Ex psych readiness assessment 2 Flashcards
What is panic disorder? What reactions does it cause?
Intense anxiety that strikes without warning or an obvious source
Causes chest pains, short breaths, choking or dizziness
What is OCD? What is this due to?
Repetitive actions or rituals done to relieve anxiety
Due to intrusive thoughts
What is PTSD?
Anxiety that occurs in a delayed reaction in response to trauma or a stressful situation
What is GAD? Does it cause comorbidity?
Uncontrollable worry about multiple concerns that last at least 6 months
It has the highest rate of comorbidity
What are the 3 components of anxiety?
Cognitions = thoughts
Emotional responses
Physiological changes = muscle tension, autonomic NS hyperactivity)
Which of these components distinguishes anxiety from arousal? Why?
Cognitions and emotional responses Because there can be non-specific physiological responses: - increased muscle tension - increased HR - increased alertness
What is state anxiety? What is usually prescribed?
An immediate response to anxiety that is transient/temporary
Usually prescribed single bouts of ex
What is trait anxiety? What is usually prescribed?
A predisposition to perceive a situation as threatening and is an expression of personality
Usually prescribed multiple bouts of ex
What have anxiety+ex studies mostly examined?
Individuals without anxiety disorders
Individuals with medical conditions other than anxiety (e.g. stroke rehabilitation)
Why have they only examined this?
During the 1960-70s, PA was thought to induce panic attacks
What experiment did Pitts and McClure do in 1967? Was it correct or incorrect?
Assessed anxious people after intravenous infusion of sodium DL-Lactate
It was an incorrect conclusion
What were the results?
It caused increased anxiety and induced panic attacks in 13 of 14 patients
Why does this observation matter in terms of ex?
High intensity/anaerobic ex causes lactate production
So it was believed that ex would cause anxiety attacks
Why was this an incorrect conclusion?
There is a difference in the breakdown of sodium DL-Lactate infusion and lactate from ex
DL-Lactate caused metabolic alkalosis which led to hyperventilation
Ex induced lactate causes metabolic acidosis
Literature concludes the correct association between ex and panic attacks
444 ex bouts done by 420 panic disorder patients
Only 5 had panic attacks
Supramaximal treadmill tests also showed more lactate levels that infused DL-Lactate but had minimal panic attacks (1 of 35)
What conclusions were made about preventing anxiety in cross sectional studies?
Regular PA reduces the odds of anxiety symptoms and anxiety disorder diagnoses in the past year
A dose response reduction is seen
What conclusions were made about preventing anxiety in prospective cohort studies?
PA is associated with reduced risks of anxiety disorders (25-50%)
What does the meta-analysis say about state anxiety and ex?
There is an acute reduction in state anxiety post ex
The largest effects are seen 5-30 mins after ex
20-30 min bouts of ex produce the greatest change in state anxiety
What are the conclusions on the effectiveness of ex on state anxiety?
Ex is as effective as other treatments like biofeedback, meditation and medication
Ex is no more effective than quiet rest or distraction
(even though the effects of ex induced reductions in anxiety lasts longer)
What were some of the research limitations prior to 1993?
Most research could not quantify relative ex intensity (they were not based on one’s own fitness level)
Most research could not examine varying intensities with the same participants
Most research only utilised sub-max tests to determine aerobic capacity (which can be up to 20% off their true aerobic capacities)
