EVT: ENVS358 Solid Waste Final Flashcards
1
Q
What documents regulate solid waste in Canada? (2)
A
- CEPA
2. TDG
2
Q
What is included in TDG? (4)
A
- National standards for control of toxic substances and primary pollutants
- Regulate interprovincial movement of dangerous goods (includes hazardous waste)
- Regulate the import and export of hazardous waste
- Provide guidance for hazardous waste classification and transport through documents
3
Q
Regulation of solid waste in Alberta overseen by? (2)
A
- AEP
2. AER
4
Q
How is biomedical waste regulated in Alberta?
A
It is decentralized.
5
Q
What outlines the key principles and requirements that apply to Alberta waste management?
A
EPEA
6
Q
What part of the EPEA deals with solid waste?
A
Part 9: Waste Minimization, Recycling, and Waste Management
7
Q
Who and what roles does EPEA Part 9 regulate?
A
Waste storers, generators, carriers, recyclers, treaters, and disposers. This includes people, jobs, and facilities.
8
Q
Guiding principle of EPEA Part 9
A
Cradle to grave: whoever creates waste or is dealing with it through cycle is responsible for it
9
Q
What regulations exist under EPEA? (7)
A
- WCR - Waste Control Regulations
- AUGWM - Alberta’s User Guide for Waste Managers
- ADR - Activities Designation Regulation
- SRR - Substance Release Regulation
- ARPR - Approvals and Registrations Procedure Regulation
- Environmental Assessment Mandatory and Exempt Activities
- Codes of Practice
10
Q
What is the WCR?
A
Outlines the administration and technical requirements for hazardous waste, hazardous recyclables, and non-hazardous waste in Alberta
11
Q
What is included in WCR? (7)
A
- Classification
- Transporting
- Storage
- Financial Security (liability
- Manifesting
- Importing
- Landfilling
12
Q
What is a manifest?
A
Documentation sent when transporting hazardous waste
13
Q
What is the goal of AUGWM and how is it achieved?
A
Interpret, explain, and clarify WCR to be more user friendly. Give extensive lists of hazardous and non0hazardous waste, this minimizes analytical testing during waste classification.
14
Q
What is the ADR
A
Activities designation regulation. Identify waste related activities that require approval, registration, and notification.
15
Q
What is SRR
A
Substance release regulation. How much of and what substances can be released.
16
Q
AER is responsible for regulating and managing…
A
Alberta hydrocarbon resources over their entire lifecycle
17
Q
AER is a combination of what two government bodies?
A
ERCB: Energy Resources Conservation Board, and the ESRD: Environment and Sustainable Resource Development
18
Q
Alberta’s hydrocarbon resources include. (4)
A
- Infrastructure
- Coal mining
- Processing plants
- Wells
19
Q
Alberta hydrocarbon resources lifecycle includes. (5)
A
- Application and exploration
- Abandonment
- Construction and development of sites
- Water resources
- Reclamation and remediation
20
Q
Oilfield waste is controlled under _____ and _____ while ______ outline how to further manage it.
A
Acts and regulations, directives.
21
Q
WCR Definitions: Dangerous Good
A
Still in use. Product, substance, or organism that by it’s nature or TDG regulation is included in that act.
22
Q
WCR Definitions: Waste
A
No longer in use. Any solid of liquid to be stored, or not stored -> then treated and disposed of. (not including recyclables).
23
Q
WCR Definitions: Hazardous Waste
A
Waste that has one or more properties described in schedule 1 WCR, but not schedule 2 (WCR exceptions).
24
Q
WCR Definitions: Hazardous recyclable
A
Recyclable that has one or more of the schedule 1 WCR properties
25
WCR Definitions: inert waste
Won't interact in landfill, stays non-hazardous
26
WCR Definitions: Waste stream
Group of wastes that have something in common. Can be classified by generator or waste type.
27
Generator waste streams. (4)
1. Municipal - city deals with issues
2. Industrial - large scale manufacturing
3. Commercial - small scale for profit
4. Institutional - provincially regulated, money comes from tax dollars
28
Waste streams classified by type of waste. (8)
1. Agricultural
2. Biosolid (domestic sewage)
3. biomedical
4. construction and demolition
5. radioactive
6. oilfield
7. household
8. electronic
29
another term for non hazardous waste is
de-listed
30
WCR exempt waste (9)
1. Household waste
2. Agricultural waste
3. domestic waste (biosolids)
4. radioactive waste
5. TDG type 'p' wastes
6. waste from emergency spill cleanups
7. biomedical waste
8. hazardous recyclables
9. oilfield waste hazardous waste small quantities exclusion
31
why is waste from emergency spill clean up exempt from WCR?
less paperwork allows clean ups to proceed quickly
32
What the the limits for WCR small quantities exclusion? Also, what is the exception to this exclusion?
Solids: <5kg, liquids: <5L, exception: table 4b augwm
33
what is a TDG type 'p' waste
Prohibited. Extremely dangerous waste that can't be transported unless have specific permits/travel routes/ and times
34
classifying waste is the responsibility of the
generator
35
Main classes of dangerous goods (9)
1. Explosives
2. Gases
3. Flammable Liquids
4. Flammable Solids
5. Oxidizing Substances
6. Poisonous Substances
7. Radioactive materials
8. Corrosives
9. Misc products and substances
36
TDG doesn't deal with what class of dangerous good?
9. Misc products and substances
37
WCR doesn't classify what categories of hazardous waste? (3)
1. Explosives (1)
2. Radioactive materials (7)
3. Infectious substances (6)
38
If primary classification is nine, is there a secondary classification
no
39
When to use bulk or lab classification of hazardous waste
bulk > 5kg/L > lab
40
two approaches to classify bulk waste
Depends on if chemical properties of waste are known.
1. if known, based on type of waste
2. if not known, waste not classified and not listed in schedule of AUGWM...based on criteria
41
how to classify bulk hazardous waste based on criteria
1. Test a sample of the waste
2. properties compared against list 'properties of hazardous waste." in WCR
3. If exceed any threshold values - waste classified as hazardous waste
42
what are hazardous waste properties based on?
major hazardous property of the waste. ex., flammable liquid 3.0
43
after class, what are hazardous waste classes further subdivided into.
"division," degree of hazard of the hazardous property. Lower the number, increase the degree of hazard.
44
what is a packing group
describe the level of packing that must be used when a hazardous waste is transported. decrease number, increase hazard
45
is packing group part of WCR
no, TDG
46
flashpoint
lowest temperature at which volatile liquids can vaporize to form an ignitable mixture in air. decrease flashpoint, increase hazard.
47
a chemical is class 3 - flammable liquids if when tested it
has a flashpoint <60.5*
48
division of class 3 flammable liquids based on these flashpoints (3)
3. 1 flashpoint< -18*C
| 3. 2 -18*C
49
flammable class 3 packing group based on
initial boiling point of the substance. decrease boiling point, increase hazard.
50
what is main difference between a flammable liquid and solid
liquid needs an ignition source
51
what is a flammable solid
solids that can spontaneously combust as a result of friction, absorption of moisture, or spontaneous chemical reactions
52
divisions of flammable solids - based on spontaneous combustibility (3)
4. 1 readily combustible
4. 2 pyrophoric - spontaneously combust in air (transport in liquid)
4. 3 on contact with water will emit flammable gases
53
what is an oxidizing substance
contributes oxygen to the combustion that is at a rate >= ammonium persulphate, potassium perchlorate, or potassium bromate.
54
oxidizing substances divisions (2)
5. 1 oxidizing substances - mainly inorganic
| 5. 2 organic peroxides: O-O bond thermally unstable, can explosively decompose, sensitive to friction and impact
55
what makes a poisonous substance (class 6) toxic? (3)
1. rat oral toxicity LD50: l < 200mg/kg, s<500 mg/kg
2. dermal toxicity <1000mg/kg
3. inhalation toxicity < 10000 mg/m3 at normal atmospheric pressure
56
ways toxins get into system (3)
1. ingestions
2. absorption
3. dermal
57
divisions of toxic substances (2)
6. 1 toxic substances
| 6. 2 infectious substances
58
what is a corrosive (class 8) substance
very acidic (pH<2.0) or very basic (pH>12.5)
59
what are corrosive packing groups based on
visible necrosis of the skin
60
contains PCB's >=50mg/kg
class 9 substance
61
What is NR
Toxic leachate. Contains >=100mg/L Table 1 substances, or >= regulated amount of Table 2 substances. Contains dioxins or furans.
62
divisions of 9/NR
all 9.0
63
is discrepency between WCR and TDG
In Ab -> go with WCR, if interprovincial or international go with TDG.
64
What info needed for each waste on a manifest? (4)
1. shipping name: ' waste _________'
2. classification: table of precedence
3. packing group
4. PIN or NA
65
whose responsibility to characterize and classify waste that is going to be transported
waste generator
66
information sources that ban be used to classify hazardous waste (8)
1. AUGWM
2. MSDS Forms
3. Merck Index
4. Chemical Handbook
5. Environment Canada
6. Canadian Transport Emergency Centre
7. NRCAN - natural resources canada
8. CNSC - canadian nuclear safety commission
67
Bulk waste can be classified by these different groups (5)
1. single chemical
2. diluted single chemical
3. waste mixture
4. diluted waste mixture
5. tclp test
68
how to classify bulk hazardous waste: single chemical
- look up waste in Table 3, 4a, or 4b
- name: ___waste___ ___chemical name____
- class, pack, pin: augwm
69
when can a waste be diluted?
only through operational processes, not a deliberate dilution to avoid regulations (illegal)
70
what is a diluted waste
hazardous waste that has been diluted with a non hazardous waste that no longer meets criteria for hazardous waste classes (table 3, 4a, and 4b)
71
how to classify bulk hazardous waste: diluted waste
- name: ___leachable waste___ ( ___state___ containing ___chemicals__)
- class, pack, pin: NR, NR, NR
72
states that a diluted waste mixture can be (4)
1. solid
2. liquid
3. sludge
4. soil
73
how to classify bulk waste: waste mixture where all wastes are the same class
- name: __waste__, __primary classification___, __state__, __NOS#___, (___chemical highest []___, ___name___, __amount___)
- class, pack, pin: using primary classification
74
what is NOS#
not otherwise specified. not being specific and naming all wastes present in mixture
75
packing group assumption for mixtures
always assume highest packing group without testing to show exactly what it should be
76
how to classify bulk waste: waste mixture where all wastes different classes
use table of precedence to determine what are the primary and secondary class/hazards.
- name: ___waste__ __primary class__, __state__ (___secondary class___) NOS # (__chemical highest []__, __name__, __amount__)
- class, pack,pin: based on primary hazard/class
77
how to classify bulk waste: diluted mixture which no longer meets criteria
- name: __leachable waste__ (__liquid containing__ __names__)
- class, pack, pin: NR, NR, NR
78
How to classify PCB waste
PCB present >= 50 mg/L
| - name: __waste oil contaminated with PCBS___
79
what is a tclp test
toxicity characteristic leaching procedure. soil/waste extraction method, analytical method that tries to simulate leaching through a landfill
80
how to classify bulk waste: mixture after tclp shows contaminants in table 1
- name: ___leachable waste__ (___state__ containing ___chemicals)
- class, pack, pink: NR, NR, NR
81
how to classify bulk waste: mixture after tclp shows contaminants in table 2, or table 1 and 2
- name: ___leachable waste___ (__state__ containing __chemicals___)
----> chemicals listed in decreasing order of chemical concentration. this order is determined by ratio.
ratio = contaminant in waste stream/regulatory level
- class, pin, pack: NR, NR, NR
82
purpose of the manifest form (3)
1. stop midnight dumping
2. information helpful for first responders
3. prevents accidents
83
how does manifest forms prevent midnight dumping
It is an example of cradle to grave tracking. Receiver must verify exact same waste (type and volume) is received as what left generator
84
how does manifest prevent accidents
nature of waste described on manifest, so receiver knows what they are dealing with
85
is there a manifest form for hazardous recyclables
recycling docket
86
do you need a manifest form to transport non regulated waste
no, shipping document or a bill of wading
87
manifest form used to transport hazardous waste from oil and gas operations
AER: oilfield waste form
88
manifest form is a six form copy used to...(4)
1. identify source of waste (generator)
2. identify who transporting waste (carrier)
3. identify final destination of waste (receiver)
4. identify quantity and type of hazardous waste being transported
89
what must carrier, generator, and receiver all have to handle hazardous waste?
registration/PIN number, shows that the government has acknowledged them
90
list of hazardous waste generators, carriers, and receivers is found where?
Online AEP website, all information available except waste PIN
91
where does each copy of waste manifest go?
1. (1) mailed to AEP by generator within two working days of sending off waste, (2) kept by generator, send (3,4,5,6) with carrier
2. at destination: receiver send (3) to AEP within 2 working days, carrier gets (4), (5) with receiver, and (6) sent to generator
92
manifest form law
keep copies of manifest for two years
93
what are the waste disposal options? (2)
1. landfills
| 2. deep well injection
94
WCR definitions: landfill
a waste management facility at which waste is disposed of by placing it on or near land
95
landfill definition exceptions (4)
1. surface impoundment area
2. land treatment facility
3. salt cavern
4. deep well injection
96
WCR definitions: dump
place for disposal of domestic waste
97
WCR definitions: sanitary landfill
- Place for disposal of refuse and other waste material
- buried and covered with soil
- engineer designed
- waste must be compacted
98
alberta landfill regulations (4)
1. EPEA
2. WCR - Part 1 HW: Section 13
3. Standards for landfills in AB
4. environmental code of practice for landfills in AB
99
Landfill Regulations: EPEA
Act with which all other regulations, standards, codes, etc. must adhere to
100
Landfill Regulations: WCR Part 1 HW section 12
No hazardous waste will be disposed of in a landfill (class 2, 3). Exceptions: solid hazardous waste can be disposed of in a class 1 landfill.
101
Landfill Regulations: Standards for landfills in alberta
Provide the minimum requirements for the development, operation, monitoring, closure, and post closure activities at landfills
102
purpose of the document - standards for landfills in alberta (2)
Provide assurance to the public about:
1. protection of ground and surface water
2. management of nuisances like rats, odours, debris
103
Landfill Regulations: environmental code of practice for landfills in AB
For class 2 and 3. Provides minimum requirements for construction, operation, and reclamation
104
Landfill groups (3)
1. municipal
2. industrial
3. oilfield
105
municipal landfill classes (3)
1. modified sanitary - <10 000 people
2. regional sanitary - > 10 000 people
3. dry waste - inert waste
106
industrial landfill classes (3)
1. class I: high risk, hazardous and nonhazardous waste
2. class II: med to high risk, nonhazardous waste
3. class III: low risk, inert waste
107
oilfield landfill classes (4)
1. like class I industrial, difference in number of liners
1a. two liners
1b. one liner
II. mod to high risk: nonhazardous waste
III. low risk: non hazardous, chemically inert, and non-leachable solid oilfield waste
108
Compare Calgary Landfills (4)
```
Regional Municipal Landfills
1. East: 39% left
2. Spy Hill: 25% left
3. Shepard: 25 % left (also class II industrial)
Municipal dry waste
4. ogden (closed)
```
109
landfill siting - major issues (3)
1. political/social - NIMBY
2. economic - site capacity (+25 years operational life), accessibility (don't want long commute from waste source to landfill)
3. environmental - especially water contamination
110
Report that environmentally justifies a landfill site
Technical Investigation Program Report
111
Technical Investigation Program Report Components (5)
1. geology
2. topography
3. surface drainage patterns
4. hydrology
5. surrounding land use within 800m
112
To protect water sources, don't build landfill near (6)
1. within a ravine, coulee, or a gully
2. within natural or manmade areas than permanently contain water
3. over soil and rock types that aren't clay
4. areas with high k and K
5. on flood plains
6. geologically unstable areas (tsunami/earthquake prone)
113
potential problems associated with landfills (5)
1. fires and explosions
2. leachate
3. odours
4. windblown debris
5. pests
114
biggest problem/fear for a landfill
fires or explosions
115
what causes fire and explosions at landfill (1) and how this is controlled
Waste produces methane. Controlled by:
1. daily cover of soil
2. gas recovery system
116
what is leachate
a liquid that has been in contact with waste in the landfill cell and has undergone chemical and physical changes
117
sources of leachate (3)
1. precipitation
2. moisture content of waste (like diapers)
3. decomposition of food waste (like food waste)
118
what does daily cover protect against? (4)
1. fires and explosions
2. odours
3. windblown debris
4. pests
119
potential contaminant migration routes between a landfill and the environment (5)
1. solution to groundwater (soluble ions)
2. soil retention (heavy metals)
3. volatilization
4. overland runoff (flooding)
5. plants (may take up contaminants)
120
what is a cell
basic building block of a trench landfill, average cell is 200m x 150m x 15 m
121
types of areas that can be filled by waste (2)
1. area or depression fill (low/natural)
| 2. trench fill (dig low - Calgary)
122
basic design components of sanitary landfill (5)
1. liners
2. leachate collection system
3. caps and covers
4. gas extraction systems
5. groundwater monitoring wells
123
landfill containment system designed to (3)
1. Caps and covers: minimize leachate formed
2. liners and leachate collection system: prevent migration of leachate offsite
3. caps and covers, gas extraction system: remove landfill gases before they become a fire or explosion hazard
124
liner materials (4)
1. Clay
2. Synthetic: PVC (polyvinylchloride)
3. Synthetic: HDPE (high density polyethylene)
4. Combination liner: geosynthetic clay liner
125
Clay liner problem (1) and solutions (2)
Problem is cracking, solutions:
1. keep clay moist during installation
2. use one type of clay
126
HDPE liner major problem (1) and causes (4)
Major problem is holes in the liner, causes:
1. sharp edges on waste
2. manufacturing defect
3. heavy equipment
4. seams not properly glued
127
types of liners (3)
1. clay liner (most widely used)
2. composite liner (clay and synthetic liner with leachate collection system)
3. double composite liner (2xclay, 2x synthetic liner, 2xleachate collection)
128
leachate collection system
perforated pipes placed within gravels -> lead to a sump pit -> pump out any leachate. always below waste and above liner
129
options for final leachate disposal (4)
1. municipal water water treatment plant
2. land application (limited due to heavy metals)
3. leachate recirculation
4. chemical and physical treatment of leachate
130
What is the four layers of cover required for a landfill
1. Vegetation: prevent erosion
2. Top: 0.2 m topsoil, sloped for runoff
3. Middle: 0.35 - 0.8 m subsoil (thickness depends on future land use)
4. Bottom: 0.6 m barrier layer with low K (stop movement of moisture and gases)
131
purpose of gas extraction system (4)
1. remove landfill gases before fire or explosion hazard becomes high
2. decrease odours
3. decrease subsurface migration
4. create gas to energy systems
132
types of gas extraction systems (2) and examples of each
1. Active: like a vacuum by apply negative or positive pressure. Examples: perimeter ge trenches, perimeter ge wells
2. Passive: gas removed as natural pressure created. Examples: perimeter intercept trench, flaring, or slurry walls
133
groundwater monitoring wells (type and placement)
No more than 200m apart:
1. Upgradient: monitor background levels
2. Downgradient: detect contaminant plumes
134
landfill monitoring plan types (4), and minimum needed
Minimum needed is 1 and 2.
1. groundwater monitoring plan
2. surface water monitoring plan
3. if there is a leachate collection system -> leachate monitoring plan
4. if accept organic waste -> gas monitoring plan
135
landfilling procedures (5)
1. Waste dumped at base of workface
2. Move waste into it's place -> compact (deter pests and save space)
3. Place daily cover (6" soil) -> decrease odour, moisture, windblown debris, and explosion hazards while increasing aesthetics
4. Accumulation of a layer of daily covers becomes a lift -> place intermediate soil cover
5. Two lifts created -> final soil cover of cell
136
what is a life
a single layer of waste in the cell, typically two lifts in modern landfills
137
stages of waste decomposition in a landfill (3)
1. One month - aerobic decomposition, mainly organic matter, exothermic (high fire and explosion hazard)
2. Several years - fermentation where bacteria ferment and hydrolyze organics to more soluble compounds -> mainly CO2
3. Several decades - methanogenesis, creation of methan and carbon dioxide. Methane is good for waste to energy conversions but bad for fire and explosion hazard.
138
Age of a landfill comparison (2)
1. Young - acidic, main gases are O2 when very young, little older main gas is CO2
2. Mature - pH is neutral, main gases are CH4: 55%, and CO2: 40%
139
Phases of landfill life (4)
1. Active phase: waste is brought to landfill
2. Closure phase: enact final closure plan (reclaim site, erosion control, final cover....etc)
3. post closure phase: enact post closure plan (monitoring and maintenance)
4. eternity phase: wait until safe, pursue final land use
140
Minimum 25 years after landfill closure until... (4)
1. groundwater quality guidelines met
2. gas concentrations below exposure limit
3. leachate concentrations below control limit
4. volume leachate collected is <= previous year for five consecutive years
141
Possible landfill end uses (4)
1. public open space
2. woodland areas
3. grazing
4. light industrial
142
two main reasons for injecting fluids into subsurface formations
1. increase pressure in oil and gas reserves that have been in production for prolonged period of time
2. disposal of liquid hazardous waste (never solid hazardous waste)
143
classes of injection/disposal wells in alberta - use and fluid type: IV
- Use: direct injection into a reservoir (like SAGD), no hazardous waste
- Fluids: potable or recycled water
144
classes of injection/disposal wells in alberta - use and fluid type: III
- Use: Primary or secondary EOR, liquid storage
| - Fluids: solvents (EOR), sweet gas storage
145
classes of injection/disposal wells in alberta - use and fluid type: II
- Use: inject/dispose of produced (brine) waters
146
classes of injection/disposal wells in alberta - use and fluid type:: 1b
- Use: disposal produced (brine) water, specific oilfield streams, and waste streams
- Fluids: consult standard industry practices list, if fluid on list can inject without testing
147
classes of injection/disposal wells in alberta - use and fluid type: 1a
- use: disposal of oilfield and industrial waste fluids
***only well to accept nonoilfield waste
- Fluids: consult standard industry practices list, test whether or not fluid is on list
148
criteria waste fluid must meet for DWI - otherwise prohibited (5)
1. pH: 4.5 - 12.5
2. doesn't meet surface water storage criteria (don't want to waste underground space)
3. <10% by mass non-halogenated organics
4. <1000 mg/kg halogenated organics
5. <50 mg/kg PCBs
149
DWI regulations found in what AB document?
Directive 51: injection and disposal wells: well classifications, completions, logging, and testing requirements
150
Alberta DWI regulations focus on (4)
1. wellbore integrity: initial and ongoing fluid containment to protect groundwater and hydrocarbon resources
2. formation suitability for fluid disposal
3. waste stream solubility: is waste stream chemically compatible with disposal and are there more suitable options for disposal?
4. reporting and manifesting: cradle to grave
151
TDS of useable groundwater aquifer
<= 4000 mg/L
152
how is wellbore integrity ascertained?
logging and testing the well
153
when to log/test the well (2)
1. prior to injection: if requirements not met, application denied
2. during disposal well life: ensure hydraulic isolation maintained
154
initial logging and tests (4)
1. cement top locate logging: cement used to hold casing in place
2. hydraulic isolation logging
3. casing integrity logging: has it been corroded
4. initial pressure test: leaks
155
monitoring and logging tests (4)
1. record annular and injection pressures
2. hydraulic isolation logging
3. formation pressure surveys
4. packer isolation tests
156
requirements for a disposal formation (6)
1. porous: space for injection fluids
2. permeability: fluid able to flow into formation
3. not fractured: maintain well hydraulic isolation
4. below groundwater aquifer
5. confined porosity and permeability zone
6. deep
157
example of unsuitable waste stream for a disposal formation
Formation: limestone. Can't inject acids because they will clog up pores and compromise hydraulic isolation
158
DWI problems (2)
1. contamination of groundwater aquifers (if hydraulic isolation not maintained)
2. potential, localized earthquakes from pressure
159
how much waste has SHTC treated since opening?
more than 250 000 tonnes
160
SHTC accepts and doesn't accept what types of waste?
1. Accept: liquid, solid, and sludge
| 2. Doesn't Accept: radioactive, biohazard, and explosives
161
Primary components of SHTC (5)
1. incineration facility: mainly two high temperature rotary kilns
2. physical/chemical processing and neutralization facility
3. stabilization plant
4. DWI facility
5. class 1 landfill
162
two main purpose of incineration
1. volume reduction (primary combustion chamber more than 90% reduction in volume)
2. toxicity reduction (toxicity is due to molecular structure which incineration destroys)
163
Primary combustion chamber
Remove 90% bulk of waste, a rotary kiln, 800-300*C, and a residence time of about 40 minutes
164
Secondary combustion chamber
Rotary kiln, about 1200 *C, residence time of about two seconds, this is attempting to bring organic waste to complete combustion
165
DRE
destruction and removal efficiency, incineration must achieve 99.999% DRE
166
RT
residence time
167
air pollution control system intake
non-incinerated waste and chemicals generated by process
168
air pollution control systems for flue gases (4)
1. neutralize -> alkaline scrubbers
2. catalytic converter
3. add methane
4. fabric filters and baghouses
169
air pollution control systems -> breakdown of organic wastes, their incineration by product, if product is harmful, and controls in place. (8)
1. HC: CO2, H2O, non-hazardous
2. Halogenated Organics: HCl, HF: hazardous - producing acids, neutralize with a basic scrubber
3. Sulfur Organics: SOx: hazardous - producing acids, neutralize with a basic scrubber
4. Phosphorus organics: P2O5: hazardous - producing acids, neutralize with a basic scrubber
5. Nitrogen organics: NOx: hazardous - producing acids: catalytic converter
6. TCE (trichloroethylene): Cl2, COCl2 (deadly gases): remove with methane
7. Dioxin, furan: not broken down in incinerator: fabric filter/baghouse
8. Particulate matter: not broken down in incinerator: fabric filter/baghouse
170
material input into stabilization (3)
1. solids from chemical/physical plant
2. fly and bottom ash from incineration
3. solid hazardous waste with heavy metals etc that can't be treated by oven
171
how to stabilize
mix material with concrete and other chemicals
172
stabilization purpose
immobilize contaminants as a non-leachable, chemically inert substance
173
after waste is stabilized, where does it go?
class 1 landfill
174
swan hills cells
There are 11 cells with a 9600 m3 capacity and nine of those are full.
175
ideal waste management hierarchy (6)
1. source reduction
2. waste minimization
3. reuse
4. recycle
5. treatment and energy recovery
6. disposal
176
ways of dealing with waste over human history (4)
1. dump
2. burn
3. recycle
4. waste minimization
177
todays waste management issues (5)
1. waste volumes and diversity
2. funding limitations
3. growing populations create more waste
4. physical space limitations
5. public awareness = hierarchy of waste and their role within it
178
swan hills monitoring programs (7)
1. groundwater
2. surface water
3. air emission
4. soil
5. leachate
6. wildlife
.7 vegetation
179
swan hills cradle to grave tracking (2)
1. manifest forms
| 2. certificate of destruction
180
when does swan hills issue a certificate of destruction
issued to waste generator post waste destruction to let them know it was destroyed
181
are oilfield waste facilities governed by EPEA
no
182
what are the two main reasons for characterizing waste
1. to determine the dangers relating to transportation on public roads
2. to determine the environmental consequences of the waste so that a disposal or management option that appropriately deals with those consequences may be used
183
once characterized as oilfield waste, the material will then be categorized as either (2)
1. DOW: dangerous oilfield waste
| 2. non-DOW: non dangerous oilfield waste
184
What is the main difference between the land treatment and biocell treatment of oilfield waste with respect to where the waste is placed during the process?
- land treatment: happens at site where waste is created
| - biocell: waste is transported away from site where it was created
185
during land treatment, waste can't be applied to soil at what times? (3)
1. between oct 15 and following apr 30
2. during rainfall periods
3. any times when soil is saturated with water, ice covered, snow covered or frozen
186
list 2 situations under which biopile treatment should be chosen over land treatment
1. volume of weight preclude one-time, on-site land treatment
2. site conditions are not suitable for land treatment
187
list three thermal treatment methods that can be used to remove organics from oilfield waste
1. incineration
2. thermal oxidation
3. thermal desorption
188
stack discharge limits for particulates and dioxins/furans
particulates: 20 mg/Rm3, dioxins/furans: 0.5 mg/Rm3
189
What is the ECPCF
environmental code of practice for compost facilities
190
ECPCF: define compost
Compost means the stable humus-like material that
- results from the biological decomposition and stabilization or organic materials under aerobic and thermophillic conditions
- is potentially beneficial to plant growth
- is sanitized to a degree that protects human health
191
ECPCF: define windrow system
"Windrow system," means a compost system in which feedstock is placed in elongated piles of triangular or trapezoidal cross-section that are turned in order to enhance convective air flow, to control temperatures, and to blend the feedstock
192
an air pollution control system at a compost facility must control the emission of what three things?
1. offensive odours
2. airborne microbials
3. airborne particulates
193
in a windrow system, what internal temperature must be achieved and for how long?
55*C or greater for at least 15 days
194
what three pieces of information must be posted at the entrance to a compost facility?
1. name of person responsible for the compost facility
2. any waste restrictions
3. telephone numbers for: person responsible, local fire department, AEP pollution response time, and the local police department
195
when a groundwater monitoring system is require at a compost facility, how often must samples be gathered and analyzed?
an annual basis, or at a frequency approved by the director
196
during the active life of a compost facility, groundwater must be analyzed for what three parameters?
1. chloride
2. nitrate, nitrogen
3. pH
197
what must be done to groundwater monitoring wells that can no longer provide a representative sample?
clean, repair, or replace groundwater monitoring wells which have been damaged or are no longer able to produce representative groundwater samples prior to the next scheduled sampling date
198
the operating record for a compost facility must include what three pieces of information?
1. a copy of the registration for the composting facility
2. the current versions of the design and operations plan for the compost facility
3. annual reports as required by section 11(3)
199
An annual report must be prepared throughout the active life of a compost facility. List 3 pieces of information that must be included in this report.
1. type and volume of feedstock received and processed in the calendar year
2. the surface water monitoring data
3. any remedial action taken in relation to classes c, d, and e
200
Lab Pack
Method used to classify hazardous waste that falls under the "Small Quantities Exclusion" in the WCR - <5L, <5kg generated per calendar month
201
Principle of Compatibility (2)
Classification system for lab pack is based on this.
1. Wastes from different subgroups cannot be placed in the same transit containers (drums) for transport
2. To prevent mixing of incompatible chemicals during transit in case of a spill/accident
202
Lab Pack : Classifying Waste Procedure (4)
1. Segregate chemicals based on primary classification
2. Sort further into subgroups
3. Separate solids from liquids in each sub group
4. Review special considerations and subdivide if necessary
203
Lab Pack : Classifying Waste Procedure: Special Considerations (5)
Must separate:
1. Mercury containing chemicals
2. Mercury containing chemicals in different subgroups
3. perchloric, sulphuric, nitric acid; beryllium; cyanide chemicals
4. PCBs separately
5. Class 9 goes with poisonous
204
What is lab pack waste typically store in (and size of each) (2)
1. Drums 45 gallons
| 2. Pails 25 L
205
Lab Pack: Waste Container Labelling Within Transit Container (in use, discarding)
In use: WHMIS labels
| Discarding: removed labels and replace with TDG labels (cannot place TDG on top in case it falls off)
206
Only wastes that is in the same ______ can be placed in the same transit container
Subgroup
207
Lab pack: Waste container size limitations (45L, 25L)
45L: max 23L
25L: max 5L
208
Lab pack: Place waste containers _______ _____ __ to prevent _______
Right side up, spills
209
Lab pack: There must be _____ of space between waste containers within transit container.
3 inches
210
Lab pack: You can stack waste containers in transit containers, max number of layers in a container is ____
3
211
Lab pack: packing material + ratio of packing material to chemicals
Vermiculite - a form of clay - should be a 40 % chemical to 60% vermiculite ratio in each transit container
212
Lab pack: packing material: purpose (4)
1. Prevent Breakage
2. Absorbant (in case of spill)
3. Light weight (decrease transit costs)
4. Fire resistant
213
Lab pack: must be three layers of vermiculite in transit container where? (3 areas)
1. bottom
2. in between waste container layers
3. top
214
Lab pack: TDG placards show the ______ and _____ classification of waste in transit container
primary, secondary
215
Lab pack: places where drum inventory sheets are placed on transit container (2)
1. side
| 2. top
216
Lab pack: documentation that must accompany lab pack transit container are (2)
1. manifest form and attachment sheets
| 2. drum inventory sheets
217
lab pack: drum inventory sheets
Document container-by-container exact contents of each -
218
lab pack: drum inventory sheets: what must be same in container as is on drum inventory sheet? (4)
Everything must match exactly the same, examples:
1. Same number of containers
2. waste container sizes
3. waste volume
4. way name is written on waste container bottle must match exactly the same on DIS
219
What is a radionuclide
radioactive isotope, elements whose nuclei are unstable an will emit ionizing radiation as their nuclei enter a more stable configuration
220
What are the three basic types of radiation
1. alpha particles
2. beta particles
3. gamma rays
221
alpha particles
stopped by paper, lethal when internal, most dangerous, can't get through the skin, route of entry is ingestion/inhalation
222
beta particles
high energy electrons, stopped by plywood
223
gamma rays
high energy electromagnetic radiation, stopped by meters of concrete or water
224
half life
length of time it takes for half of a radionuclide to decay to a more stable form, ' survival time'
225
radionuclides: danger lies in the fact that ______ ____ can alter the _____ and ______ _______ of the material it passes through. it changes ______ which leads to ______ and ______
danger lies in the face that ionizing radiation can alter the physical and chemical properties of the material it passes through. it changes DNA which leads to mutations and cancers.
226
What is the greatest hazard of radionuclides?
Greatest hazard results from inhalation or ingestion of these particles as some can bioaccumulate in body and inside they will continue to emit radiation as they decay
227
Hazards of radionuclides in body (2)
1. Some can mimic essential nutrients.
| 2. some bioaccumulate
228
Examples of radionuclides that are hazardous in body and what they do
1. Sr-90
2. Cs-137
3. I-138
4. Ra-226, Rn-222
1. Sr-90 - similar to calcium, is absorbed to bones
2. Cs-137 - like potassium, can accumulate in muscles
3. I-138 - accumulate in thyroid
4. Ra-226, Rn-222 - accumulate in bones and cause bone cancer
229
An example of nuclear terrorism
Alexander Linvenenko - 2006- Po-210 poisoning was dead in about three weeks
230
On average Canadians receive ___ mSv/year of radiation from natural sources with _____% from radon
2, 38%
231
Five major natural sources of radioactivity
1. inhalation of radon
2. medical diagnoses
3. cosmic radiation
4. gamma rays from soil and rock
5. internal sources within own body
232
Three major categories of radioactive waste (based on origin)
1. NORM (naturally occuring radioactive materials)
2. from nuclear fuel cycle/energy production
3. atomic weapons (produced from plutonium)
233
NORM
radioactive elements found naturally in our environment and also any of their decay products, very low concentrations in earth
234
two most common NORMS
U, Th because they have very long half lives
235
TENORM
technologically enhanced NORMS - if concentrate NORMS by man's activities - results in TENORMS that have higher radiation levels than NORMS
236
Industries that NORMS are an issue (5)
1. Oil and gas - especially Sr and Ra as they precipitate on outside of tubing during production.
2. Mineral extraction and processing - phosphate fertilizers
3. forestry products
4. water treatment facilities - could release Rn gas during treatment
5. tunnelling and underground work
237
Nuclear fuel cycle
1. uranium mining and drilling - concentrate ore leave behind large piles of waste rock and tailings (TENORMS)
2. Refining and uranium enrichment
3. fuel fabrication
4. fuel consumption in nuclear reactors
5. fuel reprocessing - try to decrease waste hazard
6. waste solidification
7. solid waste buried or repurposed
238
levels of radioactive waste (4) (based on hazard posed to general public)
high level (hlrw), intermediate level (ilrw), low level (llrw), and uranium mine and mill waste
239
high level radioactive waste
Produces ionizing radiation with a strong ability to penetrate matter. Example: spent nuclear fuel roads, some medical isotopes
240
intermediation level radioactive waste
Requires isolation and containment beyond several hundred years. Example: radioactive sources from radiation therapy, used reactor components
241
low level radioactive waste
loses all or most radiation in about 300 years. Example: items used with nuclear power plant during operation like paper towels or floor sweepings
242
uranium mine and mill waste
more natural low level radioactive waste
243
current disposal options for radioactive waste
1. interim/ temporary storage
| 2. long term/permanent storage - must maintain integrity for 1000 + years
244
goal of long term radioactive waste storage is to place radioactive material in a place so that
1. no long term monitoring required by future generations
| 2. negligible risk to biosphere at any time in turute
245
It is generally believe that ____ half-lives need to pass before a radioisotope is no longer a hazard
10 halflives
246
What happened at Yucca Mountain radioactive waste storage site
2002 fed gov't proposed as long term storage site and monitor site for 10 000 years -> court ruled that radiation would be greatest in 300 000 years so its not good enough
247
short term disposal of radioactive waste must take into account two safety requirements
1. cooling mechanisms (water, air) to protect against heat
| 2. shielding mechanisms (3m water, 1m concrete) to protect against radioactivity
248
condu reactors
fuel bundles
249
nuclear fuel is found in
rods
250
number of waste nuclear fuel rods is currently
about 200 million
251
interim storage of high level radioactive waste (2)
1. wet storage - on site deep water pool to provide both cooling and shielding
2. dry storage - steel/concrete, life span of 50 years
252
to be effective disposal site for long term containment of high level radioactive waste, site must be (3)
1. geomorphically and structurally stable - no seismic or volcanic activity, protect waste from landscape erosion
2. isolated from fractured bedrock - once in fracture very difficult to clean up
3. isolated from groundwater and groundwater flow - really dont want to contaminate this
253
past radioactive waste disposal site options considered in past (3)
1. burial in antarctic ice cap - global warming, now those melted
2. ocean floor subduction zones - but barrels rupture due to high pressure, never get subducted - instead end up above part of accretionary wedge
3. deep geological storage - isolated from gw, monitor site for 1-2 generations and if nothing bad then considered dealt with
254
radioactive waste deep geological storage - formations under consideration (4)
1. deep crystalline rocks - like granites
2. deep salt beds - like halite
3. deep shale beds
4. thick unsaturated zones with arid regions (not for canada and europe - too much rain)
255
radioactive waste deep geological storage - deep salt beds (adv (3)/disadv (3))
advantages
1. dry and impermeable to h2o
2. fractures that develop tend to self seal
3. can dissipate large amounts of heat
disadvantages
1. can dissolve to large caverns
2. can dissolve to creative corrosive brines
3. soft flow - halite can flow (soft creep) when heated toward surface
256
Hare Report
In 1977 in Canada this report concluded that high level radioactive waste should be store in granitic rock with salt as the second choice
257
NWMO (acronym/mandate)
nuclear waste management organization
development and mange a long term disposal site for high level radioactive waste in canada
258
CNSC
canadian nuclear safety commission
259
NWMO chose three storage options for high level radioactive waste
1. deep underground storage in canadian shield
2. decentralized storage at reactor sites
3. centralized storage in a disposal area
260
fed govt chose what option for high level storage waste disposal
centralized repository deep underground in canadian shield in disposal vaults/geospheric disposal
approach: can retrieve waste indefinitely and can be monitored continually
261
disposal vault
1. lithology
2. mineral value
3. depth
4. storage containers
5. groundwater flow
6. buffer material
7. back fill
1. lithology: granites of canadian shield
2. mineral value: low, no chance of mining
3. depth: 500 to 1000 m
4. Storage containers: corrosion resistant, last 1000s years
5. Groundwater flow: low exposure, low K and k
6. buffer material: bentonite
7. back fill: vaults, tunnels, and shafts at closures
262
Why has no site been found yet in Canada (3)
1. Nimby
2. High costs (9.13 billion)
3. long construction time (60-90 years)
263
how much of world's uranium deposits at cigar lake?
11%
264
WIPP (meaning/what)
waste isolation pilot plant (US Dept of Defence)
licensed for permanent disposal of radioactive materials from research and production of nuclear weapons
265
WIPP is the worlds _____ largest deep geological reservoir
3rd
266
WIPP facts
1. Location
2. Depth
3. Lithology
4. Material Accepted
5. Operational Life
6. Internment
7. Passive Institutional Controls
1. Location: New Mexico
2. Depth: 650 m
3. Lithology: halite
4. Material Accepted: low levels transuranic
5. Operational Life: 1999 to 20/30 years
6. Internment: once caverns full - collapsed, 13 layers of concrete and soil, salt creep stop about 75 years full isolation
7. Passive Institutional Controls: granite pillars and roofless enclosure on surface with warnings
267
Categories and corresponding level of radioactive waste (3)
1. Legacy - low and intermediate waste
2. Historical - low level only
3. ongoing - low and intermediate
268
NRCC
national research council of canada
269
AEC
atomic energy canada
270
CNL
canadian nuclear labs ltd
271
legacy radioactive waste
result of 60+ years of nuclear research and development
includes outdated research buildings, buried wastes, affected lands
272
historical radioactive waste
soils contaminated with uranium and radium from past industrial practices, federal government is responsible
273
ongoing radioactive waste
contaminated materials being currently generated from unclear processes
274
interim storage of intermediate level radioactive waste - waste still emits significant ________ but little _______. So you need _______ but not ______. Storage is in ____ _____ containers
radioactivity, heat
shielding, cooling
steel-lined
275
interim storage of low level radioactive waste - waste emits ________ radioactivity. Requires no ______ or _________, so it is _________ and _________ so that _____ can be stored in _____ __________
minimal
shielding, cooling, compacted, incinerated, ash, concrete warehosues
276
Canada long term storage: ______ _______ ______
| what/waste level/location
Bruce Site Proposal
Deep geological vault for intermediate and low level radioactive mater at Lake Huron in Ontario
277
Regulation of radioactive waste
1. federal
2. provincial
1. federal: CNSC - jurisdiction over nuclear fuel cycle materials (high to low), manmade radionuclides, and the export/import of NORMS
2. provincial: NORMS unless being moved
278
ALARA
As Low as Reasonably Achievable
(with economic and social factors being taken into account)
a risk mgmt principle
279
ALI
Annual limit on intake
280
ALI for ingestion and inhalation of radioactivity for workers
about 20 mSv/year
281
Nuclear power plant design
Inside working out
Core and coolants -> reactor vessel -> containment vessel -> building
282
Steps to generating power in a nuclear power plant (4)
1. nuclear fission generates heat in core as U or Pu is split
2. coolant circulates around core and heat is transferred to this
3. heat transferred from coolant to water and this is boiled
4. steam from h2o turns turbines that drive electric generators
283
nuclear power plant coolant materials (4)
1. water
2. liquid metal
3. gas
4. molten salt
284
ways to shut down a power plant (3)
1. storage - leave as is and guard for 100+ years
2. entombment - permanently encase plant in concrete
3. decommissioning - immediately after shut down workers and robots work together to disassemble and send to permanent storage
285
INES
international nuclear and radiological events scale
level 1 (very little danger to public) to 7 (major accident)
286
chernobyl (INES/cause/what)
ines: 7
cause: reactor design and human error
what: explosions destroyed a nuclear reactor sending lots of radioactive material into atmosphere
287
chernobyl progression of problems (3)
1. initially fire (firefighters improper ppe almost all died)
2. clean up site ( even in ppe, could only stay a few minutes) - ended up being entombed
3. long term - 170K had to give up livelihood, land unusable for at least a century, increased cancer rates
288
fukushima (INES/cause/what)
ines: 7
cause: triggered by a tsunami at a subduction zone that knocked out power, this shut down pumps that recirculate water so an explosion happened
what: 400 mSv/hour after explosion, lots of cesium and iodine (bioaccumulate), created a 20 km mandatory exclusion zone)
289
_____mSv/hour can cause death in a few minutes
50 to 60
290
Radon Gas first seen at
Elliot Lake Uranium MInes in 50s to 70s - miners 2x more likely to get lung cancer. 1974 - first case linked between lung cancer and exposure
291
Radon is the ___ _____ of lung cancer in nonsmokers
#1 cause
292
how does radon get in body and what does it do?
route of entry is inhalation, radon precipitates in lung and emit apha radiation
293
domestic radon - in 1984 a construction worker at a mine was setting off the radioactivity meters, site was clear so they checked his home to find
Radon levels 700x higher than what is safe, or equal to about 100 packs of cigarettes a day
294
sanitary sewage
wastewater from households, institutes, and commercial establishments including toilet body waste, as well as kitchen, laundry, and other bathroom water that is a threat to human health due to e. coli
295
test for e. coli using
fecal coliform test
296
problems associated with directly releasing sanitary sewage into the environment (3)
1. release of disease causing agents like bacteria and viruses
2. eutrophication - increase plants in water due to adding N and P
3. Hypoxia - microbes in water decompose sewage by aerobic respiration which decreases O2 in water and kills fish
297
Sanitary Sewage Disposal Options (5)
1. Ocean dumping - very common in developing countries, NFLD and Victoria, USA Ocean Dumping Band Act
2. Incineration - after being dewatered waste can be burnt to generate electricity
3. Landfilling
4. Land Application
5. Wastewater Treatment Facility
298
St Johns NFLD - sanitary sewage practices
2009 opened first treatment plant, generally dump sewage in ocean, seen as "the bubble" which is the outlet pipe into the harbour
299
Victoria BC - sanitary sewage practices
2006 opened first treatment plant, provincial gov't said they have to stop dumping after finding sea bed contamination with heavy metals and hydrocarbons
300
wastewater treatment facility main purpose
main purpose is to remove suspended solids and pathogens from water using physical, chemical, and biological treatment before it is released back to environment
301
wastewater treatment facility steps (3)
1. Primary: physical removal of large solid debris
2. Secondary: biological treatment of wastewater
3. Tertiary: chemical treatment of wastewater
302
primary treatment is accomplished using (2)
1. screening - large particles separated from water and raked from screens and sent to landfill
2. gravitational settling - solids settle out to become primary sludge
303
Secondary treatment utilizes _______ and is accomplished using what three techniques?
naturally occurring microbes
1. trickling filters
2. activated sludge process
3. BPNR reactors
304
secondary wastewater treatment process: trickling filter
wastewater filters through aerated rock beds containing microbes and bacteria that consume organic matter
305
secondary wastewater treatment process: activated sludge process
wastewater aerated then enters tanks full of suspended particles with microbes - stay in there awhile while bacteria digest and eventually settle - secondary sludge
removes almost all organic matter, just N and P remain
306
secondary wastewater treatment process: BPNR reactors
| what/steps
biological P and N removal
steps.
1. anaerobic tank (no dissolved oxygen) - optimum conditions for P removing bacteria
2. anoxic tank (very low oxygen) - optimum conditions for N removing bacteria
3. aerobic tank (high levels O2) - variety of bacterias to remove P, turn ammonia into nirate, and oxidate remaining organic matter
307
secondary wastewater treatment process: BPNR reactors
| advantages (2) and disadvantage (2)
Advantages
1. green solution using naturally occurring bacteria instead of chemicals
2. less sludge is generated
Disadvantages
1. very expensive - need high level of skill and constant lab monitoring
2. still need a standby chemical facility in case BPNR doesn't meet req's
308
Tertiary wastewater Treatment process (what/how accomplish)
remove dissolved minerals (N,P), heavy metals, and pathogens using chemical, physical, and biological processes
309
Tertiary wastewater Treatment process: possible treatment (5)
1. chlorine - kills bacteria, but this is in exchange for messing with natural organisms at release point and carcinogenic links
2. UV disinfection - doesn't kill bacteria, sterilizes them
3. BPNR - cheaper than chemical removal
4. Chemical removal of P - very expensive using liquid alum solution
5. Application as a soil fertilizer
310
bonnybrook WWTP is the _____ BPNR in Canada as it treats __________ m3 of wastewater a day and it started in _____. Sludge is sent to _____ and then ______
Largest, 500 000, 1999.
Sludge is sent to sheppard landfill lagoon and then from there to CALGRO for further processing and applied to top few cm of agricultural lands.
311
CALGRO (what/advantage)
biosolids to land program created by calgary and provincial government to reduce strains on landfills.
biosolids can replace chemical fertilizers and also condition soils.
312
health concerns associated with biosolid application to agricultural land include (30
1. odours
2. pathogens
3. heavy metals (low in calgary due to industrialization)
313
regulations for biosolid applications (5)
| from AEP guideline on the application of municipal wastewater sludges to agricultural land
1. crop restrictions to protect against pathogens
no - fields that grow root vegetables, fruit, tobacco, or dairy pasture
yes - forage, seed crops, trees, commercial sod
2. maximum application rates
must have at least 3 years in between applications with 3 crops grown on land in those years and soil samples show N < 250 kg/hectare
3. minimum N/P/metal ratios
eliminate sludges high in metals from being applied to lands
4. agricultural land pH
pH > 6.5 to reduce heavy metal leeching
5. seasonal restrictions on land application
don't want sludge to move in different places - no frozen, snow, or ice covered areas (in calgary this is late sept to april)
314
septic tanks: two considerations to prevent contamination of drinking water
1. h2o well upgradient of sewage tank
| 2. minimum distance between h2o well and sewage tank would be 25 to 35 meters
315
two parts to a septic tank system are
1. septic tank
| 2. drainage field
316
septic tank (what, three parts)
wastewater flows into this underground tank whose purpose is to separate liquids from solids by anaerobic digestion
parts
1. top: scum - grease/oils/LNAPLs, decomposed by bacteria
2. middle: wastewater - pipe here to drainage field
3. bottom: sludge - make sure to remove often enough that it doesn't build up to wastewater pipe
317
drainage field
wastewater that leaves a septic tank is delivered through pipes to a drainage field where it is spread by perforated pipes as aerobic digestion of waste occurs
318
geologic considerations in siting a drainage field (4)
1. soil type: k soils so that get good percolation of wastewater through soil
2. depth to water table: preferably 5m below base because want lots of unsaturated zone with o2 to accommodate aerobic digestion
3. depth to bedrock greater than 1.2m
4. topography: surface slop <15*, shallow enough that wastewater doesnt run off site
319
septic tank: evolution of the waste stream
1. anaerobic digestion of organics
2. aerobic digestion of organics
3. anaerobic denitrification
1. anaerobic digestion of organics
septic tank
produce CO2, CH4, NH4
2. aerobic digestion of organics
drainage field
organic matter oxidized to CO2, NH4 becomes nitrate and H+
3. anaerobic denitrification
rare
nitrate reduced to nitrogen gas
320
why add limestone to drainage fields
NH4 oxidized to NO3 and H+, this decrease the pH of soil so you can buffer it with limestone
321
contaminants associated with septic systems
1. septic tank
2. drainage field
1. septic tank: CO2, CH4, NH4, trace metals, pathogenic bacteria
2. drainage field CO2, NO3, Ca
322
septic aerobic spray systems (4)
1. Tank 1 - solids settle out, liquids to 2nd tank
2. Tank 2 - air pumped into tank to promote aerobic decomposition (methane to carbon dioxide, ammonia to nitrate)
3. Tank 3 - water treated with chlorine to kill bacteria
4. Sprinkler System - discharge water onto land surface
323
ideal waste management hierarchy (6)
1. source reduction
2. waste minimization
3. reuse
4. recycle
5. treatment and energy recovery
6. disposal
324
ways to employ source reduction (3)
1. changing industrial processes to decrease waste generation during manufacturing processes
2. use less packing on products
3. building more durable products
325
example of waste minimization using sour gas
sour gas -> H2S removal (waste) -> S(s) -> solid made into products like H2SO4 fertilizer
326
example of treatment and energy recovery using methane
CH4 from landfilled transferred to energy
327
dispoasl options (2)
1. landfill
| 2. deep well injection
328
over the past 30 years, alberta investment in waste management has been predominantly in ______. Alberta now needs to focus on ____ ________.
disposal
waste minimization
329
The key focus of alberta waste management plan is ______ ______ of ____, ____, ____, and ______
environmental protection of water, land/soil, humand health, and air
330
alberta waste management system has been divided into 5 branches based on economic sector (sector + % recovered)
1. agriculture (90%)
2. forestry (65%)
3. oil and gas (40%)
4. residential waste (25%)
5. commcericial (20%)
331
municipal waste is subdivided into ____ and ____ waste
residential and non-residential
332
residential waste
any waste produced by individuals and households
333
non-residential waste examples (5)
1. construction
2. renovations
3. demolition
4. commercial
5. institutional
334
calgary's recycling goal
80/20 by 2020
by 2020 want only 20% of municipal solid waste going to landfill and 80% recycled
335
why recycle? (4)
1. save landfill space
2. conserve energy
3. save natural resources
4. job creation
336
for recycling, calgary's waste can be divided into 12 programs/waste streams
1. blue cart
2. green cart
3. black cart
4. bottle depot
5. household hazardous waste
6. used motor oil
7. tires
8. electronics
9. scrap metal
10. paints
11. calgro (sewage)
12. home appliances
337
what are the types of ways calgarians get their wastes into the waste programs?
1. curbside pickup (garbage trucks)
2. municipal round ups
3. throw n go @ landfill
4. year round drop locations: bins in mall parking lots, bottle depots, shops, firehalls
5. seasonal drop locations - like christmas trees
6. recycling business
7. stay at home - like compost
338
MRF
materials recycling facility
339
Blue cart: resident access _______. Throw all recyclables in __________. Recyclables are then sorted at ____ and divided into four categories.
curbside pickup, throw all recyclables in a single bin
sent to MRF
divided into plastic, glass, metal and paper
340
MRF ____ and _____ sorts material that enter facility at a pace of _____ /hour
manually and mechanically pace of 40 tonnes/hour
341
MRF general process
1. manual removal of unwanted materials like trash, dangerous, and oversized items
2. sorting and transport recyclables
3. after sorting materials are bailed
4. bailed materials transported to recycling facilities
5. new products created from recycled materials
342
how does MRF sor
1. Ferrous Cans
2. Non ferrous cans
3. Plastics
4. Cardboard
1. Ferrous Cans - magnets
2. Non ferrous cans - eddy currents
3. Plastics - optical scanners
4. Cardboard - disc screens
343
what new products are created from these recycled materials
1. pte plastics
2. al cans
3. steel and bimetal containers
4. clear glass
5. colored glass
1. pte plastics - carpets, autoparts, tennis balls, polyester clothing, plastic benches
2. al cans - more Al cans
3. steel and bimetal containers - rebar
4. clear glass - crushed into tiny spheres called cullet, used for road marking paint
5. colored glass - glassphalt, fibreglass
344
____ is the world's biggest importer of recycled materials
| Took ____ of north american recyclables, in calgary _____ mixed plastics and _____ mixed paper
China.
NA: 2/3
Calgary: 50% mixed plastics, 100% mixed paper
345
In ________ China placed a recycling ban on _____ and ______. The reason was ___________. Now require that contaminants levels less than ____%.
January 2018
on certain plastic and paper products
reason was that material were not sorted properly and they ended up getting lots of garbage mixed in
<0.5%
346
Wish-cycling and what this is called by MRF
not sure if something is recyclable but hoping that is is and throwing it in the bin
MRF - 'overachievers'
347
How to avoid wishcycling and know where waste goes (3)
1. calgary website
2. 311
3. if in doubt, throw it out
348
options for plastic disposal (4)
1. most calgary plastics have found homes in other north american markets except for PETE 1
2. stock piling until able to find another market - PETE 1 stored at sheppard landfill
3. look at markets abroad like thailand, indonesia, india
4. EPR model in BC
349
EPR model in BC: Works on theory of ________ ______ _______. This is cradle to grave - manufactures must take ______ and ______ responsibility for products by incurring ______ and ________ of recycling. This is an example of ________ _______. Bonus _____ _________
- Extended producer responsibility
- financial and environmental responsibility
- cost and process of recycling
- example of source reduction
- bonus: taxpayers no longer have to pay for municipal recycling programs
350
______ is the largest % of municipal solid waste in the blue cart program
paper
351
it is _____ ____ to make recycled papers then to use ____ _______
less expensive, virgin materials
352
_____ is the least troublesome blue cart stream to manage because it is _____
glass, inert
353
Process of glass recycling (2)
1. recycled
| 2. separated into colored and clear glass
354
metal recycling is separated into two stream
ferrous and non ferrous materials
355
common metals that are recycled (6)
Al, Au, Ag, Fe, Zn, Steel
356
what is Al called in recyling land
the cash cow
357
AB was the first in North america to have an _______ recycling program in _____
electronics, 2004
358
electronic recycling resident access
year round drop locations
359
food and yard waste is subdivided into four major streams
1. green cart
2. christmas trees
3. backyard composting
4. grass cycling
360
three resident access points for christmas tree recycling
1. seasonal drop locations in january
2. green cart
3. curbside pickup
361
christmas tress are turned into either _____ or _______
mulch, compost
362
grass cycling resident access
stay at home
363
benefits of grass cycling (4)
1. saves money - diverted waste from green cart
2. free fertilizer
3. helps stop lawn evaporation so water less
4. no raking
364
Difference between compost and mulch
1. degradation of organic material
2. soil mixing
3. use
1. degradation of organic material - compost is full while mulch is just smaller pieces of the original
2. soil mixing - compost is mixed into soil and mulch is layed on top of soil
3. use - compost is fertilizer and mulch is good for moisture retention, weed control, and aesthetics
365
city subsidized back yard composting resident access
stay at home
366
why compost (3)
1. free fertilizer
2. less waste into landfill extends landfill life
3. improve soil quality by breaking up clays
367
basic requirements for composting (5)
1. organic matter
2. air
3. water
4. soil microbes
5. time
368
organic matter can be broken into (2)
1. greens - N-rich - fruit and veg scraps
| 2. browns - C-rich - dry grass clippings and brown leaves
369
compost layers from top to bottom (5)
1. soil
2. brown
3. green
4. soil
5. layered twigs or branches for aeration and drainage
370
advantage of the green cart program
diverts food and yard waste from landfill
371
more than ___% of waste going to landfills is organics
50%
372
green cart program pilot began in ______ in __ communities that saw a ____% drop in garbage. This was approved to move forward in _____
2002, 4, 40%
2014
373
green cart program was launched in ______ to ________
2017 single family homes
374
green cart program resident access
curbside pickup
375
compost restrictions
1. small items/health hazards
2. lumber
3. christmas trees and branches
1. small items/health hazards - must be collected or contained in a compostable or paper bag
2. lumber- not treated, size restricted, no nails, and not painted
3. christmas trees and branches - size <15cm diameter, <1.25 m length
376
Calgary composting facility is located at ______ and is the ______ in canada
sheppard landfill, largest
377
Calgary composting facility produces high quality compost from (2)
1. food and yard waste from green cart
| 2. dewatered biosolids from wwtp
378
To turn organic waste in high quality compost at calgary composting facility takes ____ days at about ________*C
about 60 days at about 65 - 70 *C
379
who gets finished compost from calgary composting facility? (2)
1. calgary communities get it for free
| 2. companies pay
380
Tires are collected at ______ to be sent to a _______________ and then sorted into two streams ______ and _____
thrown n go at a landfill or dealership
registered scrap tire processor
metal, rubber
381
rubber from tires can be turned into (5)
1. playground surfaces
2. paving
3. landfill drainage liners
4. trash cans
5. fuel in power plants
382
___ to ____% of paint sold in alberta ends up as waste
5 to 10 %
383
All paint is recyclable but there are coments on
1. oil based paints
2. older paints
3. aerosol paints
1. oil based paints - could be combustible
2. older paints - lead and mercury
3. aerosol paints - explosive
384
Paint contained are collected at _______ and sent to a ________ and then separated into three streams ____, ____, and _______
Year round drop locations like the fire department
registered processor
paints, containers, haardous waste
385
used motor oil resident access (3)
1. year round drop locations like a fire station
2. recycling centre
3. throw n go
386
scrap metal resident access is at _______ and is separated into _____ and _______
scrap metal dealers -> recycling businesses
ferrous and non ferrous
387
home appliances resident access
throw and go costs money
388
household hazardous waste can be sorted by four categories
1. corrosive
2. flammable
3. explosive/reactive
4. poisonous/toxic
389
household hazardous waste resident access is at ______ and ________ , then disposal is at _________ and about _____ is recyclable
Year round drop off locations like the fire station, also throw and go
swan hills
2/3
390
black cart resident access
curbside pickup
391
bottle depots accepts (6)
1. plastic drink containers
2. Al cans
3. bimetal cans
4. glass bottles
5. dairy containers
6. polycoat containers
392
how may times can refillable glass beer containers by refilled?
14x
393
polycoat beverage containers are made of three basic components ____, ____, and _____ and to separate them back into these they are _______
paper, plastic, aluminum
hydropulping
