apnea

A

person stops breathing during sleep for around a minute

152
Q

narcolepsy

A

person slips into REM during the day

153
Q

hypnotic susceptibility

A

degree to which person is a good participant

154
Q

cognitive theory of dreaming

A

dreams are another type of thinking
proposed by Calvin Hall

155
Q

What did Calvin Hall produce

A

cognitive theory of dreaming

156
Q

2 ways hypnosis works

A

1.) dissociation
2.) social role-playing

157
Q

psychoactive drugs

A

drugs that alter thinking, perception, and memory

158
Q

2 types of drug dependences

A

1.) physical
2.) psychological

159
Q

drug tolerance

A

decrease of response to a drug after many exposures
leads to need for higher doses to experience same effect

160
Q

3 major drug categories

A

stimulants
depressants
hallucinogenics

161
Q

stimulants

A

speed UP NS

162
Q

depressants

A

slow DOWN NS

163
Q

hallucinogenics

A

alter perceptions / hallucinations

164
Q

stimulants synthesized in lab

A

amphetamines

165
Q

found in coca plant leaves

A

cocaine

166
Q

cocaine effect

A

deadens pain
decreases appetite

167
Q

nicotine effect

A

stimulates release of adrenalin and dopamine

168
Q

found in coffee beans

A

caffeine

169
Q

caffeine effect

A

increases alertness

170
Q

major tranquilizer

A

barbiturates

171
Q

minor tranquilizer

A

benzodiazepines

172
Q

barbiturates

A

drugs with sedative effect

173
Q

benzodiazepines

A

decrease anxiety/stress

174
Q

chemical resulting from fermentation/distillation of veggies

A

alcohol

175
Q

opiates

A

stimulates opioid receptors (receptor sites for endorphines)

176
Q

opiates effect

A

suppresses pain

177
Q

what is as a result of dissolving opium in acid

A

morphine

178
Q

derived from opium

A

heroin

179
Q

LSD

A

synthetic
effects person ability to perceive reality

180
Q

PCP

A

synthetic
hallucinogen, stimulant, depressent or painkiller

181
Q

analgesic

A

pain killing drug

182
Q

paradoxical sleep

A

aka REM sleep

Psych 101 (1 decks)

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