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Kinesiology/Biomechanics Ex 2 > Ex 2 > Flashcards

Ex 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What component of CT determines the type of tissue and its functions?

A

Fibrous components

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2
Q

What are the two components of CT?

A

Cells & ECM

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3
Q

What are the components of ECM?

A
  • Fibrillar: fibrous component
  • Interfibrillar: Ground substance (PG & GAG)
  • Water
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4
Q

What kind of CT does the following?

  • multidirectional fiber orientation
  • made up of collagen and elastic fibers
  • allows for a lot of motion
A

Components of loose irregular CT

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5
Q

Where is loose (irregular) CT found?

A

between muscle, nerves, vessels and superficial fascia

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6
Q

Components of dense irregular CT

A
  • fibers are arranged in layers
  • many fibers, few cells
  • good to resist tension
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7
Q

Where is dense irregular CT located?

A

in muscle, nerve sheaths, joint capsule, and dermis

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8
Q

Components of adipose tissue (also irregular CT)

A
  • fat cells encased in fibrous tissue

- good for shock absorption and maintaining structural barriers

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9
Q

Where is adipose tissue located?

A

bone marrow and subcutaneous tissue

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10
Q

Components of regular CT

A
  • primarily made of collagen fibers
  • organized into bundles
    resist tension forces applied parallel to the fiber orientation
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11
Q

Where is regular CT located?

A

tendons, ligaments, deep fascia/aponeuroses

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12
Q

What are the 4 resident cells in CT?

A

Fibroblasts
Chondroblasts: primary cartilage cell
Osteoblasts: primary bone cell
Mesenchymal (Stem cells)

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13
Q

What are the circulating cells?

A

Lymphocytes

Macrophages

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14
Q

Functions of fibroblasts?

A
  • produces ECM
  • important for wound repair
  • creates bond to collagen fibers
  • always around
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15
Q

Lymphocytes function?

A
  • increase in number after tissue is injured
    - only come at certain times
  • originates in bone marrow and is passed to the tissue via the lymphatic system
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16
Q

Macrophages function?

A
  • responsible for phagocytosis
  • immunologic
  • usually fixed to fibers, but will circulate in response to inflammation
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17
Q

Functions of mesenchymal (stem) cells? Location?

A
  • primitive, undifferentiated cell which means they become whatever is needed
  • precursor to chondrocytes, osteocytes, etc.
  • located along blood vessels
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18
Q

What are fibers?

A

proteins that provide the supporting framework to tissue

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19
Q

What cell creates the ECM?

A

Fibroblasts

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20
Q

What is tropocollagen molecule?

A

developed from an alpha procollagen (polypeptide) chain and twisted into a triple helix

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21
Q

The tropocollagen molecule is synthesized through the endoplasmic reticulum of _________

A

Fibroblasts

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22
Q

Tropocollagen molecules attract to one another forming a _______. These then form a fascicle and the fascicles coming to form a single fiber.

A

Fibril

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23
Q

What cells make collagen fibers?

A

fibroblasts!!!

- no healthy fibroblasts, no healthy CT

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24
Q

What is Type I collagen?

A

most widely distributed throughout body

- more tensile

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25
Q

Where can you find Type II collagen?

A

most forms of cartilage

  • hyaline, menisci, etc.
  • more compressive
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26
Q

What forms elastic fibers and what are they?

A
  • formed by fibroblasts and some smooth muscle cells
  • highly cross linked protein that can stretch to several times its original length and return to original size after force is removed
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27
Q

Tendons and ligaments are primarily ____ except _____/.

A
  • collagen, ligamenta flava
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28
Q

What is ground substance made up of?

A

PG and glycoproteins

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29
Q

Components of PGs?

A
  • turn water into gel like substance because they draw water in
  • consist of polysaccharide chains attached to a core protein
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30
Q

What are the types of PGs?

A
  • agggrecan
  • versican
  • aggregating (creates water bed)
  • biglycan
  • decorin
  • non-aggregating
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31
Q

What makes up PGs?

A

GAGs and core protein

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32
Q

What determines how hydrated the ECM is?

A

the percent of PGs in the interfibrillar component

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33
Q

What charge to GAG chains have and and how does it affect the flow of water?

A

GAG chains are negatively charged so they attract positively charged ions.
- as water flows, it creates a tensile stress on the collagen network and the collagen resists this pressure and contains the swelling of water

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34
Q

If you wanted to resist a great deal of compression, would you want a few or a lot of GAGs?
what about tensile forces?

A
  • a lot of GAGs
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35
Q

What two types of PGs pull more water into the GAGs?

A

aggrecan

aggregate

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36
Q

What is the role of glycoproteins?

A
  • adhere PGs to collagen and interact between adjacent CT cells
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37
Q

Types of Glycoproteins?

A

Fibronectin
laminin
link proteins

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38
Q

What are the functions of tendons?

A
  • attach muscle to bone
  • transmit loads form the muscle to bone
  • allow muscle belly to remain at an optimal distance form the joint that it acts on
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39
Q

What are the functions of ligaments?

A
  • attach bone to bone
  • addresses mechanical stability of the joint
    - has passive force and does not create torque
  • guides joint motion
  • prevents excessive joint displacement
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40
Q

What type of collagen are tendons and ligaments made of?

A

Type 1

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41
Q

What are the other properties of tendons and ligaments?

A
  • cross links are formed between collagen molecules and essential to aggregation at fibril level
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42
Q

How are tendon fibers arranged and what is the importance of it? How much elastin do tendons have?

A
  • orderly, run parallel in primarily in one direction
  • important to be arranged this way to withstand high unidirectional loads during regular activity
  • barely any elastin
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43
Q

How are ligament fibers arranged and what is the importance of it? How much is the elastin component?

A
  • fibers are not completely parallel but are closely interlaced with one another
  • can withstand loads primarily in one direction but can withstand smaller loads in other directions
  • scarce amount of elastin (exception ligamenta lava)
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44
Q

What kind of CT surrounds tendons and ligaments?

A

loose areolar CT

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45
Q

In tendons, what is the function of loose CT?

A

Areolar CT forms a sheath to protect the tendon and enhances gliding

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46
Q

What is the epitenon, its function, and where is it found?

A

Epitenon is a synovial layer just below the loose CT that surrounds the entire tendon.

  • this is found in tendons that are subject to high levels of friction (like fingers)
  • Epitenon can surround several fiber bundles –> endotendon
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47
Q

What is the tendo-osseus junction?

A

Where collagen fibers of the epitenon continue into the bone and become continuous with the periosteum

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48
Q

What is enthuses?

A

fibrocartilaginous and fibrous

- this is all the notes say, no idea what this means

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49
Q

What happens at fibrocartilaginous zone 1?

A

At the end of zone 1, the collagen fibers intermesh with unmineralized fibrocartilage

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50
Q

What happens at fibrocartilaginous zone 2?

A

unmineralized fibrocartilage eventually becomes mineralized fibrocartilage
(unmineralized fibrocartilage is zone 2)
(mineralized fibrocartilage zone 3)

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51
Q

What happens at fibrocartilaginous zone 3?

A

mineralized fibrocartilage merges into cortical bone (cortical bone is zone 4)

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52
Q

What are the basic mechanical principles of tendons and ligaments?

A

Stress and Strain

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53
Q

Definition of stress

A
  • internal force per unit fo cross sectional area of the ligament or tendon
  • units are Nm2 pascal
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54
Q

proportional increase in length of the ligament or tendon form its original length in response to externally applied loads
- units are

A

Definition of strain

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55
Q

What is the toe region in the stress/strain curve

A

just enough force to line up fibers but they have not extended yet

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56
Q

What is the elastic region of the stress/strain curve

A
  • linear relationship
  • change here is reversible
  • slope
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57
Q

What is the plastic region of the stress/strain curve

A
  • continued elongation, length is actually changing here
  • micro tears, might not be able to return to its original shape
  • good to create flexibility
  • if our muscles are really tight, we want the micro tears where we do stretching
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58
Q

What is the ultimate failure point of the stress/strain curve

A

not enough fibers to do the job so the collagen breaks

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59
Q

Do tendons or ligaments have a bigger toe region and why?

A

ligaments have a bigger toe region

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60
Q

what are tendon and ligament strength determined by?

A

size and shape of the ligament or tendon
(number and length of fibers)
- tendons are more stiff and have a straighter slope

  • pls look at these diagrams in the book
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61
Q

Ligaments on the stress/strain curve

A
  • thicker ligaments take more force to failure
  • length of ligaments and tendons are not bigger or wider but they change the stress strain curve a lot
  • longer fibers with the same amount of force = very stiff
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62
Q

What is viscoelasticity?

A

all CT have viscoelasticity

- includes time and rate dependent properties

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63
Q

What are time dependent properties?

A

When a viscoelastic material is subjected to either a constant compressive or tensile load, the material deforms and continues to deform over a finite length of time, even If the load remains constant

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64
Q

What is stress relaxation?

A

loaded is halted safely below the linear region of the stress/strain curve and these strain is kept constant over an extended period of time

  • pls look at pics in notes
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65
Q

Role of creep in stress-relaxation

A
  • if we load creep moderately over a long period of time (constant stress), we will continue to get deformation
  • no micro tearing, but does elongate over time
  • as therapists, we use creep

EX in life: dresser making indents in carpet
EX as PTs: hold stretch for 30 seconds

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66
Q

What is an example of a rate dependent property?

A

stiffness

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67
Q

Definition of rate dependent properties

A

viscoelastic materials respond differently to different rates of loading

  • when loaded rapidly, they exhibit greater resistance to deformation than if they were loaded more slowly
    - this would be seen as a steeper linear portion of the stress/strain curve
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68
Q

What happens to ligaments and tendons with higher strain rates?

A

w/higher strain rates, tendons and ligaments in isolation store more energy = requiring more force to rupture = undergo greater elongation

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69
Q

What is strain rate?

A

if a force is loaded rapidly, a larger peak force can be applied than if the force was loaded slowly
- creep will not occur if a force is loaded rapidly

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70
Q

What factors affect the biomechanics properties of ligaments and tendons?

A
  • injury: less stable
  • immobilization: 50% decrease in strength after 8 weeks of mobilization
  • pregnancy: women who are pregnant get loose all over their body, and could become hurt due to everything relaxing
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71
Q

Functions of bone?

A 
support
protect internal organs
produce RBC
facilitate movement 
store minerals
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72
Q

What is the diaphysis and its components?

A

shaft of bone

  • compact bone
  • medullary cavity
  • yellow bone marrow (in cavity)
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73
Q

What is the metaphysis?

A

eipsphyseal line/growth plate

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74
Q

What is the epiphysis and its components?

A
  • ends of bone
  • compact and spongy bone
  • red bone marrow
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75
Q

What are the organic components of the ECM in bone?

A
  • Fiber (Type 1 collagen), provides some flexibility/tensile strength
  • Chondroitin sulfate
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76
Q

What are the organic components of the ECM in bone?

A
  • organic substance: 25%
  • Fiber (Type 1 collagen), provides some flexibility/tensile strength
  • Chondroitin sulfate
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77
Q

What are the inorganic components of the ECM in bone?

A
  • minerals or “bone salts”
  • Calcium phosphate + Calcium carbonate = hydroxyapatite
  • Magnesium hydroxide, fluoride, sulfate, etc.
  • hardest of all CT in body because it has the highest inorganic tissue
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78
Q

What gives bone compressive strength?

A

inorganic component of ECM

- 50%

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79
Q

What cells are in bone?

A

fibroblasts, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

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80
Q

Osteoblasts function and location?

A
  • form new bone
  • synthesize and secrete collagen matrix and calcium salts
  • L: epiphyseal plate, endosteum, periosteum
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81
Q

Osteocytes function and location?

A
  • secrete enzymes to maintain mineral concentration
  • maintain bone tissue and produce collagen and other ECM
  • L: entrapped in matrix
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82
Q

Osteoclasts function and location?

A
  • reabsorption of bone

- L: bone surfaces, injury site

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83
Q

Osteogenic cells function and location?

A
  • Stem cells fo bone. they differentiate into osteoblasts

- L: deep periosteum and bone marrow

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84
Q

What is cortical bone

A
  • dense and compact bone
  • organized in concentric lamellar layers
  • distinct line in interfibrillar component at periphery separate GAGs
  • high elastic modulus
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85
Q

What is cancellous (spongy) bone

A
  • formed by trabeculae
  • trabeculae are laid down in response to stresses placed on bone
  • uniformly distributes contact stresses and absorbs loads
  • anisotropic
  • blood vessels run along trabeculae
  • covered by a thin layer of compact bone
  • spongy bone can withstand forces from different directions but not with the same amount of force
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86
Q

What is woven bone

A
  • collagen fibers are irregularly arranged to form a pattern of alternating coarse and fine fibers
  • forms rapidly., if ou have an injury, a callus forms, and the new bone that forms over it is woven bone which eventually matures
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87
Q

how is lamellar bone organized

A

in parallel layers

- what we see in human skeleton

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88
Q

where is the periosteum and its 2 layers?

A
  • covers entire bone surface EXCEPT for the articulate surface, bc thats covered by articular cartilage
  • outer fibrous layer, inner osteogenic layer
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89
Q

Components and function of the outer fibrous layer of periosteum

A
  • contains nerves, blood vessels, lymph vessels

- attachment site for tendons/ligaments

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90
Q

Components and function of the inner osteogenic layer of periosteum

A
  • reservoir for growth repair
  • contains fibroblasts, stem cells, and osteoblasts
  • damage to the periosteum decreases the healing capacity, bc damage usually decreases the blood supply too
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91
Q

What happens in the endosteum and where is it located?

A
  • lines the medullary canal
  • where bone growth, repair, and remodeling occurs
  • has osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteogenic cells
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92
Q

Where is the blood and nerve supply to bone?

A
  • nutrient arteries pass through the nutrient foramen in compact bone
  • veins and lymph vessels run with arteries
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93
Q

Where is the blood and nutrient supply in compact bone?

A

vessels run up and down through the Haversian canals

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94
Q

Where is the blood and nutrient supply in cancellous bone?

A

blood vessels are in the periosteum and blood in the marrow cavities

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95
Q

What type of loads can bone withstand

A

tension, compression, shear, torsion, and combined loading

  • combined loading is compression on the medial side and tension on the lateral side
  • can resist compression more than shear or tension, can handle shear the least
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96
Q

What is Wolff’s Law?

A

bone remodels in response to external stresses such as weight bearing and muscular tension

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97
Q

What are the viscoelastic properties of cortical bone?

A

cortical bone is stiffer than cancellous bone so it can withstand a greater amount of stress but less strain than cancellous bone

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98
Q

cancellous bone can sustain ____ strain before failing

A

HIGH.

high strain, less stress

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99
Q

Cortical bone fails if strain is greater than ____

A

2%

higher stress, less strain

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100
Q

stress and strain in bone?

A

EX of stress in bone: be body weight

EX of strain in bone: amount that femur bends (deformation)
- strain is an effect of stress

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101
Q

Effects of high loading (quick loading) bones

- rate changes

A

high (quick) loads over a short time will produce HIGH stress
- greater load before fracturing and more stiffness

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102
Q

Effects of low/slow loading in bones?

- rate changes

A

slow loads over a long time will produce HIGH strain

- not as stiff or strong, fractures occur under slow loads

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103
Q

Effects of increased repetitions with bone?

A
  • less stiffness
  • more deformation
  • lower load to failure
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104
Q

What is bone fatigue?

A

repeated loading can cause permeant strain and lead to bone failure

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105
Q

Effects of aging on bone

A
  • decreased bone stiffness
  • decreased load to failure
  • at age 30, bone density starts to decline
  • in postmenopausal women, this is accelerated
    osteopenia
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106
Q

Effects of injury on cortical bone healing

A
  • inflammation
  • Soft callus: blood clot replaced by fibrous tissue/cartilage
  • Hard callus: new bone (woven) is initially deposited on either side of the fracture site, then proceeds to gap, eventually forming a collar
  • Remodelling: continued bone formation, more compact (lamellar)
  • In adults, this takes 6-8 weeks to occur and even longer in older adults
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107
Q

Effects of injury on cancellous bone healing

A
  • little or no callus formation
  • healing occurs via direct osteoblastic activity (creeping substitution)
  • little bit of stress helps this process
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108
Q

Effects of immobilization on bone

A
  • bone is reabsorbed but not produced
  • decreased collagen synthesis and mineral content, increases regional osteopenia
  • Weakened connections of ligaments and tendons to bone
  • wt bearing important because stress helps to create the new bone so you want to do it ASAP
  • if you have plates and screws, there will be less collagen synthesis and less mineral content and a little bit of osteopenia
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109
Q

Functions of articular cartilage

A
  • located in between bones
  • shock absorber
  • distributes loads over a bigger area bc of the deformation properties it has
  • provides lubrication which allows movement with low friction
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110
Q

Structure of articular cartilage

A
  • specialized form of hyaline cartilage
  • appears smooth but is covered by pits elevations and ridges
  • synovial fluid goes into the pits and ridges to help smooth joints
  • chondrocytes, collagen, PG, water
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111
Q

Function of chondrocytes in articular cartilage

A

produces and maintains the organic components of AC such as collagen, PG, and glycoproteins
- responds to mechanical and chemical stemuli such as stem cells

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112
Q

Function of PG in articular cartilage?

A

bring water in

  • mutual repulsion
  • compression increases repulsive force and compressive stiffness
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113
Q

What type of collagen is in articular cartilage?

A

primarily Type II bc more resistant to compression

- provides framework and tensile strength

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114
Q

function of glycoproteins in AC

A

large molecules that secure the chondrocytes within the fibrous network
- fibronectin, laminin, chondronectin

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115
Q

What is the most abundant component of AC?

A

water

  • most concentrated near the surface and decreased linearly with increasing depth
  • when tissue is loaded, up to 70% of water can be moved
  • AC does not easily allow fluid to move thru
116
Q

What happens to cartilage when water increases?

A
  • as water Increases, cartilage becomes less stiff and more permeable
117
Q

What is the superficial/tangenitial zone in AC?

A
  • densely packed fibers woven parallel to articular surface
  • resist shearing forces on the surface
  • decrease friction by distributing force
118
Q

What is the middle zone in AC

A
  • randomly oriented and dispersed fibers far apart
  • forms network that surrounds the chondrocytes
  • absorbs forces and permits deformation
119
Q

What is the deep zone in AC

A
  • fibers in tightly packed bundles
  • Tidemark: between AC and calcified cartilage beneath it. purpose is to form an interlocking root system that anchors the cartilage to the underlying bone
120
Q

Properties of AC

A
  • avascular and aneural
  • if injured above tidemark, there is less bleeding and teh cartilage cant heal itself well
  • deep injuries heal better
121
Q

What is subchondral bone

A

align matrix configuration

- counteracts the line of application of the average load to the joint

122
Q

How does AC get its nutrition

A

synovial fluid via compression and decompression of the cartilage surface
- motion of the joint is essential for cartilage nutrition

123
Q

Where is permeability the highest and lowest in AC?

A
  • highly porous but not permeable
  • highest: near joint line
  • lowest: near deep zone
124
Q

As AC is compressed, permeability _____

A

decreases

  • fluid content of cartilage is sent out though pores in the outermost layer
  • fluid flows back into the cartilage when compression is removed
125
Q

As the joint is loaded, most of the fluid that corosses the articular surface comes from ____

A

cartilage closest to joint surface

126
Q

Functions and components of synovial fluid

A
  • exchanges metabolites

- contains libricin and hyaluronic acid

127
Q

Why is AC different than other cartilage?

A

Bc AC is a compressive force

128
Q

Effects of rapid loading in AC?

A
  • no time for fluid to flow out, pressure comes from teh interstitial fluid instead of the solid matrix, supports a significant portion of the load
129
Q

Effects of slow loading in AC?

A

fluid pressure decreases and stress in the solid matrix increases
- water can escape a little bit and the ECM supports the load

130
Q

Creep response in AC

A
  • AC deforms under constant load
  • displacement of AC is rapid initially so there is. large flow out of the cartilage
  • as the rate of displacement slows, fluid flow slows
  • at equilibrium displacement is constant and fluid flow has stopped
  • takes 4-16 hours to reach equilibrium
131
Q

Stress-relaxation response in AC

A
  • during compression, stress increases continuously until a specific deformation is reached then stress decays until equilibrium is reached
  • stress rise: associated with fluid leaving
  • stress relaxation: fluid redistributing within the porous solid matrix
132
Q

What resists tension in AC and what is the function

A

collagen superficial tangential zone

- provides joint cartilage with tough wear resistant protective skin

133
Q

What is fluid film in AC?

A

thin layer of freestanding lubricant between sliding surfaces that decreases surface to surface contact area

134
Q

what is hydronamic in AC?

A

occurs when rigid bearing surfaces that are NOT parallel and separated by a fluid film slide tangentially in relation to each other

135
Q

What is squeeze film in AC?

A

occurs when wt bearing surfaces are moving perpendicularly towards each other.

  • viscosity of the fluid in the gap between the surfaces produces pressure that forces the lubricant out
  • only in compression
136
Q

what is weeping in AC

A

joint load is supported by hydrostatic pressure of the synovial fluid escaping form the cartilage

137
Q

what is boosted lubrication in AC

A

as a load is applied, synovial fluid is trapped in the cartilage toward the subchondral bone at the point of contact

138
Q

What causes degeneration of AC

A
  • increased stress concentration
  • wear and tear
  • high load over extended period of time
  • chemical insults
  • metabolic factors
139
Q

What are histological changes in AC?

A
  • increased water content secondary to freeing of GAGs neg bonds
  • loss of PGs = decreased mechanical props
  • PGs less dense bt fibers = poor matrix support
140
Q

What is interfacial wear in AC?

A
  • Adhesive: fragments stick and pull away form the surface

- Abrasive: soft material scraped by harder material

141
Q

What is fatigue wear in AC?

A

accumulation of microscopic damage under repetitive stresses

142
Q

What is the superficial response of AC to trauma?

A
  • superior most aspect is sheared off
  • inflammatory response of articular cartilage Is zero
  • a superficial laceration allows for minimal healing
143
Q

What is the response of AC to a deep cartilage lesion or an “osteochondral defect”?

A
  • bleeding in subchondral bone produces hematoma that becomes organized and invaded by granulation tissue
  • Fasciculation: flakes of cartilage break away into the joint space
  • Fibrillation: cracks in AC, which decreases the energy being absorbed
144
Q

What are the effects of immobilization on AC?

A
  • Decreased PG aggregation

- Increased water concentration

145
Q

What is the main source of stability in our body?

A

muscles

- losing mm at one segment will significantly alter the function

146
Q

What are the types of tissue in muscle?

A
  • Contractile (mm tissue)

- non contractile (CT)

147
Q

What are the properties of muscle?

A
  • Contractility: create tension
  • Irritabilitiy: responds to stimulus
  • Extensibility: stretch if lengthened
  • Elastic: returns to resting length after being stretched
148
Q

What is a sarcolemma

A

each m fiber is an individual cell enclosed in a membrane

149
Q

Fasciculi

A

group of muscle cells (sarcolemma)

  • referred to as a m fiber
  • one m made up of many fasciculi
150
Q

Muscle fiber contents?

A
  1. cytoplasm
  2. myofibrils: part of cytoplasm, contractile in nature
    - workhorse
  3. non myofibrils, ribosomes, glycogen and mitochondria
    - needed for nutrition
151
Q

What are myofilaments?

A

components of myofibrils

- actin and myosin binding causing m cxn

152
Q

What binding sights are on actin

A

troponin and tropomyosin

- actin is thin filaments

153
Q

Function of myosin?

A

heads allow movement for binding site for attachment of actin
- myosin is thick filament

154
Q

Z lines

A

boundaries of sarcomeres where actin and myosin bind

155
Q

sarcomere

A

portion of the myofibril bt z lines

156
Q

A band

A

area that covers the entire myosin myofibril and part of the actin myofibril

157
Q

H zone

A

area of the A band covering myosin where no actin overlaps

158
Q

M band

A

wide middle portion of myosin

159
Q

I band

A

Only actin

160
Q

Crossbridging?

A

AP triggers release of Ca, troponin and tropomysion receptor site exposed, actin and myosin connect forming a CB
- CB allows myosin to pull on the actin

161
Q

What happens in concentric contraction (shortening)?

A
  • sliding of myofilaments that shorten start at the distance between them
  • sarcomeres are smaller
  • actin are closer together
162
Q

What happens in an eccentric contraction (lengthening)?

A
  • actin are spread apart

- distance has not changed but the loading has to be more open (or condensed)

163
Q

what are the functional units of muscle?

A
  • alpha MN
  • Axon
  • MEP
164
Q

what is function of an alpha MN in m

A

nerve cell that delivers the stimulus found in the anterior horn of the spinal cord

165
Q

what is the function of an axon in m

A

extends from the nerve cell and carries the stimulus to end branches which attach to muscle fibers

166
Q

Function of MEP

A

close to sarcolemma

- site where axon branches terminate

167
Q

all fibers innervated by one axon are part of ____

A

one motor unit

168
Q

what is a motor unit and what kind is recruited first? Why?

A

cell body axon and all of the fibers attach to it

  • small motor units have fewer primary fibers and they are recruited first
  • recruited first because they require less work and energy so it is efficient
169
Q

What is the function of the SR?

A

stores Ca in channels between myofibrils

170
Q

What is the order of firing?

A
  • Small m then large m

- all muscles have a mix of large and small MU

171
Q

Type I slow twitch oxidative fibers

A
  • slow cxn time
  • slow to fatigue
  • small MU size
  • produces little tension
  • best for prolonged low intensity work
172
Q

Type IIA fast twitch oxidative glycolytic

A
  • fast cxn time
  • intermediate to fatigue
  • intermediate MU size
  • produces moderate tension
173
Q

Type IIB fast twitch glycolytic

A
  • fast cxn time
  • fast to fatigue
  • large MU size
  • produce large amount of tension
  • best for high intensity burst activity
174
Q

Why is the length of m fibers important?

A

longer fibers can shorten a greater distance and often have a greater ROM

175
Q

Examples and functions of parallel m fibers?

A
  • strap, fusiform, rhomboidal, triangular
  • long fibers run parallel to mm long axis
  • primarily for ROM
  • strap mm greater for ROM
176
Q

Examples and functions of oblique m fibers?

A
  • unipennate, bipennate, multipennate
  • shorter fibers but there are more of them
  • primary function for short motions and stability
  • they have a center tendon
  • bipennate good for strength
  • lumbricals and inerossei look like bipennate
177
Q

Endomysium

A

CT surrounding sarcolemma

178
Q

Perimysium

A

surrounds fasciculi

179
Q

Epimysium

A

surrounds entire m, continuous w endo and peri

180
Q

continuations of epimysium for tendons which attach to bone via _____

A

sharpie fibers

181
Q

all CT in m is interconnected which constitutes the _____ of a muscle

A

passive elastic component

182
Q

What is the parallel elastic component of m?

A
  • all CT surrounding the m, its fibers & sarcolemma

- when the m lengthens or shortens, these structures do the same in parallel

183
Q

What is the series elastic component of m?

A
  • applies to tendons

- works in a series with the contractile component by “taking up slack”

184
Q

What is muscle function?

A

m ability to develop tension and exert a force

185
Q

What is active tension?

A

tension developed by the contractile element of a muscle that is initiated by CBing.
- when active tension stops, sarcomere length and passive tension increase
Depends on:
- frequency of MU firing
- # and size of MU
- # of CB
- Crossectinal area (greater area = greater tension)

186
Q

What is passive tension?

A

tension developed by non contractile elements of m
which is parallel CT
- CT structures add to active tension or become slack during active tension

  • passive tension increases as active tension decreases
187
Q

What is total tension

A

the total tension a m can develop during a cxn is:
- Total Tension = active tension + passive tension

  • speed and type of contraction effects total tension development

pls look at pics in notes

188
Q

What is the Length-Tension relationship in m?

A

direct relationship between tension development and length of the muscle
- eccentric gives greater amount of tension for force

189
Q

Optimal length

A

length when a m is capable of developing max tension

  • max # of CB can be formed here
  • m is slightly lengthened
190
Q

what state is a muscle in when it is close to optimal?

A

Resting length of a detached muscle is close to optimal and is a little longer than when it is attached

191
Q

Overlengthed m

A

actin and myosin too far apart but passive elastic tension in parallel component can be increased

192
Q

Shortened m

A

distance between the Z bands is decreased and filaments overlap resulting in
- max # of CB already formed and no additional CB can be formed to further increase the shortening/tension

193
Q

When a muscle is activated, whether there is or is not a length change depends on what?

A
  • magnitude of the torque produced by the muscle relative to the magnitude of the torque produced due to load
194
Q

What is the torque in an isometric cxn?

A
  • Tm/TL = 1
  • no motion
  • no length change
    Tm = TL
195
Q

what is the torque in a concentric m cxn?

A

Tm/TL > 1

  • motion
  • m shortens
  • Tm > TL
196
Q

what is the torque in a eccentric cxn?

A

Tm/TL < 1

  • motion
  • m lengthens
  • TM < TL
197
Q

the amount of torque that is exerted during contraction, is the GREATEST for what type of cxn? Why?

A

Eccentric

  • bc active and passive CT
  • if you lower an eccentric motion quickly you get more tension
  • eccentrics create more tension the faster you go
198
Q

the amount of torque that is exerted during contraction, is the LEAST for what type of cxn? Why?

A

Concentric

- bc it is optimal for CB

199
Q

the amount of torque that is exerted during contraction, is the WEAKEST for what type of cxn? Why?

A

Isometric cxn

- iso is easier to do than eccentric

200
Q

What type of contraction produces more force and tension than a concentric contraction?

A

A resisted isometric cxn

201
Q

Does a faster contraction create the same amount of tension as a slow one?

A

No bc in fast contraction you compensate and recruit other strategies

202
Q

What is the speed of cxn?

A

rate that CB forms

203
Q

What is the speed of cxn in an isometric cxn? what happens to tension?

A

speed is 0 and there is a mild increase in tension

204
Q

What is the speed of cxn in a concentric cxn? what happens to tension?

A

shortening speed increases and tension decreases

205
Q

What is the speed of cxn in an eccentric cxn? What happens to tension?

A

speed of lengthening increases and tension increase

206
Q

What is active insufficiency?

A
  • poor ability to develop tension
  • caused by an active cxn (cxn sarcomere)
  • m is shortened over both joints and cannot make anymore CB
  • to reduce it, you have to shorten at some point

PLS look at notes for examples

207
Q

What is passive insufficiency?

A

When an inactive muscle does not have enough length for full motion to occur

  • force can be exerted on the bony insertion of m resulting in motion in the direction of the passive pull or checking motion in the opposite direction
  • we can only test for passive insufficiency
208
Q

What is tenodesis (tendon action)

A
  • passive at one joint causes motion at another
  • when a motion of a bony segment results from a passive pull
  • if a m is significantly shortened, passive insufficiency can be used to produce motion and asset with function
209
Q

What is an agonist?

A

prime mover

- for mobility

210
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

opposes the prime mover

  • passive. cant go further .
  • for mobility
211
Q

What is a co-contraction?

A

agonist and antagonist contract simultaneously at a joint

  • can provide stability
  • not active or passive bc firing at same time
  • EX: playing tennis/holding racket
212
Q

Synergist

A

m that helps the agonist perform the desired motion

EX: pls look at notes there are a lot

213
Q

What are sensory receptors in the muscles? What are the 2 receptors?

A

neural components in a muscle fiber that sends sensory afferent to brain so that the brain can send the message back

  • Golgi tendon organs
  • muscle spindles
214
Q

Golgi Tendon Organs (GTO)

A

located in tendon at myotendinous junction

  • activated with increased tension
  • cause an inhibition of the m when activated

lOOK at notes for EX

215
Q

Muscle spindles

A

located around intrafusal m fibers

  • sensitive to changes in length and rate of change of length
  • when m is on slack (extrafusal fibers), m spindle sends s signal to the cerebellum to tell the intrafusal fibers to shorten
  • facilities in m cxn of extrafusal fibers when activated
  • sends muscle afferent to brain with efferent response
  • spindle looks at how fast you do something
216
Q

What is the stretch reflex and what is it caused by?

A

m spindle has quick change in length telling the brain something is happening fast and teh brain tells the opposite to the m to relax so it can elongate

217
Q

Effects of aging on muscle

A
  1. decrease Type II fibers
    • you cant see burst moments as well (get up and go test)
  2. decrease # of MU so remaining MU will have more fibers
    - less MU = less recruiting of fibers = less strength
  3. increase in amt of CT
    - passive CT, extra CT hardens so it is harder to move which causes fibrosis, you avoid this by passive mvt or e stim
218
Q

Effects of immobilization on muscle

A
  1. decrease # of sarcomeres
    • less bc none actively work
  2. increase sarcomere length as a result of passive shortening
    • bc when you try to make a muscle cx,. we dont have optimal length position
    • sarcomere length depends on position, so if actin and myosin are pulled apart, they reach for each other bc one side is over lengthened
  3. increase ratio of CT to m fiber
  4. loss of wt and atrophy
219
Q

Osteokinematics

A

study of mvt of a bone w/out regard for the motion occurring at the joint surface or the forces producing the mvt

220
Q

Kinematics

A

study of mvt without regard to forces

221
Q

kinetics

A

study of forces producing the motion

222
Q

Frontal plane: axis of motion and osteokinematic motion?

A
  • A/P axis

- ABD/ADD

223
Q

Sagittal Plane: axis of motion and osteokinematic motion?

A
  • med/lat axis

- Flex/Ext

224
Q

Horizontal/Transverse Plane: axis of motion and osteokinematic motion?

A
  • vertical axis

- IR/ER

225
Q

What does degrees of freedom mean?

A
  • number of independent axes a bone can move around
226
Q

Example of uniaxial joints?

how many degrees of freedom does it have?

A
  • 1 DF
  • elbow, hinge and pivot
  • has 3 joints
  • flex/ext & pro/sup occurs at humeral/ulnar joint
227
Q

Example of biaxial joints?

how many degrees of freedom does it have?

A
  • 2 DF
  • flex/ext, abd, add,
  • convex or concave joint surface in all directions
  • condyloid/ovoid or saddle joint
  • 1st CMC and sternoclavicular joint
228
Q

Example of triaxial joints?

how many degrees of freedom does it have?

A
  • 3 DF
  • planar joints, ball and socket
  • hip and shoulder
229
Q

what are synarthrodial joints?

A

bony components connected by CT

  • designed for stability
  • minimal to no mvt
230
Q

Fibrous synarthrodial joint examples?

A
  • sutures, inerosseus membrane
  • Suture: united by collagenous sutural ligament/membrane
  • Gomphosis: peg in a hole, only in teeth
  • Syndesmosis: joined by interosseous ligament, fibrous cord or aponeurotic membrane
    EX of syndesmosis: tib/fib, radial/ulnar
231
Q

Cartilaginous synarthrodial joint examples?

A

bone-cartilage-bone
- allows some mvt

Symphysis: directly joined by fibrocartilage (disc or pad)
covered with hyaline cartilage
EX: pubic symphysis

Sychondrosis: hyaline cartilage forms a body between 2 bones
EX: between ribs and sternum

232
Q

what are diathrodial joints? Examples?

A

bones indirectly connected by a joint capsule
- designed for mobility
- facilitates motion and provides stability
EX: discs, plates, menisci

233
Q

What is a joint capsule? What are the components?

A

function to enclose joint and enhance stability

  • Dense irregular CT
  • variable thickness
  • poorly vascularized, highly innervated
  • capsular ligaments: local thickening of JC
234
Q

EX: what stops your knee when you hyperextend it?

A

JC

- a lot of where you get proprioceptive feedback

235
Q

What makes up the synovial membrane?

A

sub-intima

intima

236
Q

what are the components of the subintima and what is its function?

A
  • loose network of tissue
  • Attaches to:
    1. margins of articular cartilage
    2. periosteum (distal to where cartilage ends)
    3. JC
237
Q

what are the components of the intima and what is its function?

A
  • interacts with JC and lines J space
  • site for exchange of synovial fluid
  • site for hyaluronic acid production
  • removes debris from JC
  • structural repair of synovium

-Components:
synoviocytes (1-3 layers)

238
Q

What is the purpose of hyaluronic acid?

A

keeps friction low

239
Q

What happens in synovial fluid?

A
  • direct exchange bt synovium intimacy vasculature and synovial fluid
  • keeps JS lubricated
  • reduces friction
  • hyaloronic acid for viscosity
  • lubricin
240
Q

What are the optional components of a JC and their functions?

A
  • disc, plates, menisci, labrum
  • increase joint congruence
  • absorb compressive forces
  • facilitate motion
241
Q

What us bursa and its functions?

A
  • optional component of JC
  • flat, dense irregular CT sac
  • lined with a synovial fluid membrane
  • filled with a thin fluid
242
Q

What are Ruffini, where are they located, and what are they sensitive to?

A
  • type 1 sensory supply to JC and synovial membrane
  • Sensitive: stretch
  • Location: JC on flex side, periosteum, ligaments, tendons
243
Q

What are Pacini, where are they located, and what are they sensitive to?

A
  • type 2 sensory supply to JC and synovial membrane (SM)

Sensitivity: compression, changes in hydrostatic pressure, and joint movement

Location: throughout JC and fat pads

244
Q

What are Golgi (GTO), where are they located, and what are they sensitive to?

A
  • type 3 sensory supply to JC & SM

Sensitivity: pressure & extremes of motion

Location: intima of synovium, ligaments, tendons

245
Q

What are unmyelinated free nerve endings, where are they located, and what are they sensitive to?

A
  • type 4 sensory supply to JC & SM

Sensitivity: noxious.non-noxious mechanical or biomechanical stress

Location: around BV in syonical layer of capsule & fat pads

246
Q

What is a complex joint? Examples?

A

has an intra-articular disc bt the joint surfaces

SC joint, TMJ

247
Q

What are compound joints? Examples?

A

Has one or more pair of articular surfaces w/in JC

  • Elbow: encompasses humero/rad, humero/uln, uln/rad
  • Superior tip/fib, fem/fib, fem/tib
248
Q

Combination of several joints uniting successive segments

A

kinematic chain

249
Q

Proximal segment is fixed but distal segment is moving in space is a _____

A

Open Kinematic Chain

250
Q

Distal segment is fixed but Proximal segment is moving.. is a _____

A

Closed Kinematic Chain

251
Q

EX: standing in knee flexion.

  1. OKC or CKC
  2. What is the proximal/fixed segment?
  3. Distal segment?
  4. Other joints involved?
A
  1. CKC
  2. prox seg: femur
  3. distal: tibia
  4. hip & ankle
252
Q

Do we mostly function in an OKC or CKC?

A

CKC

253
Q

EX: standing plantar flexion

  1. proximal/fixed segment?
  2. distal seg?
A

prox: talus
distal: tibia

254
Q

EX: seated plantar flexion

  1. proximal/fixed segment?
  2. distal seg?
A
  1. tibia

2. talus

255
Q

EX: elbow flex

  1. proximal/fixed segment?
  2. distal seg?
A
  1. humerus

2. ulna

256
Q

Arthrokinematics definiton

A

Study of mvt of one articular surface on another w/out regard to mvt of the bone or the forces producing the mvt

257
Q

What is an ovoid joint shape and examples?

A
  • JS are curved in the same direction as the articular surface partner
  • hinge joints: elbow
  • condyloid joints: 2nd MCP
  • ball and socket: shoulder

EX: hip.
- femur head in acetabulum

258
Q

What is a sellar joint shape and examples?

A

has convex and concave curves on the same articular surface

  • saddle shaped: i.e. 1st CMC
  • knee, ankle, SC

EX: SC joint.
- looking inferior to superior: sternal protein is convex and clavicle is convex

  • looking ant to superior, clavicle is concave and sternal is convex
259
Q

what mats occur at JS?

A
  • rolling
  • gliding (sliding)
  • spinning
  • normal
260
Q

Explain a rolling joint motion and give examples

A
  • contact position changes as you move both surfaces. each point on one surface contacts a new point on the other surface

EX: femur rolling across tib

261
Q

Explain a gliding/sliding joint motion and give examples

A

same point on one surface contacts new points on the other surface

  • joint mobility
  • surface that is sliding has the same contact point but changing on the joint that is not moving
  • occurs during OKC

EX: fem/tib joint

262
Q

Explain a spinning joint motion and give examples

A

contact point doesnt change on one surface just rotates on top of another
- “roll back with slide forward”

EX: radial notch of ulna annular big rad.uln

263
Q

Explain a normal joint motion and give examples

A

combo of rolling, spinning, sliding which occur simultaneously

264
Q

The area covered by convex is ____ than concave

A

greater

265
Q

Functionally, roll and glide mvts occur _____

A

simultaneously

266
Q

the direction of the gliding in the joint depends on ___

A

whether the concave or convex surface is moving

267
Q

the direction of the rolling in a joint is always in the direcion of ___

A

bone mvt

268
Q

If a convex surface moves on a stable concave surface, the roll and glide occur in ____ direction

A

opposite

269
Q

If a concave surface moves on a convex surface, roll and glide occur in ___ direction

A

same

270
Q

pls look at convex concave notes

A

thx

271
Q

At the SC joint in retraction, does the roll and glide occur anterior or posterior? what surface is moving?

A
  • concave on convex

- roll and glide both move posteriorly

272
Q

At the SC joint in protraction, does the roll and glide occur anterior or posterior? what surface is moving

A
  • roll and glide anterior
273
Q

At the SC joint in elevation and depression, which surface is moving?

A

convex on concave

274
Q

joint mobility/glides cannot be performed

A

voluntarily

275
Q

joint mobility/glides require ____ and ____ by an examiner

A

m relaxation, application of passive mvt

276
Q

We cannot have normal ____ motion if we do not have normal ___ motion

A

osteokinematic, arthrokinematic

277
Q

in the treatment plane the line is ____ to to concave surface

A

parallel

278
Q

joint glides typically occur ___ in the tx plane

A

parallel

279
Q

What directions do joint glides occur in?

A
  • ant/sup
  • sup/inf
  • med/lat
  • distraction
  • traction
280
Q

distraction in joints pulls in the ____ direction to the tx plane

A

perpendicular

281
Q

traction in joints pulls in the ____ direction, along the ___ axis of the bone

A

longitudinal, long axis

282
Q

does the joint axis remain stationary?

A

no

283
Q

what is a closed pack position?

A

position of the joint that results in

  • max tautness of major ligaments
  • max surface contact in only 1 position
  • taut capsular stretch
  • min joint volume due to cap and ligaments being tight
284
Q

what position allows the maximum stability allowing the least amount of distraction of joint surfaces?

A
  • closed packed position
285
Q

What is a loose/open packed position

A
  • ligaments and caps are on slack
  • max joint volume
  • JS distract
  • allows spin/roll/glide ot occur
286
Q

what position do we perform with inflammation and when we assess joint mobility/perform joint mobs?

A

loose packed

287
Q

What transports fibroblasts

A

glycoproteins

Kinesiology/Biomechanics Ex 2 (1 decks)

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