Ex1 Flashcards
What is the working definition of microbiology?
The study of entities too small to be seen with the unaided human eye
The discovery of what may be the most important microbiological even?
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
What are the 3 parts if the triangle of health?
HAE—–host, agent environment
Hand washing
Semmelweis
Antiseptic ?
Lister
Infection control/ epidemiology
Snow
Smallpox vaccine, immunology
Jenner
Father of microbiology, germ theory of disease
Pasteur
What are the processes of life?
Growth, reproduction, responsiveness, metabolism
What is the most important distinction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes ?
No nucleus
Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes have circular DNA?
Prokaryotes
Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes have linear DNA?
Eukaryotes
What is Firmly attached to the cell surface?
Capsule
What may prevent bacteria from being recognized by host?
Capsule
What is the sticky layer allows prokaryotes to attach to surfaces?
Slime layer
Bacteria cell walls are composed of what?
Peptidoglycan
What is the purpose of bacterial cell walls?
Provides structure and shape and protect cell from osmotic forces and gives cells their characteristic shapes.
What bacterial cell walls have a THICK layer of peptidoglycan
Gram +
What bacterial cell wall contains I polyalcohols called trichroic acids.
Gram +
What is the color of a Gram + stain ?
Purple
What bacterial cell wall has a THIN layer of peptidoglycan and what Color is it in a stain?
Gram -, red magenta
What are the 3 passive processes?
Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis
What are the active processes ?
Active transport, group translocation
What is a substance chemically modified during transport?
Group translocation
What may include reserve deposits of chemicals, stored when nutrients are in abundance, and are used when scarce?
Inclusions
What are endospores?
Defensive strategy against unfavorable conditions
Endospores are only produced by what organisms?
Bacillus and clostridium
What size are prokaryotic ribosomes? And what it’s subunits ?
70s, 30s and 50s.
Endo cytosol is the physical manipulation of cytoplasmic membrane to form what?
Pseudopodia
What is the size of eukaryotic ribosomes and what are their subunits?
80s, 60s, 40s
What has a waxy micolic acid in the cell wall?
Mycobacteria
What is the only bacteria with no cell wall?
Mycoplasma
If the bacteria ends is us or um it is what?
Gram positive.
What are the gram positive bacteria that do not end in US or UM?
Listeria, nocardia, actinomyces, streptoyces
Gram negative bacteria end in what two things?
A, or er.
What are exceptions of gram negative bacteria that do not end in A or ER?
Proteus, vibrio, haemophilus, bacteroides
What as a fried egg appearance?
Mycoplasma
All prokaryotic cells reproduce.________? What are the main methods. ?
ASEXUALLY, binary fission, snapping division, budding.
Do Protozoa typically Have a cell wall>?
No.
What is the motile feeding stage or Protozoa?
Trophozoites.
What protects Protozoa from osmotic lysis ?
Contractile vacuoles
What is the nonreproductive body of fungi?
Thallus
What are long branched tubular filaments on fungi?
Hyphae
What is a tangled mass of hyphae ?
Mycelium
What is the most common cause of yeast infection ?
Candida albicans
All fungi have some means of_________asexual reproduction, some also reproduce____
Asexual, sexually
What are viruses called in an extracellular state?
Virion
What is the protein coat surrounding a nuclei can acid core?
Capsid
A capsid and a nuclei acid core are called what?
Nucleocapsid
What a virus is inside the cell it what?
Exists as nucleic acid
What encloses a nucleiocapsid?
Envelope
What types of organisms are susceptible to some sort of viral attack?
ALLLLLLLLLLLL types
What is the most common viral shape?
Icosahedrons
What virus has a bullet shaped capsid
Rabies
The polyhedral shape is also called a
Geodesic dome
How are viral envelope acquired?
From the host cell during viral replication or release
What replication cycle usually results in death and lysis of host cells?
Lytic replication.
What are the stages of the lyric replication cycle?
Attachment, entry, synthesis, assembly, release.
Infected host cells grow and reproduce normally generations before they Lyse is called what?
Lysogeny
What is it called when hangers carry genes that alter phenotype of bacterium?
Lysogenic conversion
What is it called when animal viruses remain dormant in host cells?
Latent viruses or proviruses
What are proteinacrous infectious agents, lack nucleic acid?
Prions
What is the only way to destroy prions?
Incineration or autoclaving
BSE and vCID cause what?
Spongiform encephalopathies
Prions composed of different proteins MAY/ lie behind other muscular and neurological degenerative disease such as?
Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, ALS
Living microorganisms cause what?
Food infections
Consumption of microbial toxins causes what?>
Food intoxications
Where do the majority of food born illnesses come from ?
Food service injury
What bacteria is the most common cause of diarrhea of all food borne agents?
Campylobacter jejuni
What bacteria is common in soils and water, contamination from these sources occurs easily, GROWS AT REFRIGERATOR TEMPERATURE!!!!
Listeria monocytogenes
What bacteria is the second most common cause of food borne illness in the U.S.
Salmonella app.
What bacteria is the third most common cause of food born illness in the U.S.
Singella
What bacteria causes generalized diarrhea and sever cramping that mimics appendicitis, GROWS AT REFRIGERATOR TEMP
YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA
Water that is considered safe to drink is called what?
Potable
Presence of what indicates fecal contamination
Coliforms
What are the 4 stages of treatment of drinking water?
Coagulation flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection.
What is added to coagulate water?
Alum
What is used to filtrate water?
SAND
What 3 things are used to disinfect drinking water?
Cholorine, Ozone, UV light.
Bioterrorism uses microbes or their toxins to terrorize what?
Human population
Agroterrorism uses microbes to terrorize human populations by destroying what?
The food supply.
What bacteria causes smallpox?
Various major ( orthopoxvirus)
What is the name of the bacteria that produces the plague
YESINIA pestis ( bacterium )
Biosaftey levels start at 1 and go to 4 which is most severe?
4 (handling of microbes that cause sever or fatal disease)
What bio safety level is moderate hazardous?
BSL-2
What biosaftey level is the handling of microbes in safety cabinets, and may cause serious or potentially lethal after inhalation?
BSL-3
What kind of microbiota will remain park of the normal microbiota of a person for life?
Resident
What kind of microbiota will remain in body for few hours, days, months before diapering?
Transient
What are some sites that are fee of microbes ?
Alveoli of lungs, CNS, uterus, upper urogenital regions.
Much of ones resident microbiota is established when ?
First months of life.
What it is called when diseases naturally spread from animal host to humans?
Zoonoses
Humans are usually __________host
Dead end
What is it called when ill persons are separated because they have a communicable disease ?
Isolation
What is it called when there is the restriction of movement of WELL person who may have been exposed to a disease.
Quarantine
What can be reservoirs of infection. ?
Soil water food
What is the mere presence of microbes in or on the body?
Contamination
What is it called when an organism evades body’s enteral f=defenses and becomes stabled in the body and may or may not result in disease?
Infection
What are the three major portals of entry?
Skin, mucous membranes, placenta
What if the most common portal of entry on the skin?
Cuts
What is the most common site of entry overall ?
Respiratory tract (eyes are included)
What pathogen causes syphilis
Treponema pallium
What pathogen causes AIDS
Lentivirus
What causes the German measles ?
Rubvirus
What is a means by which the portal of entry can be bypassed?
Parenteral route
Symptoms are
Subjective
Signs are
Objective
A group of symptoms and signs is called what?
Syndrome
Some bacterial pathogens attach to each other to form what?
Biofilm
What is the most common transmission from a reservoir or a portal or envy exit to another’s host portal of entry
Perinatal
Animals that carry pathogens are called what?
Arthropod vectors
Mechanical vector only ______ the pathogen
Carry
Biological vectors serve as what?
Intermediate host for the pathogen
What are the two most common arachnids ?
Ticks and mites (ticks are most important)
What is the most important disease vector overall?
Mosquitoes
The number of new causes of a disease is called what?
Incidence
The number of total cases of a disease is Called what?
Prevalence
Disease that normally occurs at regular intervals is called what?
Endemic
What is it called when a disease occurs at a greater frequency that is usual
Epidemic
Infections aquired in Heath care settings
nosocomial infection
What type of infection results from modern medical procedures ?
Iatrogenic
What is the most important factor affecting growth?
Temperature
Photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs
Are both Carbon dioxide
Photohetertrophs and cheoHETEROtrophs
Both are organic compounds
Most microorganisms thrive in a pH rage of…?
6-9
Vegetative cell maintenance requires what?
Water
In coagulation the donor cell requires what?
F plasmid
In coagulation the recipient cell…..
Lacks F plasmid
