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Ap Stats > Ew > Flashcards

Ew Flashcards

0
Q

Explanatory variable

A

The cause of an experiment

Ex: vision

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1
Q

Census

A

Taking a poll of the entire population

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2
Q

Response variable

A

The effect of an experiment

Ex: a students grade

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3
Q

Confounded variable

A

An alternate explanatory variable

Ex: studying

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4
Q

Control group

A

The group that gets the placebo to compare to the other group

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5
Q

Factor

A

The explanatory variables in an experiment

Ex: diet, exercise, genetics

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6
Q

Levels

A

Different values of the exercise

Ex: 2000 calories, 4000 calories

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7
Q

Treatment

A

All combinations of the levels of the factors

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8
Q

Block design

A

Separate the individuals in similar blocks but each block is different

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9
Q

Voluntary response bias

A

People choose to respond to a survey

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10
Q

Convenience sampling

A

Choose individuals easiest to reach

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11
Q

Undercoverage

A

When some groups in the population are left out in the process of choosing a sample

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12
Q

Nonresponse bias

A

When an individual chosen for the sample cannot be contacted or refuses to cooperate

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13
Q

Response bias

A

Behavior of the respondent or interviewer that results in no truthful answers

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14
Q

Stratified random sample

A

Divide the population into groups of similar individuals, then choose an Drs of each group and combine them

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15
Q

Simple random sample(srs)

A

Every set of individuals has the same chance of being selected

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16
Q

Systematic sample

A

Choose every nth person from the population

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17
Q

Size bias

A

Dart on a map, it’s more likely to hit the larger states

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18
Q

Double blind experiment

A

The subjects nor the administrators of the treatment know what they are receiving

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19
Q

Observational study

A

Does not disturb what you are examining

20
Q

Experiment

A

Treatment imposed, cause and effect

21
Q

What good experiments do

A
  • incorporate control to see the impact of the explanatory variable
  • incorporate randomization to reduce bias
  • incorporate replication to avoid the chance of variance
22
Q

Degrees of freedom

A

N-1

23
Q

Quantities variables

A

Numbers

24
Q

Categorical variables

A

Words (use pie and bar graphs)

25
Q

Interpreting r

A

There is a fairly strong positive relationship between x and y

26
Q

Bimodal(approximately)

A

Two high bars

27
Q

Interpret slope

A

On average, y increases by b for every increase in 1x

28
Q

Interpret y-intercept

A

When x=0 y is predicted to equal ____

29
Q

Linear model equation

A

Ÿ=a+bx

30
Q

Exponential equation

A

Log ÿ= a+bx

31
Q

Power model equation

A

Log ÿ=a+b(log x) or

Ÿ=10^a • x^b

32
Q

Sample space

A

All possible outcomes

33
Q

Binomial distributions

A
  • each part has the same probability
  • they are all independent from each other
  • only 2 outcomes, success or failure
  • fixed # of observations
34
Q

R^2

A

The fraction of the variation in values of y that is explained by the least squares regression

35
Q

Extrapolation

A

When LRSL is used to make a prediction outside of the domain of x

36
Q

Common response

A

A change in z cause a Change in x and y

37
Q

Causation

A

Cause and effect, x effects y

38
Q

Confounding

A

X and z influence y

39
Q

Simpson’s paradox

A

The reversal in trends when data from several groups is combined to form a single group

40
Q

Gamblers fallacy

A

The belief that if something happens more frequently than normal it will happen less in the future

41
Q

Fair game

A

The outcome equals the money put in

42
Q

Law of large #s

A

As the # of observations increases the sample mean gets closer to the population mean

43
Q

Multiplication principle

A

If task 1 can be done in a ways, and task 2 can be done in b ways, then both tasks can be done in a•b ways

44
Q

Mode

A

that occurs most often

45
Q

Central limit theorem

A

When n is large the sampling distribution of x is approximately normal

46
Q

Parameter

A

Population

47
Q

Statistic

A

Sample

48
Q

Unbias

A

Centralized around the true mean

Ap Stats (1 decks)

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