EVT: ENVS354 Final Flashcards
1
Q
Land Use Planning
A
Public policies which combine various disciplines in an effort to regulate the use of land within it’s jurisdiction
2
Q
Land Use Planning is regulated in AB by (2)
A
Public Lands Act and Municipal Government Act
3
Q
Land Use Planning is the responsibility of
A
Municipal Government
4
Q
Municipal government has power to ________, _________, and _______ land.
A
Regulate, subdivide, and develop
5
Q
Calgary Municipal Development Plan (MDP) policies (6)
A
- Prosperous community
- More compact urban form
- Create great communities
- Urban design
- Connect city
- Greening the city
6
Q
MDP Policy Goal: Prosperous Community
A
Adaptable city economy that is world competitive and sustainable.
7
Q
MDP Policy Goal: More Compact Urban Form
A
More efficient use of land, mixed use communities with increased mobility
8
Q
MDP Policy Goal: Create Great Communities
A
Quality living and working environments, increase housing diversity, and enhance community character.
9
Q
MDP Policy Goal: Urban Design
A
Quality public and private developments that increase livability, functionality, and memorability of city.
10
Q
MDP Policy Goal: Connect City
A
Integrative and multi modal transportation system, increase mobility choices while increasing environmental protection.
11
Q
MDP Policy Goal: Greening the CIty
A
Conserve, protect, and enhance natural environment.
12
Q
Municipalities have influence over (4)
A
- Transportation corridors
- Public transportation
- Residential development and density
- Industrial/commercial/parkland development
13
Q
Calgary MDP is _____ ______ and a development plan for ____________
A
Smarth growth, the next 60 years
14
Q
Canada Urbanization Trends (3)
A
- Urbanization trend is increasing
- 1986: 76% -> 2011: 81%
- Rate of about 2%/decade
15
Q
___% of people live in the six largest cities. The largest cities in decreasing order are…
A
45%
Toronto>Montreal>Vancouver>Ottawa>Calgary>Edmonton
16
Q
Trends that influenced the current urban develop model (5)
A
Grid system, garden city, city beautiful, garden suburb, and neighbourhood unit.
17
Q
Urban Development Trend: Grid System
A
“Make a City,” all streets run at right angel forming a grid. In Canada, the grid extends outward from the railroad. Ancient model. Example: Downtown Calgary.
18
Q
Urban Development Trend: Garden City
A
“Leave the CIty,” to deal with the poor living conditions in the 1900’s - people were encourage to depopulate the cities in favour of satellite towns surrounded by green belt. Within there was a mix of agricultural, residential, and industrial. Example: Powell River, BC.
19
Q
Urban Development Trend: City Beautiful
A
Fairly useless trend that attempted to solve poor living conditions in 1900’s by aesthetic means.
20
Q
Urban Development Trend: Garden Suburb
A
Winding streets, large lots and parks, estate houses, and no business district. Created to house the professionals working in downtown locations. Example: Mount Pleasant.
21
Q
Urban Development Trend: Neighbourhood Unit
A
Created to decrease traffic fatalities in communities while keeping communities connected to large roads. Suburbs, within large vehicle corridors, primarily residential, school within 500m walking, lots of cul de sacs, and minimals entrances and exits. Example: Tuscany.
22
Q
Sustainable Development
A
Development that meets the needs of the current generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
23
Q
Examples indicating that development currently is unsustainable. (5)
A
- Climate Change
- Waste
- Habitat Loss
- Pollution
- Resource Over Consumption
24
Q
During land use planning, government wants to support ____ and _____ well being of residents.
A
Social and economic
25
How is Calgary land use not contributing to sustainability? (3)
1. Urban Sprawl
2. Ring Road
3. Non-native plants in parks
26
Calgary MDP, why plan for 60+ years? (3)
1. Changes take place over decades
2. Today's decision affect far into future - plan now to decide where people will live and how they move
3. Calgary is growing quickly
27
Grid system, one advantage and disadvantage
Advantage - many options for travel, disadvantage - unsafe when vehicles using it.
28
There are _____ traffic fatalities a year in Canada and the amount of accidents is _____ each year.
About 2200, decreasing.
29
Increasing roads ______ commute times
Increases
30
Smart Growth (4)
1. Don't develop new land - redevelop urbanized space
2 Mixed use developments
3. Walking/biking > Driving
4. Communities and transit oriented.
31
Reduction in accidents between ___________% with pedestrians in traffic calmed areas.
50 - 90 %
32
Traffic Calming: Horizontal Deflection
Designed for drivers to have to steer around. Examples include curb extension, traffic circle, median island, and on street parking.
33
Traffic Calming: Vehicle Deflection
Design to create vertical motion in the vehicle. Examples include: speed bumps, humps, cushions, raised sidewalks, and sidewalk extensions.
34
Traffic Calming: Not Recommended Approaches (4)
1. Textured crosswalk
2. Rumble strips
3. Speed bumps
4. Signage
35
Traffic Calming Measures (4)
1. Vehicle deflection
2. Horizontal deflection
3. Signage
4. Obstructions
36
Negatives of using personal vehicles for transportation (5)
1. Uses excessive amounts of energy
2. Requires large infrastructure investments
3. Pollute air, water, and soil
4. Contribute to release of ghgs
5. Discourage use of healthier forms of transportation
37
How does traffic calming enhance neighbourhoods? (3)
1. Quieter
2. Less air pollution
3. People interact more on streets
38
City of Calgary goals for traffic calming
Improve safety and livability by reducing vehicle speed, discouraging through traffic on local streets, minimize conflicts between street users, and enhancing neighbourhood environments.
39
Traffic Calming
Combination of mainly physical measures that reduce the negative effects of motor vehicle use, alter driver behaviour and improve conditions for non-motorized streets users.
40
How to reduce amount of energy used for private transportation? (5)
1. Congestion charging
2. Lower taxes on energy efficient vehicles
3. Car pool lanes
4. Walkability, bikes, and public transportation
5. Traffic Calming
41
Amount of recoverable oil in Alberta
170 billion barrels
42
Life of AB tarsands reserve
186 years
43
Global oil produced vs. used
Produced: 97 million barrels/ day
Used: 96.3 million barrels/day
44
Annual amount of CO2 into atmosphere
About 138 tonnes
45
There are ___ highly dense cities that use high amounts of energy for personal transit.
No
46
Benefits of TOD (3)
1. People take 1/2 as many auto trips
2. People have 1/2 as many cars and are 2x more likely to not own a car
3. Transit use increase 2-5x
47
TOD area <600 (5)
1. Mixed use community
2. Core commercial area at station
3. Walkable environment (streets connected, direct, and sidewalks are wide enough)
4. Pedestrians separated from vehicle traffic
5. Residential is a mix between types
48
TOD area >600 m (5)
1. < 1.6 km
2. Public schools
3. Parks
4. Park'n'ride
5. Lower density single family homes
49
TOD
Transit oriented development - communities that are designed to promote the use of urban transit in place of personal automobiles.
50
Copenhagen 10 step plan to increase walkability (in nine points)
1. Conversion of streets: cars -> pedestrian
2. Reduce parking
3. Parking lots turned into public squares
4. Decrease density of buildings and their elevation
5. Repopulate core
6. Decrease crime and increase student living in core
7. Adapt city to changing seasons
8. Promote cycling
9. Make bike available
51
Each km walked a day decreases odds of being obese by ____%
5
52
Walkability health benefits (walkability decreases occurrence of the following) (3)
1. Weight problems linked more to inactivity than diet
2. Car crashes are the highest killer of healthy US adults
3. Asthma from vehicle pollution
53
Walkability economist benefits(3)
1. Citizens save money
2. Money divested from oil and reinvested into the community
3. Attract strong workforce
54
Suburban Sprawl
expansion of human populations away from central urban areas and into low-density, car-dependant communities.
55
Little perceive benefit of walking more than ____m.
800
56
Barrier examples (4)
1. expressways
2. walls
3. fences
4. private land
57
Direct travel is facilitated by
Lack of barriers
58
Connectivity is affected by
Street design to facilitate direct travel
59
Connectivity
refers to the directness of the pathway between land uses
60
Two ma in factors that affect the choice to use motorized vs non motorized transportation
Proximity and connectivity
61
How is making a walkable community also make it more sustainable? (3)
1. Reduce amount of energy consumed
2. Promote natural water cycle
3. Reduce air emissions
62
Walkability
The extent to which land use and built environment promote walking for leisure, exercise, recreation, access to service, and travel to work.
63
What makes a community more walkable? (7)
1. Community walking areas (like town square)
2. Aesthetic areas (like fountains)
3. Local village shop setting
4. Car parking behind buildings
5. Separation between pedestrians and roadways
6. Multi-use developments
7. Work, shop, schools, and other land uses in community within walking distance
64
Why are alternative forms of transportation more sustainable? (3)
1. Require less energy, infrastructure, and overall resource use
2. Promote human health
3. Less expensive
65
Alternative forms of transportation (3)
1. Walking
2. Cycling
3. Mass transit
66
What promotes use of personal vehicles? (6)
1. Low density residential housing
2. Large distances between land uses
3. Single-use developments
4. Neighbour unit
5. Perceived low service level of public transit
6. Deficient walking infrastructure
67
Main benefits from traffic calming (4)
1. Decrease accidents
2. Decrease crime
3. Decrease air pollution
4. Increase economic development
68
How does traffic calming work? (2)
1. Provide safer infrastructure for non-vehicle users
| 2. Provide conditions that allow vehicles to move at a constant speed
69
How does traffic calming influence air pollution.
Decreasing vehicle speeds, acceleration/deceleration, braking, idling, and gear changing. All of these activities increase fuel consumption which in turn increases air pollutants.
70
Can traffic calming result in economic benefits?
Yes. By creating more livable areas it increases both personal and business investment.
71
Factors that influence bike use (7)
1. Density of land uses and space between them
2. Mixed use spaces
3. Safety
4. Climate
5. Terrain
6. Personal vehicle cost
7. Attitude
72
Calgary Bicycle Program Strategy (3)
1. Plan, design, and build
2. Operate and maintain
3. Educate, enforce, and promote
73
Bicycle Program: Plan, design, and build (4)
1. Bike paths direct to places of interest
2. Replace missing pathway links
3. Increase pedestrian overpasses
4. Better integration with transit
74
Bicycle Program: Operate and Maintain (5)
1. Clearing snow and debris
2. Repairs
3. Increase width of pathways
4. Increase lighting
5. Bike parking
75
Bicycle Program: Educate, promote, and enforce
For cyclists, drivers, and pedestrians.
76
People only use bikes if they are... (3)
1. Easier
2. Faster
3. More convenient
77
Calgary Bicycle Program vision:
Make Calgary a bike-friendly city
78
Calgary Bicycle Stats (3)
1. Transportation budget: 1.1%
2. Calgarians not interested in cycling: 20%
3. Calgarians supporting construction of complete streets: 86%
79
Brownfield
Property where the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse may be complicated by the presence or potentials presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminated site
80
Examples of brownfields in Calgary and their original land use (3)
1. East Village - Industrial
2. Telus Spark - Landfill
3. Garrison Woods - Military base
81
In cities, ____% of trips are less than 5 km
45
82
Why does Calgary need a more developed bike network?
There are only 23 km of on-street bike lanes
83
Why is cycling good for the economy?
Cyclists tend to have more disposable income -> more likely to shop local and also to shop more often.
84
Sewage Water Treatment Steps (4)
1. Preliminary - remove large grit
2. Primary - remove large particles
3. Secondary - Bioreactor - remove organics
4. Tertiary - UV light - advanced treatment
85
Ways that urban developments impact water resources (2)
1. Produce sewage
| 2. Offset the natural water cycle
86
Examples of impermeable surfaces (3)
1. Buildings
2. Compacted soil
3. Paved surfaces (roads, pathways, parking lots, etc.)
87
Run-off
Rainwater becomes runoff as soon as it hits an impermeable surface
88
Effects of impermeable surfaces on water movement (4)
1. Reduce soil infiltration
2. Reduce groundwater recharge
3. Increase interception
4. Increase surface run off
89
Stormwater
Surface water in abnormal quantity resulting from heavy falls of rain or snow
90
Contaminants in stormwater (6)
1. Pesticides
2. Herbicides
3. Fertilizers
4. Petroleum Hydrocarbons
5. Solid waste
6. Animal waste
91
Calgary Stormwater Management
Dual Drainage concept - separate treatment for stormwater and sewage.
92
Calgary Stormwater Management: Minor System
Above ground gutters and grates -> lead to underground pipe network -> drain into rivers. These are designed for rainfalls events that are 20% likely to occur
93
Calgary Stormwater Management: Major System
Move water from minor system into storage. These are designed for rainfall events that are 1% likely to occur.
94
Water pollution sources. (2)
1. Point sources
| 2. Non-point sources
95
Point sources - definition and examples
Single or relatively large point of entry to a receiving water. Examples are wastewater treatment and industrial facilities.
96
Non-point sources - definition and examples.
Many small points of entry to receiving water. Examples include stormwater outfalls, atmospheric deposition, and groundwater.
97
Great impediments to water quality. (3)
From non-point sources:
1. Sediments
2. Nutrients
3. Pathogens
98
Stormwater vs. Wastewater comparison (4)
1. More TSS (in Calgary 10.6 mil vs. 1.2 mil/year)
2. More organic matter
3. Nitrates
4. Phosphates
99
Components of stormwater and their negative impacts. (4)
1. TSS: decrease aquatic species reproduction if eggs covered
2. Nitrogen: cause disease in humans
3. NH3: toxic to fish and invertebrates
4. Organics: decrease DO
100
Stormwater Solutions: Property Scale (5)
1. Roof water harvesting - rain barrel
2. Eliminate paved driveways
3. Rain gardens
4. Urban trees
5. Green roofs
101
Stormwater Solutions: Neighbourhood Scale (4)
1. Parking lot design - pervious pavement, increase vegetation
2. Road designs - run off into vegetative bioswales, curves have gaps
3. Detention ponds and wetlands
4. Increase amount of topsoil, decrease/eliminate use of turf
102
Stormwater Solutions: Watershed Scale (3)
1. Natural stream channels
2. Well vegetated riparian buffers
3. Design flood storage
103
watershed
area of land with a common catchment for surface water drainage
104
bow and elbows rivers are a part of the ____ _______ ______ basin
south saskatchewan river basin
105
calgary withdraws water from ____ and _____ rivers along with ______, _____, and ______ uses
bow and elbow rivers
industrial, commercial, and agricultural uses
106
consumptive water use (what/example)
water made unavailable for future uses in local watershed - lost mostly to evapotranspiration
example, irrigation water
107
consumptive use of water % for municipal and agricultural
municipal: 23%
agricultural: 56%
108
nonconsumptive water use
water used and then returned to local watershed
example water for municipalities is used, treated at a WWTP to remove contaminants, and then returned to the watershed
109
calgary main water uses (%) (3)
1. 52% residential
2. 34% ICI (industrial, commercial, irrigation)
3. 12% non-revenue (like leaks and breaks)
110
main residential use of water (what + %)
34% is flushing toilets
111
Even though Calgary's population has grown __-fold since the 1930's, residential water use is ______ of what it used to be.
12-fold, 1/2
112
What has the city of calgary done to decrease municipal water usage? (4)
1. water main replacement
2. mandatory metering
3. public education
4. regulation
113
Calgary Watersheds (4)
1. Bow River
2. Elbow River
3. Nose Creek
4. Fish Creek
114
Most water in watersheds surround calgary is from ________ (+ %)
precipitation (99%)
115
Although watershed water is only usually 1% from glacial melt, when does this become important?
During dry years glacial melt can contribute up to 7.5% of water in watersheds. In 1970 it was a very dry year and 47% of water was from glacial melt.
116
Calgary water withdrawal limit
1000 megaliters a day
400 from bow
600 from elbow
117
Calgary has ____ additional water allocation remaining from it's watersheds
no
118
when and why does calgary municipal water usage peak
in summer months when it is hot and dry, usually starts when temperature reaches 10*C -> mostly for consumptive uses like watering lawns and other warm weather activities
119
Policy in calgary to reduce municipal water usage
30 in 30: reduce water usage by 30% in thirty years
120
How did Calgary meet it's 30 in 30 water usage targets so quickly? (3)
1. In 2014 all homes had water meters
2. water efficient fixtures promoted by rebates and reinforced by bylaws
3. education plan
121
Describe current state of wetlands in canada and locally
Calgary: 80-90% have been removed by paving for residential - up to 8000 more could be affected
Prairies: 70% have been removed for agriculture
122
wetland
an area occupying a transition zone between land and water
123
describe main benefits wetlands provide (6)
1. groundwater recharge
2. hold water during droughts
3. slow water flow during rainfall
4. replenish water in atmosphere
5. purify water
6. create habitat for many endangered animals
124
describe main pollutants found in stormwater and how these are removed in wetlands (3)
1. suspended solids - sedimentation promoted by low flow rate, plants also limit resuspension of settled particles
2. N and P - readily taken up by wetland plants, this is aided by microbial processes like metabolism
3. ammonium, metals - adsorption onto clays and organic material
125
describe types of local wetlands (4)
1. temporary ponds - exist few weeks post snow melt of heavy rain
2. seasonal ponds - maintain water early spring and summer but dry during the fall and winter
3. semi-permanent ponds and lakes - maintain water into fall and winter some, but not all, years
4. permanent ponds - maintain water every year
126
describe calgary wetland conservation plan and implications on development
plan: based on principle of no net loss - city will not accept destruction of wetlands. approval policy that focuses on avoiding impacts when possible and mitigation anything that is unavoidable.
impacts on development: developers must implement mitigations. mitigation can include restoring or replacing affected plant communities, wildlife habitat, hydrologic processes, as well as flood attenuation and control
127
describe mechanisms by which contaminants are removed in wetlands
primary mechanisms for contaminant removal: bacterial metabolism, filtration, settlement, soil chemical processes, volatilization, and plant uptake
128
elbow valley constructed wetland designed to retain water for ____ hours under high flow conditions. this results in (3)
48 hours
Results, remove up to
1. 70% of N and P
2. 90% NH3
3. 80% suspended solids
129
___% of people live in urban areas in the world, and ____% of people live in urban areas in canada
50% world, 80% canada
130
cities account for ___% of energy use world wide
75%
131
urban energy use split up between (4)
1. transportation (25% in canada)
2. buildings (25 to 30%)
3. industry and manufacturing
4. water supply and treatment
132
buildings use energy for (7)
1. heating
2. cooling
3. hot water
4. lighting
5. equipment
6. appliances
7. electronics
133
why aren't energy efficient practices always implemented into buildings?
when buildings are developed they are made to last for a long time - an older building is not very energy efficient and it can be difficult and expensive to retrofit it
134
what is calgary's advantage when it comes to being a young city and energy efficiency?
There is still lots of Calgary to be built and there is opportunity to incorporate energy efficiency into buildings
135
How can you design buildings to use less energy? (6)
1. seal windows
2. weather stripping on doors
3. increase insulation
4. energy efficient appliances and lightbulbs
5. reduce building temperatures
6. make use of passive solar
136
passive solar
building design that makes use of solar energy that is freely available without use of mechanical devices to collect the energy
137
two main goals of passive solar
1. cold season - allow entry and storage of free solar while minimizing heat loss
2. warm season - decrease heat gain and released unwanted heat using cross ventilation and convection currents
138
ways to harness passive solar in buildings (6)
1. orient buildings to face equators
2. windows sized to receive midday sun in winter and shaded in summer
3. windows mostly on south side of building
4. overhangs to shade windows in summer when sun is high, can also use deciduous trees
5. appropriately insulated
6. thermal mass
139
ideal material qualities (2) and examples of ones used (4) for thermal mass
qualities
1. high specific heat
2. high density
examples
1. water
2. concrete
3. mud bricks
4. soil
140
other applications of passive solar (3)
1. lighting
2. heating water
3. cooking
141
estimated that free services provided by wetlands in canada a year would cost
$20 billion a year
142
constructed wetland
a wastewater treatment plant, based on processes that occur in a natural wetland with many processes occuring simulataneously
143
wetland: physical processes
surface water moves slowly through the wetland aided by plants that are rooted and floating - helps solids settle to bottom
144
wetland: biological processes
plants uptake some of the most important contaminants and nutrients
145
why does peat accumulate at bottom of wetland
if deposition rate is faster than decomposition
146
wetland: chemical processes
from solution phase to solid phase and volatilization
147
calgary constructed wetland: 96 hour retention time can remove
80% of suspended solids
148
calgary constructed wetland layout
two forebays leading into five wetland cells which all lead into a collection pond
149
calgary constructed wetland: forebay
sediment, dirt, heavy materials settle to bottom
150
calgary constructed wetland: wetland cell
water 30 cm but can be 3 m
plants and microbes - by plant uptake and decay materials like nutrient metals and organics are removed from water
151
alberta generates electricity by (4)
1. coal (50%)
2. hydroelectric
3. natural gas
4. wind
152
in ab, over past 20 years population increased _____% and electricity use increased ____%
46, 89
153
power (watts) =
power (watts) = voltage x current (amps)
154
phantom load
many appliances continue to use electricity all the time they are plugged in, even though they are turned off
155
first step to reducing energy use in buildings
reduce/conserve energy as much as possible because it is expensive to switch to alternative/renewable energy sources
156
Ontario Regulation to Reduce Energy Consumption
| what/3 steps
Feed in Tariff Program
1. recognized high capital cost for installing renewables, but also long life time
2. increased electricity cost from $0.10 kwh to up to $0.14 kwh that was paid for by everyone who used electricity
3. increases went to pay rates for renewable energy generation
157
feed in tariff program rates for electricity production
1. landfill gas
2. onshore wind
3. offshore wind
4. rooftop solar
1. landfill gas - $0.11/kwh
2. onshore wind - $0.14/kwh
3. offshore wind - $0.19/kwh
4. rooftop solar - $0.80/kwh
158
feed in tariff program advantages (3) disadvantages (1)
advantages
1. largest ghg reduction in north america
2. greatly reduced emissions of SOx, NOx, hg
3. promoted conservation due to reduced overall demand - prices were high and made people think about consumption
disadvantages
1. rates for electricity increased greatly - people unhappy
159
alberta plan to reduce energy consumption (what/def)
carbon tax
covers fuel used for transportation and home heating
160
carbon tax rates
1. diesel
2. gas
3. propane
4. natural gas
1. diesel - 8.03 cents/L
2. gas - 6.73 cents/L
3. propane - 4.62 cents/L
4. natural gas - $1.52/GJ
161
people expected to pay how much carbon tax a year
1. individual
2. couple with two kids
1. individual - $300/year
| 2. couple with two kids - $508/year
162
carbon tax expected to collect $______ over the next _____ years
$5.4 billion, three
163
carbon tax revenues to be used for (6)
1. $1.5 B - back to people who shouldn't be expected to pay extra money
2. $1.3 B - green infrastructure
3. $ 1.0 B - renewable energy projects
4. $0.5 B - energy efficiency AB
5. $0.5 B - reduce small business tax
6. $0.3 B - phase out coal
164
ZEB (what/def)
zero energy building
energy consumption over a year is zero
165
how does ZEB meet target?
1. make use of passive solar energy
2. highly efficient appliance/electronic/windows/doors
3. additional insulation
4. natural air flow
5. natural light
166
net zero cost
buildings balance the energy cost against income received from on site energy generation
possible to sell excess electricity into grid and get paid
167
what is net metering
building that uses renewables during peaks can share this to grid (get paid), and in lows tap into grid (pay)
168
LEED (what/def)
leadership in energy and environmental design
a type of building rating system
169
LEED: standards (5)
1. implement water efficient technologies
2. selecting a sustainable site
3. energy and atmosphere
4. materials and resources
5. indoor air quality
170
LEED: points (4)
1. 45 - certified
2. 60 - silver
3. 75 - gold
4. 90 - platinum
171
LEED: benefits to certification (5)
1. Water savings
2. decrease ghg emissions
3. energy savings
4. lower cost
5. reduced material use
172
Energy Efficient Technologies (7)
1. CFLs (compact fluorescent lightbulbs)
2. LED (light emitting diode)
3. Utilizing natural and recycled building products
4. green roofs
5. Low-E Windows (low emissivity)
6. Natural Gas Absorption Chiller
7. Added Insulation
173
Alternative Energy Production Technologies (6)
1. Micro-hydro
2. Fuel Cells
3. Film Photovoltaic Panels
4. Geothermal
5. CHP (combine heat and power/cogeneration)
6. CCS (carbon capture and sequestration)
174
benefits of sustainable design certifications (4)
1. increase healthy living and working conditions
2. improved productivity and health of workers
3. improved air quality
4. some reduction in ghg esmissions
