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NRSC 235: Intro to Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience > Exam 04 > Flashcards

Exam 04 Flashcards

1
Q

In spatial learning, place cells in the _____ become active in relation to a particular location.

A

hippocampus

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2
Q

T/F: Semantic memory includes facts and concepts, while episodic memory, includes autobiographical events and experiences.

A

true

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3
Q

In ____, rewards are used to reinforce a behavior.

A

instrumental conditioning

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4
Q

_____ is learning to perform a challenging task through repetition, including mirror tracing or reading mirror-reversed text.

A

skill learning

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5
Q

After surgery to treat epilepsy, Patient H.M. had:

A

anterograde amnesia

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6
Q

_______ is shown by performance rather than recollection and can be used to answer “how” questions.

A

nondeclarative memory

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7
Q

Habituation is a(n) _____ in response to a repeated stimulus, and sensitization is a(n) _____ in response to a repeated stimulus.

A

decrease; increase

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8
Q

During habituation of the gill withdrawal reflex in the sea slug, ____ is physiological and involves a change in the synapse strength between the sensory cell and motor neuron.

A

short-term habituation

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9
Q

During LTP in the hippocampus, the opening of NMDA receptors requires:

A

depolarization and glutamate

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10
Q

Which of the following supports the hypothesis that LTP is a form of synaptic plasticity that underlies certain forms of learning and memory?

A) the time course of LTP is different from the time course of memory formation
B) pharmacological treatments that impair LTP also impair learning
C) training an animal in a memory task reduces LTP in the brain

A

B

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11
Q

Which of the following is an example of structural plasticity?

A) more neurons fire in the preferred stimulus
B) changing from GABA to glutamate release
C) more neurotransmitter is released
D) rearrangement of synapses

A

D

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12
Q

During LTP in the hippocampus, the influx of calcium activates all of the following changes to AMPA receptors EXCEPT

A) existing AMPA receptors move to the active synapse
B) there is increased ion conductance (efficiency) through AMPA receptors
C) more AMPA receptors are produced
D) the magnesium block is removed from AMPA receptors

A

D

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13
Q

During habituation of the gill withdrawal reflex in the sea slug, ____ is structural and involves a change in the number of synapses.

A

long-term habituation

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14
Q

What model of attention has filtering that occurs at the sensory level?

A

early-selection model

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15
Q

Voluntary attention involves the:

A

dorsal frontoparietal network

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16
Q

_____ is a bottom-up process and is the involuntary reorienting of attention toward a sudden or important event.

A

reflexive attention

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17
Q

T/F: A feature search is a search based on two or more attributes that distinguish a target.

A

false

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18
Q

Which subcortical structure is important for guiding the movement of eyes toward objects of attention?

A

superior colliculus

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19
Q

____ occurs when the focus coincides with the sensory orientation, whereas ____ occurs when the focus is independent of sensory orientation.

A

overt attention; covert attention

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20
Q

_____ is a top-down process and is directed toward stimuli according to interests and goals.

A

voluntary attention

21
Q

T/F: Retrograde amnesia is the inability to form memories after the onset of amnesia, while anterograde amnesia is the loss of memories formed before the onset of amnesia.

A

false

22
Q

_____ includes facts and information acquired through learning and can be used to answer “what” questions.

A

declarative memory

23
Q

Classical conditioning and instrumental conditioning are types of

A

associative learning

24
Q

Memory formation involves all the following brain structures EXCEPT the

A) hippocampus
B) dorsomedial thalamus
C) superior colliculi
D) mammillary bodies

A

C

25
Q

The delayed non-matching-to-sample task in monkeys can be used to measure

A

declarative memory

26
Q

Which of the following is an example of physiological plasticity?

A) more neurons fire to the preferred stimulus
B) more neurotransmitter is released
C) rearrangement of synapses
D) changing from GABA to glutamate release

A

B

27
Q

_____ is important for conditioning of the eye-blink reflex and other simple conditioning.

A

cerebellum

28
Q

T/F: Donald Hebb proposed that when two neurons are repeatedly activated together, their synaptic connection becomes stronger.

A

true

29
Q

T/F: In humans, the prefrontal cortex consists of 1/3 of the cortex.

A

true

30
Q

The event-related potential (ERP) provides good ____ for studying attentional mechanisms.

A

temporal resolution

31
Q

Frontal lobe injury can lead to all of the following EXCEPT

A) impulsive behavior
B) forgetfulness
C) persistent apathy
D) intense concern for the past and/or future

A

D

32
Q

The “easy problem” of consciousness involves ____ experiences, whereas the “hard problem” of consciousness involves ____ experiences.

A

objective; subjective

33
Q

Habituation and sensitization are types of

A

nonassociative learning

34
Q

T/F: Associative learning involves only one stimulus

A

false

35
Q

During normal activity in the hippocampus, glutamate released at synapses activates only

A

AMPA receptors

36
Q

Reflexive attention involves the

A

right temporoparietal network

37
Q

_____ is a failure to perceive unattended visual stimuli

A

inattentional blindness

38
Q

T/F: In a peripheral spatial cueing task, short intervals between cue and target enhance the reaction time (make it faster) to the target.

A

true

39
Q

All of the following increase risk for schizophrenia EXCEPT

A) transition from childhood to adulthood
B) prenatal stress
C) young age of parents
D) city living

A

C

40
Q

Identical twins have a ___% concordance rate for schizophrenia.

A

50

41
Q

Reduced emotional expression, reduced conversation, and motivational impairments are _____ symptoms of schizophrenia.

A

negative

42
Q

All of the following are side effects of antipsychotic drugs EXCEPT

A) tardive dyskinesia
B) dyskinesia
C) supersensitivity psychosis
D) reduced gray matter

A

D

43
Q

T/F: An integrative model of schizophrenia emphasizes the interaction of genetic factors and stress.

A

true

44
Q

Recurring, transient attacks of intense fearfulness are symptoms of ______.

A

panic disorder

45
Q

_____ is associated with enlarged ventricles and reduced gray matter.

A

bipolar disorder

46
Q

______ is associated with increased activation in amygdala and decreased blood flow to cortical areas implicated in attention.

A

depression

47
Q

T/F: The most common treatment for depression is lithium.

A

false

48
Q

Unhappy mood, loss of interests, reduced energy, and difficulty concentrating are symptoms of _____.

A

depression

NRSC 235: Intro to Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience (5 decks)

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