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EWOC > EWOC > Flashcards

EWOC Flashcards

1
Q

What components are required for Electronic Attack?

A

Transmitter
Modulator
Power Amp
Antenna
Power Supply
Control System

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2
Q

What is Spoofing?

A

Sending false info to get an enemy to respond

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3
Q

What is passive jamming?

A

Using a passive method to prevent signal flow such as chaff

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4
Q

What is active jamming?

A

Putting energy on a target

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5
Q

What factors influence EA?

A

Power
Frequency
Modulation
Target Characterization

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6
Q

What are the types of jamming?

A

Active
Passive
Spoofing

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7
Q

What are destructive waves?

A

2 waves 180 degrees out of phase that cancel each other out

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8
Q

What are constructive waves?

A

2 in phase waves that add together to increase amplitude

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9
Q

Pros and Cons of Hybrid

A

Pro: more simple than mesh, more robust than star
Con: single points of weakness and more complicated than star

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10
Q

Pros and Cons of Mesh

A

Pro: more robust
Con: complicated

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11
Q

Pros and Cons of Star (Hub and Spoke)

A

Pro: Simple and cost effective
Con: Single point of weakness

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12
Q

What are the 3 topologies for VSAT?

A

Star (Hub and Spoke)
Mesh
Hybrid

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13
Q

What are the VSAT segments?

A

Ground Station
RF Link
Satellites
User

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14
Q

What is CJSR

A

Critical Jammer to Noise Ratio
Minimum dB required to jam a signal when you can match modulation - typically much less than 3dB power change

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15
Q

What is JSR

A

Jammer to Signal Ration
The ratio of jammer noise to the target signal
3dB is typically overkill

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16
Q

What does adaptive code modulation do?

A

Changes modulation and FEC automatically

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17
Q

What is automated uplink power control?

A

Automatically adjusts the power of an uplink to maintain Eb/no at a remote modem

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18
Q

What is Phase Shift Error (PSE)?

A

Percent deviation of a received symbol from desired phase

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19
Q

What is Error Vector Magnitude?

A

Percent of received symbol verse reference point

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20
Q

What is Eb/no?

A

Energy bits to noise ration

More energy bits=better signal

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21
Q

The more bits per symbol (bps) the higher the signal to noise ratio (SNR) is needed for the same __________?

A

Bit Error Rate (BER)

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22
Q

What is unique about regenerative satellites?

A

They demod, and remod signals to clean up the signal

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23
Q

What does a channelizer do?

A

It routes signals in 2 ways:

Fan-out: spread signal out over several beams

Fan-in: Takes signals from several beams into 1 beam

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24
Q

Digital Bent Pipe Satellites have_____?

A

Variable Transponder Translation Factor (Frequency) (TTF)

Spatial Frequency Reuse - reuses a frequency when transmitters are separated geographically

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25
Q

What does automatic gain control (AGC) do?

A

Prevents a satellite from receiving too much power

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26
Q

Pro and Con of Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

A

Pro - Jam resistant
Con - Expensive

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27
Q

Pro and Con of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

A

Pro - Efficient use of bandwidth
Con - Need to consider transmission time delay–very precise time constraints and limited time slots

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28
Q

Pro and Con of Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

A

Pro - Simple and reliable
Con - Bandwidth inflexible

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29
Q

What is Multiple Access?

A

Happens after transmission, multiple signals being received by a receiver simultaneously

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30
Q

What is multiplexing?

A

Multiplexing is the process of putting multiple signals onto a carrier signal

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31
Q

What are the 3 types of Transmit and Receive properties, or multiplexing communication types?

A

Simplex - receive only (FM radio)
Half Duplex - send or receive one at a time (Walkie Talkie)
Full Duplex - Send and receive simultaneously (cell phone)

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32
Q

What is symbol rate?

A

Rate at which symbols are transmitted - or same as effective bandwidth

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33
Q

What is total bit rate?

A

Data rate plus Forward Error Correction (FEC)

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34
Q

What is data rate?

A

Speed of raw data

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35
Q

Define effective bandwidth

A

Effective bandwidth is your 3dB down bandwidth

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36
Q

Define occupied bandwitdh

A

Occupied bandwidth is the total bandwidth, noise floor to noise floor

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37
Q

What is the most common digital modulation?

A

Shift Key, which is turning a 1 into a 0 or vice versa

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38
Q

What are the types of digital modulation?

A

ASK - amplitude shift key
PSK - phase shift key
FSK - frequency shift key
IQ

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39
Q

What are the types of analog modulation?

A

AM
PM
FM
PWM

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40
Q

What does a modulator do?

A

Puts info on a carrier signal to send data

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41
Q

Why choose digital over analog?

A

More resistant to noise
Analog must be reproduced accurately
Digital only discrete needs reproduces
Digital has longer more robust comm path

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42
Q

Pros and Cons of analog signals

A

Pro - Easy to propagate
Infinite Data
Already in language

Con - Can be difficult to understand
Can’t be compressed

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43
Q

Pro and Con of Digital Signals

A

Pro - Easy to interpret
Compressible
Can add error correction

Con - Needs pre determined code
Needs a carrier wave
Slower data rates

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44
Q

Pro and Con of Phased Array

A

Pro - Can change beam
Resistant to jamming
Can follow forces
Serves multiple users

Con - More complex & expensive
Low frequency agility

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45
Q

Pro and Con of Steerable Spot

A

Pro - Narrow foot print
can follow forces

Con - Fewer users

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46
Q

Pro and Con of fixed spot

A

Pro - narrow footprint
Jam resistant

Con - small number of users
Can’t follow forces

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47
Q

Pro and Con of Earth Coverage

A

Pro - each satellite covers 1/3 of the earth

Con - does not cover poles
Easy to jam

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48
Q

Pro and Con of Multi-Beam

A

Pro - narrower foot print
More power density
Resistant to jamming

Con - smaller number of users

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49
Q

What are the different types of beams?

A

Multi-beam
Earth Coverage
Fixed Spot
Steerable Spot
Phased Array

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50
Q

What is an Orthomode Transducer?

A

An orthomode transduce is a component that allows an antenna to receive and see both polarities at once. It separates or combines signals with different polarities.

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51
Q

What are waveguides, and what do they do?

A

Waveguides are objects that guide your signal to ensure that you are transmitting in the proper band. They are different sized based on the band you are transmitting in.

52
Q

What are the types of Antennas?

A

Isotropic - Theoretically perfect omnidirectional
Monopole - Length of antenna correlates to wavelength
Dipole - (Yagi Uda) directional
Aperture - (Parabolic) directional
Array

53
Q

What is half power beam width?

A

It is a measurement in degrees from your antenna boresight to the 3dB down mark on the main lobe

54
Q

What are the different types of gain?

A

Active - Power
Passive - Shape of antenna
Computational - added by the modem

55
Q

What is gain?

A

Directivity + efficiency

56
Q

What is Effective Isotropic Radiative Power (EIRP) and what does it represent?

A

EIRP is the total gain and power of a transmission compared to an isotropic antenna

57
Q

What is antenna efficiency?

A

How well an antenna converts input power into RF waves

58
Q

What is antenna directivity?

A

How well an antenna focuses energy

59
Q

What is Transponder Translation Factor (Frequency)

A

TTF is an on satellite ratio of downlink to uplink frequency

60
Q

What is the greatest factor in the success rate of a transmission?

A

The antenna

61
Q

Describe Signal Flow

A

You start with a baseband that goes through the multiplexer into a modulator, from there you upconvert the signal and it passes through a high power amplifier to be transmitted to a satellite. On it hits the satellite the frequency is changed and it gets retransmitted to a ground station. At the ground station the signal goes through a low noise amplifier then to a downconverter. These two components are sometimes combines into an LNB (Low noise block), after these components the signal is demodulated, and then demultiplexed back into a baseband.

62
Q

Define Faraday Rotation

A

Polarization twist due to a magnetic field

63
Q

Define Scintillation

A

Rapid changes in waveform due to the magnetic field in the ionosphere

64
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of circular polarization

A

Advantage - you don’t need precise orientation, you can receive linear with -3dB loss

Disadvantage - Right Hand Circular Polarization (RHCP) does not receive Left Hand Circular Polarization (LHCP) and you can’t reuse frequencies

65
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of linear polarization?

A

Advantage - ability to reuse some bandwidth

Disadvantage - You need precise orientation of a polarizer to receive full signal

66
Q

What is polarization?

A

Polarization is the orientation of your Electric Field, either in linear or circular

67
Q

What is Free Space Loss?

A

Free Space Loss is the power lost between a transmitter and receiver due to the spreading of energy.

Every time you double the distance you quarter the power

68
Q

What part of an Electromagnetic Wave can we manipulate?

A

The electrical field

69
Q

What are the parts of an Electromagnetic Wave?

A

Electrical and Magnetic, and the two are perpendicular to each other

70
Q

Define Scattering

A

Scattering is what occurs when a signal meets many small objects that reflect a signal, resulting in the signal being scattered. This is what chaff does.

71
Q

Define Defraction

A

Defraction is the process in which a signal bends around an object such as a mountain peak.

72
Q

Define Reflection

A

A signal bouncing off an object such as a skyscraper

73
Q

Define Propagation

A

Propagation is how an Electromagnetic (EM) wave travels through a medium such as the vacuum of space

74
Q

Define Amplitude

A

Amplitude is the height and depth of a sine wave representing power shown as dB

75
Q

Define Phase

A

Phase is the angular measurement represented in degrees on a sine wave

76
Q

Define Wavelength

A

Wavelength is the distance of a sine wave from one point to another completing 360 degrees

77
Q

Define Frequency

A

Frequency is the number of cycles in one second represented in Hz

78
Q

Define Period

A

Period is the time it takes to complete one cycle

79
Q

Define Cycle

A

A Cycle is one complete vibration representing 360 degrees

80
Q

What are the characteristics of a Sine wave?

A

Cycle
Period
Frequency
Wavelength
Phase
Amplitude

81
Q

What is needed to declare Combat ID?

A

You need to have: (4+1)

Satellite
Transponder
Center Frequency (CF)
Frequency range and band

and

Signal type, or modulation, or Tactical function or IC Assessment

82
Q

What is weight of effort?

A

A determination if an operation is worth the effort being put into it

83
Q

What is timing and tempo?

A

A determination of the minimum effect required for a given operation

84
Q

Define 1st, 2nd, and 3rd order effects

A

1st: effects on the target
2nd: effect on the structure/function of a network
3rd: effects on the operational environment

85
Q

What are the 2 Electronic Attack authorities?

A

EMS coordinating authority (EMSCA)
EA Control Authority (EACA)

86
Q

Define Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations (EMSO)

A

Maneuvering space to conduct effects and protect against EW fires

87
Q

Which component command is responsible for jamming?

A

Joint Forces Air Component Command (JFACC)

88
Q

What are the 2 types of combatant commands and their area of responsibility?

A

Geographic:
Northcom
Southcom
Centcom
Africom
Eucom
Indopacom
Spacecom

Functional:
USCYBERCOM
USSTRATCOM
USTRANSCOM
USSOCOM

89
Q

What are the 2 functions of the DoD and what do they do?

A

Warfighting - Conduct war

Service - Organize, Train, and Equip (OT+E)

90
Q

What are the 6 phases of conflict?

A

P0 - Shaping the battlefield
P1 - Deter
P2 - Seize initiative
P3 - Dominate
P4 - Stabilize
P5 - Enable Civil Authority

91
Q

What is targeting?

A

Targeting is the process of selecting and prioritizing targets and matching the appropriate response to them

92
Q

What bands do we use and what are their frequency ranges?

A

UFH - 300MHz - 3GHz
L 1-2GHz
S 2-4GHz
C 4-8GHz
X 8-12 GHZ
Ku 12-18 GHz
K 18-27 GHz
Ka 27-40 GHz

93
Q

What is an ATO and what is it the same as?

A

An ATO is an Air Tasking order.

An ATO tasks execution and special instructions (SPINS) to provide amplifying guidance. It is the same as a CSTO or Combined Space Tasking Order

94
Q

What is Eb/no?

A

Eb/no is energy bits to noise ration, or the quality of the signal over noise.

95
Q

What is Bit Error Rate (BER)?

A

BER is the number of bit errors over the total transferred bits

96
Q

What is the difference between Effective Radiated Power (ERP) and Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP)?

A

EPR is the power at the antenna with passive gain
EIRP is the total power at any point of the transmitted wave

97
Q

Why is a parabolic antenna best for our career field?

A

It provides higher gain and directivity

98
Q

What are the Electromagnetic Support mission areas?

A

1 Monitor
2 Characterize
3 Geolocate

99
Q

What part of the Joint Tasking Cycle process does Del 3 do on a day to day basis?

A

Execution Planning and Force Execution

100
Q

What is Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA)?

A

TDOA is the difference of arrival time of a signal from 2 or more satellites and it measures the time to determine the location of a target

101
Q

What is Frequency Difference of Arriva (FDOA)?

A

FDOA uses doppler shift to locate a target

102
Q

What antenna has a primary use of UHF?

A

Yagi Uda

103
Q

Which has a higher probability of attribution: CW spike or Matched Wave Form? and why?

A

Matched Wave Form, because of the level of spectral awareness that goes into creating it.

104
Q

What are 2 requirements for 2 Sat GEO?

A
  • 2 satellites that are transmitting
  • Your antennas must be in the downlink
  • Orbital separation of the satellites
  • Signal polarizations and Frequency must be similar
  • 2 Adjacent satellites
  • Reference emitter
  • Ephemeres info must be up to date
  • 2 Satellites must have same polarity
105
Q

Limitations of 2 Sat GEO

A
  • Geolocations are not guaranteed
  • Bad time of day
  • Inaccuracy in GPS timing could affect results
  • No suitable secondary satellite
  • Precise timing is required
  • Not static
106
Q

3 Types of control?

A

ADCON - Death, Discipline, and Decorations

OPCON - Organizing/reorganizing forces

TACON - Local control to where you are

107
Q

What are the 7 Joint Warfighting Fundamentals?

A

1 - Command and Control
2 - Fires and Maneuvers
3 - Communications
4 - Intel
5 - Sustainment and Logistics
6 - Movement
7 - Security

108
Q

What can Combatant Commanders delegate and to whom?

A

Warfighting - to the Joint Forces Combatant Commander

109
Q

Describe Supporting vs. Supported

A

This is determined by who is the most important command, other components will support that command.

110
Q

What are the J-Staff codes in order?

A

1 - Personnel
2 - Intel
3 - Operations
4 - Logistics
5 - Plans
6 - Communications
7 - Exercise and Training
8 - Contracting/Requirements
9 - Info Ops/STO/Space/EW

111
Q

What are the J-Staff letter codes?

A

C - combined
J - Joint
G - General
S - Army/USMC/USSF
A - USAF
N - USN

112
Q

What are the 6 stages of joint tasking and which does Del 3 participate in?

A

1) Objectives/Effects/Guidance
2) Target Development
3) Weaponeering
4) ATO Production and Dissemination
*5) Execution Planning and Force Execution
*6) Assessment

113
Q

What is a periodic wave?

A

A periodic wave is a wave that repeats itself identically continually.

114
Q

What is a non-periodic wave?

A

A non-periodic wave is one that does not repeat itself, and it unpredictable, such as a human voice.

115
Q

What is heterodyning?

A

Heterodyning is the process of combining 2 signals

116
Q

Who sends out the STO?

A

The AOC

117
Q

Who receives the STO?

A

The STO is received by the Squadron Commander, DO, or Crew Commander depending on where you are located

118
Q

What are the 2 types of Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)?

A

Active

Passive

119
Q

What are the 2 main purposes for a Spectrum Analyzer?

A

Monitor

Characterization

120
Q

What is total bit rate?

A

Data + Parity Bits

121
Q

What are the 3 levels of Warfare?

A

Strategic

Operational

Tactical

122
Q

What are the 3 tiers of effectiveness?

A

Tier 1) Effects on a Target

Tier 2) Effects on a Network

Tier 3) Effects on the Operational Environment

123
Q

What does altering the Resolution Bandwidth on a Spectrum Analyzer do?

A

It adjusts the sampling of frequencies in a span

124
Q

What does altering the Video Bandwidth on a Spectrum Analyzer do?

A

It applies a smoothing filter to decrease random noise fluctuations, and adjusts amplitude sampling

125
Q

What is the process of going from a digital wave to an analog wave or an analog wave to a digital wave called?

A

Sampling

126
Q

What is a Carrier Wave?

A

A carrier wave is an unmodulated wave with no data on it

127
Q

What are the 3 different types of multipath fading?

A

Reflection

Defraction

Scattering

EWOC (1 decks)

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