Exam 04 Flashcards
In spatial learning, place cells in the _____ become active in relation to a particular location.
hippocampus
T/F: Semantic memory includes facts and concepts, while episodic memory, includes autobiographical events and experiences.
true
In ____, rewards are used to reinforce a behavior.
instrumental conditioning
_____ is learning to perform a challenging task through repetition, including mirror tracing or reading mirror-reversed text.
skill learning
After surgery to treat epilepsy, Patient H.M. had:
anterograde amnesia
_______ is shown by performance rather than recollection and can be used to answer “how” questions.
nondeclarative memory
Habituation is a(n) _____ in response to a repeated stimulus, and sensitization is a(n) _____ in response to a repeated stimulus.
decrease; increase
During habituation of the gill withdrawal reflex in the sea slug, ____ is physiological and involves a change in the synapse strength between the sensory cell and motor neuron.
short-term habituation
During LTP in the hippocampus, the opening of NMDA receptors requires:
depolarization and glutamate
Which of the following supports the hypothesis that LTP is a form of synaptic plasticity that underlies certain forms of learning and memory?
A) the time course of LTP is different from the time course of memory formation
B) pharmacological treatments that impair LTP also impair learning
C) training an animal in a memory task reduces LTP in the brain
B
Which of the following is an example of structural plasticity?
A) more neurons fire in the preferred stimulus
B) changing from GABA to glutamate release
C) more neurotransmitter is released
D) rearrangement of synapses
D
During LTP in the hippocampus, the influx of calcium activates all of the following changes to AMPA receptors EXCEPT
A) existing AMPA receptors move to the active synapse
B) there is increased ion conductance (efficiency) through AMPA receptors
C) more AMPA receptors are produced
D) the magnesium block is removed from AMPA receptors
D
During habituation of the gill withdrawal reflex in the sea slug, ____ is structural and involves a change in the number of synapses.
long-term habituation
What model of attention has filtering that occurs at the sensory level?
early-selection model
Voluntary attention involves the:
dorsal frontoparietal network
_____ is a bottom-up process and is the involuntary reorienting of attention toward a sudden or important event.
reflexive attention
T/F: A feature search is a search based on two or more attributes that distinguish a target.
false
Which subcortical structure is important for guiding the movement of eyes toward objects of attention?
superior colliculus
____ occurs when the focus coincides with the sensory orientation, whereas ____ occurs when the focus is independent of sensory orientation.
overt attention; covert attention
_____ is a top-down process and is directed toward stimuli according to interests and goals.
voluntary attention
T/F: Retrograde amnesia is the inability to form memories after the onset of amnesia, while anterograde amnesia is the loss of memories formed before the onset of amnesia.
false
_____ includes facts and information acquired through learning and can be used to answer “what” questions.
declarative memory
Classical conditioning and instrumental conditioning are types of
associative learning
Memory formation involves all the following brain structures EXCEPT the
A) hippocampus
B) dorsomedial thalamus
C) superior colliculi
D) mammillary bodies
C
The delayed non-matching-to-sample task in monkeys can be used to measure
declarative memory
Which of the following is an example of physiological plasticity?
A) more neurons fire to the preferred stimulus
B) more neurotransmitter is released
C) rearrangement of synapses
D) changing from GABA to glutamate release
B
_____ is important for conditioning of the eye-blink reflex and other simple conditioning.
cerebellum
T/F: Donald Hebb proposed that when two neurons are repeatedly activated together, their synaptic connection becomes stronger.
true
T/F: In humans, the prefrontal cortex consists of 1/3 of the cortex.
true
The event-related potential (ERP) provides good ____ for studying attentional mechanisms.
temporal resolution
Frontal lobe injury can lead to all of the following EXCEPT
A) impulsive behavior
B) forgetfulness
C) persistent apathy
D) intense concern for the past and/or future
D
The “easy problem” of consciousness involves ____ experiences, whereas the “hard problem” of consciousness involves ____ experiences.
objective; subjective
Habituation and sensitization are types of
nonassociative learning
T/F: Associative learning involves only one stimulus
false
During normal activity in the hippocampus, glutamate released at synapses activates only
AMPA receptors
Reflexive attention involves the
right temporoparietal network
_____ is a failure to perceive unattended visual stimuli
inattentional blindness
T/F: In a peripheral spatial cueing task, short intervals between cue and target enhance the reaction time (make it faster) to the target.
true
All of the following increase risk for schizophrenia EXCEPT
A) transition from childhood to adulthood
B) prenatal stress
C) young age of parents
D) city living
C
Identical twins have a ___% concordance rate for schizophrenia.
50
Reduced emotional expression, reduced conversation, and motivational impairments are _____ symptoms of schizophrenia.
negative
All of the following are side effects of antipsychotic drugs EXCEPT
A) tardive dyskinesia
B) dyskinesia
C) supersensitivity psychosis
D) reduced gray matter
D
T/F: An integrative model of schizophrenia emphasizes the interaction of genetic factors and stress.
true
Recurring, transient attacks of intense fearfulness are symptoms of ______.
panic disorder
_____ is associated with enlarged ventricles and reduced gray matter.
bipolar disorder
______ is associated with increased activation in amygdala and decreased blood flow to cortical areas implicated in attention.
depression
T/F: The most common treatment for depression is lithium.
false
Unhappy mood, loss of interests, reduced energy, and difficulty concentrating are symptoms of _____.
depression
