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kines 360 : neuro human movement > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Start of Sensory Information ;)

A
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2
Q

What are the 8 sensory receptors?

A
  1. Proprioception
  2. Touch
  3. Auditory
  4. Vestibular
  5. Vision
  6. Pain
  7. Taste
  8. Olfaction
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3
Q

What are and what do “sensory receptors” do?

A

Transduce a particular type of stimulus into electrical signals
stimulus –> electrical signals

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4
Q

Are all ‘sensory receptors’ “energy” receptors?

A

Yes
- ALL sensory receptors are converted into electrical signals because body can only understand electrical signals

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5
Q

‘Proprioception’ receptors are what kind of sensory receptors?

A

Mechanoreceptor

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6
Q

‘Touch’ receptors are what kind of sensory receptors?

A

Mechanoreceptor

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7
Q

‘Auditory’ receptors are what kind of sensory receptors?

A

Mechanoreceptors

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8
Q

‘Vestibular’ receptors are what kind of sensory receptors?

A

Mechanoreceptors

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9
Q

‘Vision’ receptors are what kind of sensory receptors?

A

Photoreceptors

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10
Q

‘Pain’ receptors are what kind of sensory receptors?

A

Chemoreceptors and Thermoreceptors

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11
Q

‘Taste’ receptors are what kind of sensory receptors?

A

Chemoreceptors

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12
Q

‘Olfaction’ receptors are what kind of sensory receptors?

A

Chemoreceptors

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13
Q

What are “Mechanoreceptors”?

A

Thy detect stimuli such as touch, pressure, vibration, and sound from the external and internal environments

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14
Q

What are “Photoreceptors” receptors?

A

They give us our color vision and night vision.
–> There are two types of photoreceptor cells: rods and cones.
–> They have/are special cells in the eye’s retina that are responsible for converting light into signals that are sent to the brain.

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15
Q

What are “Chemoreceptors” receptors?

A

They help detect changes in surrounding environment and such as smell and taste. (a sensory receptor)

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16
Q

What do olfactory hair cells respond to? What receptor?

A

They respond to concentration of chemical molecules in the air.
–> Chemoreceptor

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17
Q

What do rod and cone cells respond to? What receptor?

A

Rod and Cones are in the retina of the eye and respond to light.
–> Photoreceptor

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18
Q

What do ‘Meissner’s corpuscles’ respond to?

A

They respond to mechanical pressure.

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19
Q

What does “proprioception” mean?

A

Awareness of and about your body’s position in space.
- “Where is your my hand?”

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20
Q

What are ‘action potentials’, and what do they send information about?

A

They are ‘triggers’ that send long ranges or information in the nervous system such as info about light, touch, and heat.

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21
Q

What helps ‘AP’s’ move?

A

Myelin Sheaths

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22
Q

What are ‘receptor potentials’?

A

They are activated by sensory neurons by a stimulus like light, touch, and heat.
–> They receive a stimulus to create an AP.

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23
Q

The path of a external stimulus to the brain. (hierarchy of the nervous system)

A

External stimulus –> peripheral sensory receptor/axon –> spinal cord or medulla–> thalamus –> cerebral cortex

(sensory signals pass through many relay stations before gets to cerebral cortex)

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24
Q

What is the role of the ‘thalamus’?

A

The brain’s relay station.

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25
Q

What ‘sensory receptor’ does not go to the thalamus?

A

Olfactory
–> goes directly to the primary olfactory cortex

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26
Q

What is a ‘receptive field’ of a sensory neuron?

A

A region of space in which the presence of a stimulus will alter the firing behavior of the neuron.
–> Visual, somatosensory (tactile) and auditory system

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27
Q

Is the size of receptive field ‘inversely’ or ‘equally’ proportional to the density of the fibers supplying that area?

A

INVERSELY proportional

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28
Q

If the receptive filed is big/wide you get “better” or “weaker” resolution and/but “more” or “less” preciseness/acuity/resolution?

A
  • BETTER
  • LESS
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29
Q

If the receptive filed is smaller you get “better” or “weaker” resolution and/but “more” or “less” preciseness/acuity/resolution?

A
  • WEAKER
  • MORE
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30
Q

What are ‘neuronal receptive fields’?

A

The receptor area which when stimulated results in a response of a particular sensory neuron.

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31
Q

‘Neuronal receptive fields’ … firing “increases” or “decreases” when stimulated in the center of the receptive field?

A

INCREASES in the middle of receptive field

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32
Q

‘Neuronal receptive fields’ … firing “increases” or “decreases” when stimulated in the surrounding area of the receptive field?

A

DECREASES in the surrounding area of the receptive field
—> if you have bigger receptive fields its harder to tell the difference

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33
Q

TRUE or FALSE: NO effects of stimulation occur if outside of the receptive field.

A

True

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34
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Receptive fields determine how neuron responds to sensory stimuli.

A

True

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35
Q

Transduction is the first step in the conversion of sensory stimulus to action potentials.

A

TRUE —-> Sensory transduction is defined as energy transformation from the external world to the internal world.

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36
Q

Where are the somas (cell bodies) located that are involved in transduction?

A

Somas are outside the spinal cord in dorsal root ganglia

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37
Q

What type of neuron is involved in transduction?

A

‘Pseudounipolar’ which has 2 axon branches (peripheral and central)

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38
Q

Peripheral branch is the ____ receptor.

A

Sensory

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39
Q

What does the “central branch” do on the pseudounipolar neuron?

A

Terminates in spinal cord or medulla for cranial nerves

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40
Q

What are the two type of “tactile mechanoreceptors” in the skin? What do they detect?

A
  1. Superficial receptors - “feeling”, silk cloth on hand
  2. Deep receptors - “feeling pressure or something falling on you”
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41
Q

What are the two “superficial receptor” types?

A
  1. Meissner corpuscle - LIGHT touch and vibration
  2. Merkel discs - pressure
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42
Q

What are the two “deep receptor” types?

A
  1. Pacinian - HARD touch and vibration
  2. Ruffini corpuscles - stretch of the skin
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43
Q

What do “free nerve endings” detect what throughout the skin?

A

Course touch, tickle, and itch

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44
Q

“Nocieceptors” are a free nerve endings that have no complex sensory structures and that respond to …

A

Stimuli that damages or threatens tissues
–> these have different pathways compared to mechanoreceptors

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45
Q

More superficial receptors have “smaller” or “bigger” and “more” or “less” dense receptor fields. They are rapid and “fast” or “slow” adaptive?

A
  • smaller
  • dense
  • slow
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46
Q

More deeper receptors have “smaller” or “bigger” and “more” or “less” dense receptor fields.

A
  • bigger
  • less
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47
Q

What are “muscle spindles”? What do they respond to?

A
  1. A sensory organ embedded in skeletal muscle.
  2. stretch of muscle
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48
Q

Muscle spindles consist of 1. intrafusal muscle fibers, 2. sensory endings, and 3. motor endings and DO NOT generate external force.
–> What are their functions?

A
  1. Intrafusal: provide sensation
    - specialized sensory organs (proprioceptors)
  2. Sensory: respond to stretch (changes in length and velocity of change) and transduce and transmit sensations to the brain
  3. Motor: axons that deliver motor signals and signal for movement and motor control
49
Q

What are “intrafusal fibers” innervated by?

A
  • motoneurons (tune sensitivity)
50
Q

What are “extrafusal muscle fibers”?

A

Standard skeletal muscle fibers that are innervated by larger alpha motor neurons and generate tension by contracting, thereby allowing for skeletal movement.

51
Q

What are “extrafusal fibers” innervated by?

A
  • larger alpha motor neurons
52
Q

What do “alpha motor neurons” do?

A

Innervate skeletal muscle and cause the muscle contractions that generate movement. Motor neurons release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at a synapse called the neuromuscular junction.

53
Q

Sensory endings have ‘large myelinate group 1a afferents’ and ‘medium myelinated group IIb secondary, fibers afferents’. What are their functions?

A

Large : respond to rapid adaptions in muscle length (Velocity and direction of limb movements)
Medium : respond to muscle stretch (Sustained responses to constant muscle length changes and info. about the static position of limbs)

54
Q

Afferent

A

Take away

55
Q

Efferent

A

Moves towards

56
Q

What are “golgi tendon organs”?

A

Senses and relays info. about how much force/tension the muscle is exerting on tendons.
- If there is too much muscle tension GTO will inhibit the muscle from creating any force (via a reflex arc), thus protecting the you from injuring itself.

57
Q

What are GTO’s innervated by?

A

Group Ib nerve endings woven among collagen strands of the tendon

58
Q

In series with the extrafusal muscle fibers

A
59
Q

What do “joint receptors” do?

A

Respond to mechanical deformation of joint capsules and ligaments

60
Q

What 3 afferents are associated with joint receptors?
What do they sense?

A
  1. Ligament receptors - type Ib afferents
  2. Ruffini’s and Pacinian endings - type II afferents
  3. Free nerve endings - types III and IV afferents

–> help understand where joint is in space and time

61
Q

Start of Visual Information :)

A
62
Q

What is the “Cornea” of the eye?

A

At the front of the eye sclera
- Transforms into a transparent tissue that allows light rays to enter the eye

63
Q

What is the “Lens” of the eye?

A

Transparent structure that focuses/adjusts light on the retina if we need to see closer or further away

64
Q

What is the “Sclera”?

A

The fibrous outermost tissue layer

65
Q

What is the “Retina”?

A

Receives light energy as photons and converts to –> electrical energy as AP’s
—> Has neurons that are sensitive to light and is in the back of the eye
—> Phototransduction occurs here

66
Q

What is “Phototransduction”?

A

The process that occurs in the retina where light is converted into electrical signals that can be understood by the rest of the nervous system.

67
Q

What is the “Foeva”?

A

Controls central sharp vision (highest visual acuity) like reading
- Gets excited by visual input right in front of the center of the eye
–> in the middle of the retina

68
Q

What is the “Macula”?

A

has high visual acuity or resolution (clear, sharp)

69
Q

What is the “Optic Disk” or papilla?

A

site of where the entry and exit of the ophthalmic artery =, vein, and nerve (retinal axons)
–> has NO photoreceptors = blind spot so doesn’t sense light and just act as a channel that allows info to just pass through

70
Q

Pathway of light going into the Retina

A
  1. Cornea
  2. Aqueous humor
  3. Pupil
  4. Lens
  5. Venturous humor
  6. Retina
71
Q

*What do the “Ciliary muscles” do?

A

Controls focus of the lens for looking at things far away clearly

72
Q

*What do the “Iris” muscles do?

A

Control the amount of light entering the eye either by constriction by the sun or dilation by the night

73
Q

*TRUE or FALSE : fluid in the anterior chambers is drained and replaces multiple times a day and prevents pressure and eye disorders

A

True

74
Q

*Failure of the anterior chambers to drain fluid can lead to what disease? ..

A

Glaucoma which is a disorder that creates high pressure in the eye and damages retinal neurons

75
Q

Light energy receptors are called…

A

Photoreceptors

76
Q

Within the retina, AP’s travel to central targets via ‘what’, and to ‘where’?

A

What: Axons
Where: Optic Nerve

77
Q

*What is “macular degeneration”?

A

The macula surrounds the foeva and it can create a blind spot on the eye if damaged

78
Q

What is the “Direct pathway” of info flow from photoreceptors to the Optic nerve?

A
  1. Light
  2. Photoreceptors (rods and cones) on retina
  3. Bipolar cells
  4. Retinal ganglion cells
  5. Optic Nerve
  6. Brain
79
Q

What is the “Indirect Pathway” to the optic nerve?

A
  1. Photoreceptors
  2. Horizontal Cells
    –> this enables lateral interactions between photoreceptors and bipolar cells
    –> maintains sensitivity for light contrast
80
Q

What are the two types of ‘photoreceptors’?

A
  1. Rods
  2. Cones
81
Q

What are “Rods” responsible for?
Rod bipolar cells?

A

Operating at low light levels (night time)
- have low acuity and low spatial resolution
- sensitive to light (even respond to a single photon) light info gets amplified (summed up) in dark conditions
- more indirect pathway connections
Rod biploar cell
- each receives info from 15-30 rods
- have high synaptic convergence

82
Q

Rods have how many photopigments?

A

1

83
Q
  1. What are “Cones” responsible for?
  2. Cone biploar cell?
A
  1. Operating at high visual acuity and color (brighter environments) in foeva
    - have highest acuity area in retina, central vision
    - have high spatial resolution
    - insensitive to light (100 photons are required to produce a
    comparable response)
    - more direct pathway connections
  2. Cone bipolar cell
    - each receives input from a single cone
    - love convergence
    - high spatial resolution (detailed images)
84
Q

Cones have how many photopigments?

A

3 which are all sensitive to different wavelengths
- Blue (short) 5-10%
- Green (medium) varies between individuals
- Red (long) varies between individuals

85
Q

Do cones converge or do rods converge?

A

Rods, making system a better detector of light and decreases the spatial resolution of rods

86
Q
A
87
Q

Photoreceptors respond to the absence of stimulus which hyperpolarizes with light and releases less NT’s

A
88
Q

*Rods outnumber cones by 20:1 but cones are in higher concentration in foreva.

A
89
Q

What are “Ganglion cells”?

A

Respond to light stimulation on a small, circular patch of retina

90
Q

What are the two types of “retinal ganglion cells”?

A
  1. On-Center cell
  2. Off-Center cell
    –> main purpose of the system is to define borders and edges
91
Q

“On- center cells” do what?

A

Fire AP’s when light is turned on in the center
–> cell Depolarizes when light is put on it and increase in transmitter (glutamate) release = firing
–> Retinal Circuit for on center cells = Bipolar cells have graded potentials (NOT AP’s)
–> During light increment, photoreceptors Hyperpolarize and decrease in release of NT’s

92
Q

“On-Center bipolar cells” are sign inverting meaning they …

A

Change in membrane potential is opposite that of photoreceptor
- Glutamate hyperpolarizes on-center bipolar cells
- When glutamate release decreases on-center bipolar cells are freed from hyperpolarizing influence of photoreceptors and they depolarize thus on center firing increases
- Reduction in light have opposite effects

93
Q

“Off-Center cells” do what?

A

Discharge rate is reduced when light is applied to the center
–> cell hyperpolarizes when light is put on = not firing

94
Q

“Off-Center bipolar cells” are sign conserving meaning they …

A

Change in membrane potential is same as that of photoreceptor
–> Graded depolarization from dark leads to increase in glutamate release thus off-center firing increases (glutamate depolarizes off center bipolar cells)

95
Q

On and Off center cells have different types of glutamate receptors which is why they respond to light and dark differently.

A
96
Q

What are “Horizontal cells”?

A

Receive inputs from photoreceptors and are linked via ‘gap junctions with other cells
- they reflect illumination over a broad retinal area but during ill. their role is minimal

97
Q

When the addition of surround illumination does the horizontal cells role get more prominent?

A

Yes, because they hyperpolarize terminals of photoreceptors decreasing their rate of neurotransmitter release/firing when less contrast in receptive field center + surround

98
Q

In retina do photoreceptors exhibit action potentials?

A

No

99
Q

What do photoreceptors respond to?

A

Absence of stimulus

100
Q

Light activation causes graded change in membrane potential and a change in the rate of transmitter release on the POSTsynaptic neurons

A
101
Q

In the dark, photoreceptors membrane potential is around … mv?

A

-40mV

102
Q

During a flashed light it causes hyperpolarization or depolarization? Does this increase or decrease NT’s release onto post-synaptic terminal?

A
  1. Hyperpolarization of membrane to around -65mV
  2. decrease
103
Q

Scotopic and Mesopic refer to …

A

Rods
- darkness

104
Q

Photopic refers to …

A

Cones
- light

105
Q

*Phototransduction cascade..

A
  1. Absorption of a single photon of rhodopsin (photopigment) results in the closure of approximately 200 ion channels
  2. Darkness causes = Ca2+ to open and depolarizes
  3. Light causes = Ca2+ channels to close, and K+ channels stay open and hyperpolarize
106
Q

Start of Visual Pathway Information! ;)

A

TYPE UP ALL INFO

107
Q

Start of the Auditory System! :)

A
108
Q

What is “sound”?

A

The pressure waves generated by vibrating air molecules

109
Q

What are the four major features of sound?

A
  1. waveform
  2. phase
  3. amplitude
  4. frequency = dull or sharp
110
Q

What happens when air molecules are disturbed?

A

Change in density

111
Q

Sound that we hear is composed of many ____ waves.

A

Sine = pure tone

112
Q

Auditory system converts sound stimulus into electrical signals (AP’s)

A
113
Q

Sound info is integrated with info. from other sensory systems.

A
114
Q

True or False: Auditory cortex can be influenced by nonauditory information such as during speech.

A

True

115
Q

Which statements are true about the primary visual pathway?

A
  1. Parvocellular can sense sustained light stimulation
  2. Magnocellular can sense to rapidly changing stimuli
116
Q

The perception of depth, which arises from viewing objects from two eyes rather than one, is called….

A

Stereopsis

117
Q

True or False: Retinal ganglion cells have center-surround receptive field (respond to spots of light), and visual cortex neurons have elongated receptive field ( respond to bar light of different orientations)

A

True

118
Q

True or False: The sensory information is segregated in the thalamus but is organized somatotopically in the ventral posterior complex

A

True

119
Q
A

kines 360 : neuro human movement (2 decks)

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