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Micro Exam # 1 > Ex1 > Flashcards

Ex1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the working definition of microbiology?

A

The study of entities too small to be seen with the unaided human eye

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2
Q

The discovery of what may be the most important microbiological even?

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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3
Q

What are the 3 parts if the triangle of health?

A

HAE—–host, agent environment

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4
Q

Hand washing

A

Semmelweis

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5
Q

Antiseptic ?

A

Lister

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6
Q

Infection control/ epidemiology

A

Snow

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7
Q

Smallpox vaccine, immunology

A

Jenner

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8
Q

Father of microbiology, germ theory of disease

A

Pasteur

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9
Q

What are the processes of life?

A

Growth, reproduction, responsiveness, metabolism

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10
Q

What is the most important distinction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes ?

A

No nucleus

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11
Q

Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes have circular DNA?

A

Prokaryotes

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12
Q

Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes have linear DNA?

A

Eukaryotes

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13
Q

What is Firmly attached to the cell surface?

A

Capsule

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14
Q

What may prevent bacteria from being recognized by host?

A

Capsule

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15
Q

What is the sticky layer allows prokaryotes to attach to surfaces?

A

Slime layer

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16
Q

Bacteria cell walls are composed of what?

A

Peptidoglycan

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17
Q

What is the purpose of bacterial cell walls?

A

Provides structure and shape and protect cell from osmotic forces and gives cells their characteristic shapes.

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18
Q

What bacterial cell walls have a THICK layer of peptidoglycan

A

Gram +

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19
Q

What bacterial cell wall contains I polyalcohols called trichroic acids.

A

Gram +

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20
Q

What is the color of a Gram + stain ?

A

Purple

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21
Q

What bacterial cell wall has a THIN layer of peptidoglycan and what Color is it in a stain?

A

Gram -, red magenta

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22
Q

What are the 3 passive processes?

A

Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

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23
Q

What are the active processes ?

A

Active transport, group translocation

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24
Q

What is a substance chemically modified during transport?

A

Group translocation

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25
Q

What may include reserve deposits of chemicals, stored when nutrients are in abundance, and are used when scarce?

A

Inclusions

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26
Q

What are endospores?

A

Defensive strategy against unfavorable conditions

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27
Q

Endospores are only produced by what organisms?

A

Bacillus and clostridium

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28
Q

What size are prokaryotic ribosomes? And what it’s subunits ?

A

70s, 30s and 50s.

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29
Q

Endo cytosol is the physical manipulation of cytoplasmic membrane to form what?

A

Pseudopodia

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30
Q

What is the size of eukaryotic ribosomes and what are their subunits?

A

80s, 60s, 40s

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31
Q

What has a waxy micolic acid in the cell wall?

A

Mycobacteria

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32
Q

What is the only bacteria with no cell wall?

A

Mycoplasma

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33
Q

If the bacteria ends is us or um it is what?

A

Gram positive.

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34
Q

What are the gram positive bacteria that do not end in US or UM?

A

Listeria, nocardia, actinomyces, streptoyces

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35
Q

Gram negative bacteria end in what two things?

A

A, or er.

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36
Q

What are exceptions of gram negative bacteria that do not end in A or ER?

A

Proteus, vibrio, haemophilus, bacteroides

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37
Q

What as a fried egg appearance?

A

Mycoplasma

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38
Q

All prokaryotic cells reproduce.________? What are the main methods. ?

A

ASEXUALLY, binary fission, snapping division, budding.

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39
Q

Do Protozoa typically Have a cell wall>?

A

No.

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40
Q

What is the motile feeding stage or Protozoa?

A

Trophozoites.

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41
Q

What protects Protozoa from osmotic lysis ?

A

Contractile vacuoles

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42
Q

What is the nonreproductive body of fungi?

A

Thallus

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43
Q

What are long branched tubular filaments on fungi?

A

Hyphae

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44
Q

What is a tangled mass of hyphae ?

A

Mycelium

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45
Q

What is the most common cause of yeast infection ?

A

Candida albicans

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46
Q

All fungi have some means of_________asexual reproduction, some also reproduce____

A

Asexual, sexually

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47
Q

What are viruses called in an extracellular state?

A

Virion

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48
Q

What is the protein coat surrounding a nuclei can acid core?

A

Capsid

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49
Q

A capsid and a nuclei acid core are called what?

A

Nucleocapsid

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50
Q

What a virus is inside the cell it what?

A

Exists as nucleic acid

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51
Q

What encloses a nucleiocapsid?

A

Envelope

52
Q

What types of organisms are susceptible to some sort of viral attack?

A

ALLLLLLLLLLLL types

53
Q

What is the most common viral shape?

A

Icosahedrons

54
Q

What virus has a bullet shaped capsid

A

Rabies

55
Q

The polyhedral shape is also called a

A

Geodesic dome

56
Q

How are viral envelope acquired?

A

From the host cell during viral replication or release

57
Q

What replication cycle usually results in death and lysis of host cells?

A

Lytic replication.

58
Q

What are the stages of the lyric replication cycle?

A

Attachment, entry, synthesis, assembly, release.

59
Q

Infected host cells grow and reproduce normally generations before they Lyse is called what?

A

Lysogeny

60
Q

What is it called when hangers carry genes that alter phenotype of bacterium?

A

Lysogenic conversion

61
Q

What is it called when animal viruses remain dormant in host cells?

A

Latent viruses or proviruses

62
Q

What are proteinacrous infectious agents, lack nucleic acid?

A

Prions

63
Q

What is the only way to destroy prions?

A

Incineration or autoclaving

64
Q

BSE and vCID cause what?

A

Spongiform encephalopathies

65
Q

Prions composed of different proteins MAY/ lie behind other muscular and neurological degenerative disease such as?

A

Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, ALS

66
Q

Living microorganisms cause what?

A

Food infections

67
Q

Consumption of microbial toxins causes what?>

A

Food intoxications

68
Q

Where do the majority of food born illnesses come from ?

A

Food service injury

69
Q

What bacteria is the most common cause of diarrhea of all food borne agents?

A

Campylobacter jejuni

70
Q

What bacteria is common in soils and water, contamination from these sources occurs easily, GROWS AT REFRIGERATOR TEMPERATURE!!!!

A

Listeria monocytogenes

71
Q

What bacteria is the second most common cause of food borne illness in the U.S.

A

Salmonella app.

72
Q

What bacteria is the third most common cause of food born illness in the U.S.

A

Singella

73
Q

What bacteria causes generalized diarrhea and sever cramping that mimics appendicitis, GROWS AT REFRIGERATOR TEMP

A

YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA

74
Q

Water that is considered safe to drink is called what?

A

Potable

75
Q

Presence of what indicates fecal contamination

A

Coliforms

76
Q

What are the 4 stages of treatment of drinking water?

A

Coagulation flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection.

77
Q

What is added to coagulate water?

A

Alum

78
Q

What is used to filtrate water?

A

SAND

79
Q

What 3 things are used to disinfect drinking water?

A

Cholorine, Ozone, UV light.

80
Q

Bioterrorism uses microbes or their toxins to terrorize what?

A

Human population

81
Q

Agroterrorism uses microbes to terrorize human populations by destroying what?

A

The food supply.

82
Q

What bacteria causes smallpox?

A

Various major ( orthopoxvirus)

83
Q

What is the name of the bacteria that produces the plague

A

YESINIA pestis ( bacterium )

84
Q

Biosaftey levels start at 1 and go to 4 which is most severe?

A

4 (handling of microbes that cause sever or fatal disease)

85
Q

What bio safety level is moderate hazardous?

A

BSL-2

86
Q

What biosaftey level is the handling of microbes in safety cabinets, and may cause serious or potentially lethal after inhalation?

A

BSL-3

87
Q

What kind of microbiota will remain park of the normal microbiota of a person for life?

A

Resident

88
Q

What kind of microbiota will remain in body for few hours, days, months before diapering?

A

Transient

89
Q

What are some sites that are fee of microbes ?

A

Alveoli of lungs, CNS, uterus, upper urogenital regions.

90
Q

Much of ones resident microbiota is established when ?

A

First months of life.

91
Q

What it is called when diseases naturally spread from animal host to humans?

A

Zoonoses

92
Q

Humans are usually __________host

A

Dead end

93
Q

What is it called when ill persons are separated because they have a communicable disease ?

A

Isolation

94
Q

What is it called when there is the restriction of movement of WELL person who may have been exposed to a disease.

A

Quarantine

95
Q

What can be reservoirs of infection. ?

A

Soil water food

96
Q

What is the mere presence of microbes in or on the body?

A

Contamination

97
Q

What is it called when an organism evades body’s enteral f=defenses and becomes stabled in the body and may or may not result in disease?

A

Infection

98
Q

What are the three major portals of entry?

A

Skin, mucous membranes, placenta

99
Q

What if the most common portal of entry on the skin?

A

Cuts

100
Q

What is the most common site of entry overall ?

A

Respiratory tract (eyes are included)

101
Q

What pathogen causes syphilis

A

Treponema pallium

102
Q

What pathogen causes AIDS

A

Lentivirus

103
Q

What causes the German measles ?

A

Rubvirus

104
Q

What is a means by which the portal of entry can be bypassed?

A

Parenteral route

105
Q

Symptoms are

A

Subjective

106
Q

Signs are

A

Objective

107
Q

A group of symptoms and signs is called what?

A

Syndrome

108
Q

Some bacterial pathogens attach to each other to form what?

A

Biofilm

109
Q

What is the most common transmission from a reservoir or a portal or envy exit to another’s host portal of entry

A

Perinatal

110
Q

Animals that carry pathogens are called what?

A

Arthropod vectors

111
Q

Mechanical vector only ______ the pathogen

A

Carry

112
Q

Biological vectors serve as what?

A

Intermediate host for the pathogen

113
Q

What are the two most common arachnids ?

A

Ticks and mites (ticks are most important)

114
Q

What is the most important disease vector overall?

A

Mosquitoes

115
Q

The number of new causes of a disease is called what?

A

Incidence

116
Q

The number of total cases of a disease is Called what?

A

Prevalence

117
Q

Disease that normally occurs at regular intervals is called what?

A

Endemic

118
Q

What is it called when a disease occurs at a greater frequency that is usual

A

Epidemic

119
Q

Infections aquired in Heath care settings

A

nosocomial infection

120
Q

What type of infection results from modern medical procedures ?

A

Iatrogenic

121
Q

What is the most important factor affecting growth?

A

Temperature

122
Q

Photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs

A

Are both Carbon dioxide

123
Q

Photohetertrophs and cheoHETEROtrophs

A

Both are organic compounds

124
Q

Most microorganisms thrive in a pH rage of…?

A

6-9

125
Q

Vegetative cell maintenance requires what?

A

Water

126
Q

In coagulation the donor cell requires what?

A

F plasmid

127
Q

In coagulation the recipient cell…..

A

Lacks F plasmid

Micro Exam # 1 (1 decks)

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