EXAM 03 Flashcards
CONVERTS LIGHT ENERGY INTO ELECTRICITY
PV SYSTEMS
PV SYSTEMS PRODUCE ___________ THROUGH DIRECT CONVERSION OF _____________
ELECTRICITY; INCIDENT SOLAR RADIATION
AMOUNT OF SOLAR POWER IMPINGING ON A SPECIFIC AREA
IRRADIANCE
AMOUNT OF SOLAR ENERGY RECEIVED BY GIVEN AREA
INSOLATION
A PV SYSTEM THAT SUPPLIES ELECTRICAL ENERGY WITHOUT INTERCONNECTION TO ANY OTHER POWER SOURCE; ISOLATED FROM ANY OUTSIDE ELECTRICAL CONNECTIONS; OLDEST PV INSTALLATIONS
STAND ALONE SYSTEM
PV SYSTEMS IN AREAS SERVICED BY ELECTRIC UTILITY GRIDS
GRID CONNECTED
A PV DEVICE THAT GENERATES ELECTRICITY WHEN EXPOSED TO SOLAR RADIATION
PV CELL
TRACKING PVs _________ EFFICIENCY BY ___ %
INCREASE; 20%
EFFICIENCY OF MONOCRYSTALLINE PV CELLS
14-16%
EFFICIENCY OF POLYCRYSTALLINE PV CELLS
10-12%
EFFICIENCY OF NANOROD PV CELLS
1-2%
EFFICIENCY OF NANOSPHERAL PV CELLS
10-12%
EFFICIENCY OF AMORPHOUS PV CELLS
5-7%
BIPV STANDS FOR
BUILDING INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTAIC
A PV SYSTEM WITH CELLS/MODULES INCORPORATED AS AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE BUILDING ENVELOPE (RATHER THAN TACKED ON TO THE BUILDING SHELL)
BIPV
BIPV EXAMPLES
CANOPIES OVER PARKING OR PAVILIONS
PURE WATER THAT CAN BE USED FOR DRINKING AND COOKING
POTABLE WATER
PROCESS WHEREBY WATER CONSTANTLY CIRCULATES
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE IS POWER BY
ABOUT 1/4 OF THE EARTH’S SOLAR ENERGY
MORE THAN _____% OF WATER IS _________ IN HYDROLOGIC CYCLE BECAUSE ________________________
99%; INACCESSIBLE; IT IS SALTWATER OR FROZEN IN GLACIERS AND ICE CAPS
THE MOST ACCESSIBLE SOURCES OF WATER ARE ______ AND ______
PRECIPITATION AND RUNOFF
TANK FOR STORING WATER
CISTERN
TANK, TYPICALLY UNDERGROUND, IN WHICH SEWAGE IS COLLECTED AND ALLOWED TO DECOMPOSE THROUGH BACTERIAL ACTIVITY BEFORE DRAINING BY MEANS OF A LEACHING FIELD
SEPTIC TANK
THE _______ THE SEWAGE STAYS IN SEPTIC TANK, THE ______________ THE EFFLUENT
LONGER; LESS POLLUTED
ELIMINATES NEED FOR IRRIGATION
XERISCAPE
USING PLANTS NATIVE TO AREA TO REDUCE NEED TO BE WATERED ADDITIONALLY THAN WHAT NATURE PROVIDES
XERISCAPE - CONSERVATION TECHNIQUE
DRIP IRRIGATION
WATER SOAKS INTO SOIL AT A RATE THAT IS BETTER FOR MOST PLANTS THAN SUDDEN, SHORT FLOODING OF SPRINKLING
CAUSED BY PRESENCE OF SUSPENDED MATERIAL SUCH AS CLAY, SILT, ETC. WHETHER IS AFFECTS HEALTH OR NOT
TURBIDITY
THE MORE TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICULATES IN WATER, THE ______ IT LOOKS AND THE ____________ THE TURBIDITY
MURKIER, HIGHER
THE MORE TURBIDITY IN THE WATER, THE _________ SUNLIGHT CAN GET TO ALGAE/PLANTS THAT WORK TO MAINTAIN ECOSYSTEM
LESS
WATER THAT CONTAINS DISSOLVED MINERALS SUCH AS MAGNESIUM AND CALCIUM
HARD WATER
CHARACTERISTICS OF HARD WATER
FILM REACTION WITH SOAP
LEAVES DEPOSIT CALLED SCALE
REMOVED BY PERMUTIT PROCESS/EXCHANGE OF IONS
WATER THAT HAS BEEN TREATED AND CONTAINS ONLY SODIUM IONS
SOFT WATER
CHARACTERISTICS/EXAMPLE OF SOFT WATER
RAINWATER OFTEN CONSIDERED SOFT
SUDS REACTION WITH SOAP
NO PROBLEMS
DHW
DOMESTIC HOT WATER
USED TO PROVIDE HOT WATER FOR THE KITCHEN AND BATHROOM SINKS, TUBS, AND OTHER APPLIANCES
DHW
THE SAME BOILER CAN PROVIDE BOTH WATER SYSTEMS AS LONG AS _____________________
BOTH WATER SYSTEMS DO NOT MIX (WATER THAT CIRCULATES THROUGH HEATING SYSTEM CANNOT BE CIRCULATED THROUGH DOMESTIC HOT WATER SYSTEM)
WATER FACTS:
TOILETS
1.6 GALLONS PER FLUSH
WATER FACTS:
SHOWERHEADS
2.5 GALLONS PER MIN
WATER FACTS:
KITCHEN FAUCETS
2.5 GALLONS PER MIN
WATER FACTS:
BATHROOM FAUCETS
1 GALLON PER MIN
WITH A HORIZONTAL AXIS WASHING MACHINE, YOU CAN REDUCE WASH WATER NEEDS BY _____%
30 - 60%
WATER FACTS:
WATER EFFICIENT DISHWASHERS
3.4 GALLONS PER NORMAL CYCLE (731/YEAR)
ONCE YOU GET THE WATER USE DOWN TO ____ GALLONS PER CAPITA PER DAY, WE CAN SUPPLY THIS LEVEL OF POTABLE WATER WITH ___________
50; RAINWATER
RESPIRATION IS USED TO..
ELIMINATE WASTE PRODUCTS AND GENERATE ENERGY
RESPIRATION PROCESS THAT USES NO OXYGEN; INSTEAD USES BACTERIA THAT TRANSFORM ORGANIC MATTER IN WASTEWATER INTO BIOGASSES LIKE METHAN OR CO2
ANAEROBIC
WHICH RESPIRATION PROCESS IS TYPICALLY THE ON FOR FERMENTATION AND IS MORE EFFICIENT
ANAEROBIC
RESPIRATION PROCESS THAT USES OXYGEN - USES BACTERIA THAT REQUIRES OXYGEN, SO AIR IS CIRCULATED T/O TANK TO HELP BACTERIA BREAK DOWN WASTE IN WASTEWATER
AEROBIC
WHICH RESPIRATION PROCESS IS THE TYPICAL PROCESS FOR COMPOSTING
AEROBIC
VENT STACK ALLOW SEWAGE WASTE TO ________ AND SEWAGE GASES TO _______________
DRAIN TO THE SEWER AT THE BOTTOM; VENT OUT AT THE TOP
HOW DO PLUMBING P TRAPS WORK
SHAPE OF BENDING PIPE PREVENTS SEWER GASES FROM ENTERING BUILDINGS
CHARACTERISTICS OF LOCAL WASTE
INCREASED CONSUMER TIME AND BUILDING SPACE REQUIREMENTS
CONSERVES MORE ENERGY
LOCAL = CONSUMER SEPARATING GARBAGE
CHARACTERISTICS OF CENTRAL WASTE
ENERGY-INTENSIVE AND NOISY INDUSTRIAL PROCESS
CENTRAL = INDUSTRY SEPARATING GARBAGE
WATER THAT HAS NOT COME INTO CONTACT WITH HUMAN WASTE AND IS THEREFORE MORE READILY FILTERED AND CAN BE REABSORBED INTO LAWN/GARDEN
GREYWATER
WATER THAT HAS COME INTO CONTACT WITH HUMAN WASTE AND IS THEREFORE MUCH MORE DIFFICULT TO BREAK DOWN AND MUCH MORE LIKELY TO CONTAIN DISEASE-CAUSING PATHOGENS
BLACKWATER
FILTRATION REMOVES __________ BY PASSING WATER THROUGH ___________
SUSPENDED PARTICLES, SOME BACTERIA, AND COLOR OR TASTE; PERMEABLE FABRIC OR POROUS BED OF MATERIALS
PLUMBING DESIGN GUIDELINES
ANGLES > 60 DEGREES
CONCEALED BUT ACCESSIBLE
RED BRASS/COPPER (NONFERROUS) IN PROVIDING CORROSION RESISTANCE
STEEL/IRON (FERROUS) METAL PIPING THREADED
DESIRABLE TO VALVE EVERY RISER
VERTICAL RUNS SUPPORTED AT EVERY STORY
HORIZONTAL PIPES SHOULD BE SUPPORTED AT INTERVALS OF 6 FT FOR .5 IN PIPE, 8 FT FOR .75 IN PIPE, 10 FT FOR 1.25+ IN PIPE
ALL COLD WATER PIPING INSULATED
PIPES CARRYING DHW INSULATED
PARALLEL HOT AND COLD WATER PIPING TO PREVENT HEAT EXCHANGE
STAGE WHERE WATER MOVES DOWNWARD FROM SURFACE WATER TO GROUNDWATER
WATER RECHARGE
WATER RECHARGE IS IMPEDED BY…
PAVEMENTS AND OTHER DEVELOPMENTS
LANDSCAPES SHOULD BE CAREFULLY DESIGNED TO ALLOW __________
THE NATURAL RECHARGE OF WATER
1 TON OF MECHANICAL LOAD FOR EVERY _____ SF
500
___% TOTAL SF ALLOCATED FOR MECHANICAL
4
PEX PIPING
CHEAPER THAN COPPER
FASTER TO INSTALL
WON’T CORRODE LIKE COPPER
COP
POWER OUTPUT/POWER INPUT
HEAT DELIVERED TO SPACE/NECESSARY WORK INPUT
SEER
Output cooling energy in BTU over a season)/(input electrical energy in Wh during the same season
CIRCULATES WATER THROUGH HEAT AND GRAVITY
THERMOSHIPHON
WATER HEATING SYSTEM THAT IS BETTER FOR MULTI-STORY BUILDINGS AS THE SYSTEM DEPENDS ON GRAVITY
THERMOSHIPHON
USES AQUASTATS TO HEAT WATER
FORCED CIRCULATION SYSTEM
WATER HEATING SYSTEM THAT IS BETTER FOR SINGLE STORY OR LONG BUILDINGS
FORCED CIRCULATION SYSTEMS
SHOULD INTEGRATE SERVICE AND FUNCTION; NORMALLY COMPOSED OF TOILET FACILITIES, ELEVATOR BANKS, CLOSETS, UTILITIES, MECHANICS, SHAFTS AND STAIRS
BUILDING SERVICE CORE
ANOTHER WAY TO SAY HOT WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
DISTRIBUTION TREES
ROOTS =
MACHINES THAT HEAT THE WATER
TRUNK =
MAIN PIPE DUCTS FROM MECHANICAL ROOM TO ZONE BEING SERVED
BRANCHES =
SMALL PIPE OR DUCTS TO INDIVIDUAL AREAS
PRIMARY LEVEL OF SEWAGE
SEPTIC TANKS OR ACTIVE TREATMENT UNITS (ATU)
SECONDARY LEVEL OF SEWAGE
DISPOSAL FIELDS, SEEPAGE PITS, MOUNDS WITH LEACHING BEDS, BURIED SAND FILTERS
FOUR MAIN HVAC SYSTEM CLASSIFICATION
DIRECT REFRIGERANT
ALL AIR
AIR AND WATER
ALL ATER
BASIC PARTS OF COMPRESSIVE REFRIGERATION CYCLE
COMPRESSOR, CONDENSER, THERMAL EXPANSION VALVE, EVAPORATOR, REFRIGERANT
TRI GENERATION
CENTRALIZED HEATING AND COOLING
COMBINED COOLING HEAT AND POWER
COGENERATION
MICROTURBINES RUNNING ON NATURAL GAS TO GENERATE ENERGY, ELECTRICITY AND HOT WATER
COMBINED HEAT AND POWER
GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMP
USES EARTH AS HEAT SOURCE IN WINTER OR HEAT SINK IN SUMMER
