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KINES 360 : Neuro Human Movement > Ex. #1: Functional Anatomy > Flashcards

Ex. #1: Functional Anatomy Flashcards

Functional Anatomy --> CNS and PNS

1
Q

What are the 3 anatomical planes the brain is divided into?

A
  1. Coronal (“frontal”)
  2. Sagittal
  3. Horizontal (“axial”)
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2
Q

How does the “coronal (frontal) plane” split the brain?

A
  • Splits it into front and back pieces
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3
Q

How does the “sagittal plane” split the brain?

A
  • Splits it in half (think from a bird eye’s view)
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4
Q

How does the “horizontal (axial) plane” split the brain?

A
  • Splits into top and bottom halves
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5
Q

Anterior means …

A
  • Front or in front of
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6
Q

Posterior means …

A
  • Back or behind
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7
Q

Superior means …

A
  • Above
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8
Q

Inferior means …

A
  • Below
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9
Q

In terms of the brain, “rostral” means …

A
  • towards your nose
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10
Q

In terms of the brain, “caudal” means …

A
  • towards back of your head
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11
Q

In terms of the brain, “dorsal” means …

A
  • Top of the brain and back of your spinal cord (think on your butt side)
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12
Q

In terms of the brain, “ventral” means …

A
  • Bottom of the brain and front of your spinal cord (think on your boobs side, lol)
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13
Q

The central nervous system consists of .. (2 things)

A
  1. Brain
  2. Spinal Cord
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14
Q

How many parts is the brain split up into and what are they?

A

3
1. Forebrain aka Cerebrum aka Cerebral Cortex
2. Brainstem
3. Cerebellum

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15
Q

What is the Cerebral Cortex? (forebrain)

A
  • outer brain
  • layer on top of the cerebrum (they basically are the same thing)
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16
Q

How many hemispheres is the brain split into?

A
  • 2
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17
Q

How many cortexes does the brain have and what are they called?

A

-2
1. Motor Cortex
2. Sensory Cortex

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18
Q

What does the “motor cortex” do?

A
  • helps with movement
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19
Q

What does the “sensory cortex” do?

A
  • helps with sensations
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20
Q

How many lobes does the brain have and what are they called?

A
  • 4
    1. Frontal Lobe
    2. Parietal Lobe
    3. Temporal Lobe
    4. Occipital Lobe
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21
Q

What is the function of the “Frontal Lobe”?

A
  • executive functions like thinking, planning, organizing, problem solving, emotions and behavioral control, and responsible for personality
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22
Q

What is the function of the “Parietal Lobe”?

A
  • perception
  • making sense of the world
  • helps with spelling
  • arithmetic
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23
Q

What is the function of the “Temporal Lobe”?

A
  • memory
  • understanding
  • language
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24
Q

What is the function of the “Occipital Lobe”?

A
  • vision
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25
Q

What are the two cortexes separated by?

A
  • central sulcus
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26
Q

Describe a “sulcus”.

A
  • depression or fissure on the surface of the brain
  • VALLEY
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27
Q

Describe a “gyrus”.

A
  • ridge on cerebral cortex surrounded by sulci
  • MOUNTAIN
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28
Q

How many layers does the cerebral cortex have? What are they?

A
  • 6 layers
  • Supragranular (layers 1-3)
  • Internal granular (4th layer)
  • Infragranular (layers 5-6)
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29
Q

In what layer of the cerebral cortex are most of the neurons located?

A
  • supragranular layer
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30
Q

What type of cells/neurons does the “supragranular” layer have?

A
  • Pyramidal cells
    (cell body or soma is in the shape of a pyramid)
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31
Q

What matter are “pyramidal” cells in and are they excitatory or inhibitory?

A
  • grey matter
  • excitatory (+)
  • activate downward neurons
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32
Q

True of False: Pyramidal Cells activate DOWNWARD neurons

A
  • True
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33
Q

True or False : Pyramidal cells have direct connections with muscles due to their long axons

A
  • True
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34
Q

What type of cells/neurons does the “internal granular” layer have?

A
  • densely packed “stellate” cells only
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35
Q

Are “stellate” cells/ neurons excitatory or inhibitory?

A
  • inhibitory (-)
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36
Q

The more neural density, the more ______ you are. (think humans vs animals)

A
  • intelligent
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37
Q

Where is the “white matter” in the brain?

A
  • inner brain
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38
Q

True or False: Myelin and myelinate axons are gray.

A
  • False, due to them being in the white matter because they are white
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39
Q

Areas with “axonal tracts” are called _____ matter.

A
  • white
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40
Q

Where is the “gray matter” in the brain?

A
  • outer brain
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41
Q

Areas with cells, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons appear ____.

A
  • gray
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42
Q

What is the function of the “corpus collosum”? Processes what signals?

A
  1. integrate and transfer info. from both cerebral hemispheres
    • commissural region of the brain that has tracts that connect the left and right sides of the brain
    • made of 200 mil fibers
  2. sensory, motor, and cognitive signals (how the hems. communicate)
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43
Q

What is the function of the “basal ganglia”?

A
  1. gets input signals from the cerebral cortex
  2. sends signals to the limbic and prefrontal cortex
  3. associated with reward, and cognition, but mostly involved in motor control
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44
Q

Parkinson’s Disease and Huntingdon’s disease comes from affects in what part of the brain?

A
  • Basal Ganglia
    —-> motor dysfunction
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45
Q

What is the role of the “thalamus”?

A
  • serves as a relay station filtering information between the brain and body
  • composed of different nuclei that serve a unique role
    —> relaying sensory and motor signals from outside to the inside structures
    —> regulation of consciousness and alertness
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46
Q

“Afferent” means …

A
  • “ascending” from spinal cord To brain
  • ‘sensory’ neurons that bring info. from the outside world TO the brain
  • from the PNS to the CNS
    –> senses like vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch (pain, temp.)
    example: hand on a hot stove –> up spinal cord –> brain then communicate with efferent neurons ..
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47
Q

“Efferent” means …

A
  • “descending” from brain to spinal cord
  • ‘motor’ neurons that carry info AWAY from the brain
  • from the CNS to the PNS (muscles)
    example: this then initiates the action
    • nerves tell bodies to perform the
      action of taking a hand off the
      stove

(“E” for ‘exit’)

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48
Q

True of False: ‘Afferent” sensory neurons have long dendrites, short axons, and cell bodies are OUTSIDE spinal cord in dorsal root ganglion

A
  • True
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49
Q

True or False: ‘ Efferent’ motor neurons have short dendrites, long axons, and cell bodies are IN ventral horn of the spinal cord

A
  • True
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50
Q
  • Afferent consists of a single axon the divided into how many distinct branches?
  • One is connected to the ______ organ.
  • The other carries sensory info. to _____ via dorsal root.
A
  • 2
  • sensory
  • spinal cord
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51
Q

Efferent axons leave the ____ through ventral root through spinal nerves and then synapse with skeletal muscle in neuromuscular junction.

A
  • spinal cord
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52
Q

How many regions are in the “brain stem” and what are thy called?

A
  • 3
    1. midbrain
    2. pons
    3. medulla
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53
Q

What is the function of the “brain stem”?

A
  • midbrain: relay system for sending info. necessary for vision and hearing
  • role in motor movement, fear, anxiety, pain, sleep/wake cycle, arousal, coordination (body regulations/unconscious things)
  • rostral continuation of the spinal cord
    –> one of the main areas of the brainstem is reticular formation that is involved in coordinating reflexes and simple motor actions
54
Q

What is the function of the “cerebellum”?

A
  • important role in motor control and coordination of complex movements
55
Q

The brainstem connects the brain to the ____.

A
  • spinal cord
56
Q

True or False: Within the spinal cord, the gray and white matter in terms of their locations are the same as in the brain.

A
  • False
    —> in spinal cord, gray matter is closer to the center vs. brain its away from center
    —> in S.C., white matter is further from center vs. brain its close to the center
57
Q

What brain structure for inter-hemisphere info transfer?

A
  • corpus callosum
58
Q

What brain structure is responsible for relaying sensory and motor info. between brain and body?

A
  • thalamus
59
Q

Abnormalities in what brain structure will lead to Parkinson’s Disease?

A
  • basal ganglia
60
Q

What brain structure coordinates complex movements?

A
  • cerebellum
61
Q

True or False: The PNS consists of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Includes all nerves that enter or exit from the brain and spinal cord.

A
  • True
62
Q

What is the role of the “autonomic” nervous system?

A
  • has nerves that connect the CNS to the visceral organs (heart, stomach)
  • mediates unconscious activities
    –> think ““auto-matic”, don’t have to think about it
63
Q

What is the role of the “somatic” nervous system?

A
  • consists of nerves that go to the skin and muscles and is involved in conscious activates
    –> think “ SO-conscious rn”
64
Q

The PNS consists of what two types of nerves?

A
  1. cranial
  2. spinal
65
Q

INFO CARD!!!!! :)
–> Within the PNS, the 12 cranial nerves emerge directly from the brain and provide both afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor and autonomic) innervation to the structures of the head and neck

A
66
Q

What 2 sources does the brain get blood from and their function?

A
  1. Internal carotid arteries
  2. vertebral arteries
    –> blood supplies’ oxygen and nutrients
67
Q

INFO. CARD!!!! :)
The two arteries in the brain branch off from the dorsal aorta to supply the brain and spinal cord.

A
68
Q

What is the “circle of willis”?

A
  • ring of vessels connecting the anterior and posterior circulations of the brain
69
Q

The “anterior cerebral artery” supplies blood to which parts of the brain?

A
  • the frontal lobe
70
Q

The “middle cerebral artery” supplies blood to which parts of the brain?

A
  • parts of the lateral and inferior frontal lobe and the anterior lateral parts of the parietal lobe
71
Q

The “posterior cerebral artery” supplies blood to which parts of the brain?

A
  • occipital lobe
  • inferior part of the temporal lobe and various deep structures
72
Q

The “anterior choroidal artery” supplies blood to which parts of the brain?

A
  • visual pathways, limbic system, basal ganglia, diencephalon, midbrain, temporal lobe
73
Q

What is the “blood brain barrier?”

A
  • barrier between cerebral capillary blood and interstitial fluid of the brain
    –> maintains a homeostatic environment in which the CNS structures can function without disruption from other bodily functions
    —> primarily regulates composition and volume of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
74
Q

The blood brain barrier has what kind of support/protection?

A
  • chemical ONLY
    –> no mechanical
75
Q

The BBB has a tight junction that does what?

A
  • open and closes and can allow the filtering of bad stuff
76
Q

The ventricular system is an interconnected series of cavities with CSF that cushions the brain and spinal cord, serves as a nutrient delivery and waste removal system…. and provides ______ support/protection.

A
  • mechanical protection
77
Q

Where is the CSF produced?

A
  • choroid plexus and flows from the lateral ventricles
78
Q

INFO. CARD!!!! :) The cerebral ventricular system is made up of 4 ventricles

A
  • 2 lateral ventricles (one in each cerebral hemisphere)
  • 3rd ventricle in the diencephalon
  • 4th ventricle in the hindbrain
79
Q

INFO. CARD!!! :)
The CSF is critical to the functioning of the CNS.

A
80
Q

The brain and spinal cord are enveloped within 3 layers of membrane collectively called the _____.

A
  • meninges
81
Q

The meninges provide _____ support/protection.

A

-mechanical ONLY

82
Q

INFO CARD!!:)
Cranial meninges specifically referring to the structure that covers the brain.

A
83
Q

What is the chief function of the “meninges”?

A
  • protect the contents of the brain and spinal cord
84
Q

How many layers of the “meninges” called?

A
  • superficial –> dura
  • middle –> arachnoid
  • deep –> pia mater
85
Q

What is the “dura maters” function?

A
  • drainage system – allows blood to leave brain and allows CSF to re-enter circulation
  • means “hard”
  • composed of dense connective tissue and adheres to inner surface of the skull and vertebrae
86
Q

What is the “arachnoid maters” function?

A
  • contains CSF which acts like a cushion
  • it has small projections that allow CSF to re-enter the circulation via the dual venous sinuses
  • thin wispy membrane that lies just deep to the dura
87
Q

What is the “pia maters” function?

A
  • protect the CNS by helping containing CSF
  • very thin, clear membrane that directly adheres to the surface of the brain and spinal cord
88
Q

True or False: Cranial nerves CANNOT be both motor or sensory

A
  • False, can be either or both
89
Q

True or False: PNS includes nerves that enter or exist from the CNS

A
  • True
90
Q

True or False: Cranial nerves DO NOT regulate autonomic functions like internal organ function.

A
  • False, they do
91
Q

Neurons are the ____ of the nervous system.

A
  • building blocks
92
Q

Neurons help ____ information to the surroundings.

A
  • spread
93
Q

True of False: Axon MUST connect to another neurons dendrites to send a signal

A
  • True
94
Q

Within a neuron what is the function of a “dendrite”?

A
  • receives signals from other neurons
95
Q

Within a neuron what is the function of a “cell body/soma”?

A
  • contains nucleus and regulates gene expression
  • stores organelles of cell and regulates production of proteins and lipids needed by the rest of neuron
96
Q

Within a neuron what is the function of a “myelin sheath”?

A
  • insulates
  • prevents current flow across the axonal membrane
  • made of protein and fatty acids
  • allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along nerve cells
    —-> increases speed of action potential propagation and the distance a current can passively spread
    —-> the thicker the myelin the faster conduction and greater chances of AP propagation
    — prevent AP from decaying so things/ responses to stimuli (pain) are quicker
97
Q

Within a neuron what is the function of a “nucleus”?

A
  • where RNA is produced in neurons
98
Q

Within a neuron what is the function of a “axon terminal”?

A
  • transmit info between neurons and away from muscles and glands via neurotransmitters at synapses
99
Q

Retinal amacrine (large) cells are inhibitory OR excitatory?

A
  • inhibitory (-)
  • STOP downstream neuron signals
100
Q

Are “cerebellar purkinje cells” inhibitory OR excitatory?

A
  • inhibitory (-)
  • play a crucial part in motor control
  • receives largest # of synapses from opposite neurons
101
Q

INFO CARD!!!:)
- Glial cells are a type of cell that provides physical and chemical support to neurons and maintain their environment
- In CNS and PNS

A
102
Q

What are the 2 main types of “glial cells”?

A
  1. Macroglia: big
  2. Microglia: small
103
Q

What are the 3 types of “macroglia” cells?

A
  1. astrocytes
  2. oligodendrocytes
  3. schwann cells
104
Q

What is the type of “microglia” cell?

A
  • scavenger cells
105
Q

What do macroglia, “astrocytes” do?

A
  • in CNS can provide immune
    defense
  • form BBB
  • modulating fluid
  • CNS development
106
Q

What do macroglia, “oligodendrocytes” do?

A
  • provide myelin sheaths in CNS
107
Q

What do macroglia, “schwann cells” do?

A
  • provide myelin sheaths in the PNS
108
Q

What does the microglia, “scavenger cells” do?

A
  • primary immune defense for CNS (produce antibodies)
  • support neuron regeneration
  • work with globulin barrier
  • when extra pathogens come in the scavenger cells come and clean/ get rid of them
109
Q

Myelin is made of _____ cells in the CNS.

A
  • “oligodendrocytes” (macro)
110
Q

Myelin is made of _____ cells in the PNS.

A
  • “schwann cells”
111
Q

INFO CARD!!!! :)
- Myelin sheath is a sheath of proteins and fats surrounding an axon.

A
112
Q

True of False: You can only find sodium channels at the nodes of Ranvier in myelinated axons.

A
  • True
113
Q

What is “saltatory conduction”?

A
  • AP’s jumping across nodes
  • myelin causes “jumps” instead of passing through
114
Q

True of False: Nodes of Ranvier DO NOT have myelinated sheath but have Na+ channels.

A
  • True
115
Q

Membranes do what in cells?

A
  • surround cells and separate the inside (intracellular) from the outside (extracellular)
116
Q

“Intracellular” means…

A
  • inside
117
Q

“Extracellular” means…

A
  • outside
118
Q

True or False: The plasma membrane IS NOT impermeable to ions.

A
  • False, IS
119
Q

“Impermeable” means…

A
  • not permitting passage of fluid through its substance
120
Q

True of False: Multiple layers of closely opposed glial membranes wrap the axon and serve as an electrical insulator

A
  • True
121
Q

True or False: Sodium channels are clustered at the Nodes of Ranvier

A
  • True
122
Q

Membrane Channels:
What are the 3 types of ion exchange?

A
  1. active transporters
  2. ion channels
  3. gap junction or leak channels
123
Q

Active transporter channels are ___ pumps and requires ____?

A
  1. ion pumps
  2. ATP
124
Q

Active transporters actively move selected ions AGAINST or TOWARDS concentration gradient?

A
  • AGAINST
  • they create ion concentration gradients
    –> steps: ion binds then ion is transported across membrane q
125
Q

Ion channels are voltage gated and are ion ____?

A
  • specific
126
Q

Ion channels allow or don’t allow ions to diffuse down concentration gradient?

A
  • allow
127
Q

True or False: Ion channels are selectively permeable to certain ions.

A
  • True
128
Q

INFO CARD!!!! :)
- The “electrochemical gradient”, determines the direction that ions will flow through an open ion channel. Is the gradient of electrochemical potential for an ion that can move across a membrane

A
129
Q

Which ion permeability is most responsible for “resting membrane potential”?

A
  • K+ (potassium)
130
Q

Which ion permeability is most responsible for “depolarization/action potential”?

A
  • Na+ (sodium)
131
Q
A

KINES 360 : Neuro Human Movement (2 decks)

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